Cited by 1,793Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

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Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?

Fazio, Russell H., Jackson, Joni R., Dunton, Bridget C., Williams, Carol J.·1995·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013

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On the Relationship Between Automatic Attitudes and Self-Reported Sexual Assault in Men
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“…2009) suggest that automatic evaluative responses are likely to guide judgments and behavior, and that highly accessible, automatic attitudes are more stable over time and more predictive of future behavior than are less accessible attitudes (Fazio, 1995; Fazio et al., 1995; Olson & Fazio, 2009).”
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“fast (or accurate) reactions to positive or negative targets, respectively (Fazio, 2001; Fazio et al., 1995; Wittenbrink & Schwarz, 2007).”
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Classic and Contemporary Analyses of Racial Prejudice
Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., & Blair, I. V. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470693421.ch10 · Cited by 28
Failures to induce implicit evaluations by means of approach–avoid training
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“Given that positive primes are known to automatically facilitate the evaluation of positive relative to negative targets and that negative primes automatically facilitate the evaluation of negative relative to positive targets (eg, Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell, & Kardes, 1986 ), the impact of the face primes on target r…”
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“, 2005), the EPT (Fazio et al., 1995), the SET (Ranganath et al.”
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Yi, S., & Kanetkar, V. (2010) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2010.24.9 · Cited by 32
“We report findings of our empirical study, in which evaluative priming (Fazio et al., 1995) and the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 1996) were used to assess implicit attitudes toward gambling, and the Single Target IAT was adapted to assess implicit…”
Method
Types of Automatically Activated Prejudice: Assessing Possessor- Versus Other-Relevant Valence in the Evaluative Priming Task
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Background
Effects of the Activation of Affective Information on Stereotyping: When Sadness Increases Stereotype Use
Ric, F. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264661 · Cited by 27
The extrinsic affective Simon task as an instrument for indirect assessment of prejudice
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Political Psychology and Choice
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“The two most widely used paradigms for evaluating implicit (as contrasted with explicit) attitudes, are the “implicit association test” (IAT; see Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz 1998), and the “bona fide pipeline” (BFP; see Fazio et al. 1995).”
Method
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“In what follows, we will briefly review the empirical evidence of the (un)controllability of the currently most often used indirect measures, the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), the evaluative-priming task (EPT; Fazio et al., 1995), and the affect misattribution procedure (AMP; Pa…”
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Background
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“We included an evaluative priming task (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995) to examine implicit in-group bias.”
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“Explicit and implicit attitudes are thought to represent separate constructs (e.g., Dickter et al., 2020; Dovidio et al., 1997; Fazio et al., 1995; Thomas et al., 2007) and therefore affect different types of behavior, with explicit attitudes predicting behaviors that are to some degree within…”
Background
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“It joins a well-established body of research in the attitude and stereotyping literature (Fazio et al., 1995; Fazio & Williams, 1986; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995) that has demonstrated the utility of distinguishing between accessibility and questionnaire-based measures for predicting attitude-related…”
Background
Reducing Implicit PrejudicePreprint
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“In particular, it has often been proposed that SAP should be easier to intentionally manipulate than SAC (Devine, 1989; Fazio et al., 1995).”
Background
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“Several changes were made in Experiment 2 so that the methodology was more closely aligned to that of Fazio and colleagues (Fazio et al., 1986, 1995).”
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The Impact of Social Desirability Pressures on Whites’ Endorsement of Racial Stereotypes: A Comparison Between Oral and ACASI Reports in a National Survey
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Method
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Perceived moral responsibility for attitude‐based discrimination
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Implicit Attitudes in Media Psychology
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“This conceptual approach to automatic attitude activation was soon applied to understand the nuances of modern racial prejudice, in which people’s spontaneously activated thoughts often seemed to differ from the attitudes they consciously endorsed and expressed on traditional survey measures (Devine, 1989; Fazio et al…”
Background
Measuring Fear of Movement/(Re)injury in Chronic Low Back Pain Using Implicit Measures
Leeuw, M., Peters, M. L., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2006) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070601070400 · Cited by 24
“Most studies report no, or only moderate, relationships between implicit and self-report measures (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Fazio & Olson, 2003; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; Nosek & Banaji, 2001; Teige, Schnabel, Banse, & Asendorpf, 2004).”
Background
Counterattitudinal Advocacy on a Matter of Prejudice: Effects of Distraction, Commitment, and Personal Importance1
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Pre-service teachers’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward obesity influence their judgments of students
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“We employed an affective priming task (Fazio et al. 1995) with 7 words reflecting obesity and 7 words reflecting thinness as primes.”
Method
Positive Feeling, Negative Meaning: Visualizing the Mental Representations of In-Group and Out-Group Smiles
Paulus, A., Rohr, M., Dotsch, R., & Wentura, D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151230 · Cited by 25
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Chiurliza, B., Hagan, C. R., Rogers, M. L., Podlogar, M. C., Hom, M. A., Stanley, I. H., & Joiner, T. E. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116676363 · Cited by 24
How Good Are Fast and Frugal Heuristics?
Gigerenzer, G., Czerlinski, J., & Martignon, L. F. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.033 · Cited by 24
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Kawakami, K., Dion, K. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1999) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024//1421-0185.58.4.241 · Cited by 24
“, 1997) and prejudice (Dovidio et al., 1997; Fazio et al., 1995) in particular.”
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Automatic Evaluative Processes in Health Anxiety and Their Relations to Emotion Regulation
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Acculturation, out-group positivity and eating disorders symptoms among Emirati women
Thomas, J., O’Hara, L., Susanne Quadflieg, A., & Weißgerber, S. C. (2017) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-016-0358-5 · Cited by 23
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Dickter, C. L., Burk, J. A., Anthony, L. G., Robertson, H. A., Verbalis, A. D., Seese, S., Myrick, Y., & Anthony, B. J. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320949346 · Cited by 22
“Implicit attitudes predict subtle forms of discrimination, such as behavioral rejection or discomfort (e.g. Dovidio et al., 2002; Fazio et al., 2005).”
Background
Changing stereotypes, changing grades: a longitudinal study of stereotyping during a college math course
Ramsey, L. R., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2010) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-010-9150-y · Cited by 23
“Because explicit stereotypes are more subject to demand effects and social desirability effects, this inconsistency between implicit and explicit stereotypes is not surprising and is consistent with previous literature (e.g., Fazio et al. 1995; Nosek 2005; Swanson et al. 2001).”
Result
Implicit Social Cognition
Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373873-8.00039-6 · Cited by 20
A secret attraction or defensive loathing? Homophobia, defense, and implicit cognition
Meier, B. P., Robinson, M. D., Gaither, G. A., & Heinert, N. J. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.01.007 · Cited by 22
Sources of implicit and explicit intergroup race bias among African-American children and young adults
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Entitativity and implicit measures of social cognition
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“Association Task (Nosek & Banaji, 2001); the Weapon Identification Task (Payne, 2001); the Affect Misattribution Procedure (Payne, 2009); the Bona Fide Pipeline (Fazio et al., 1995); and the Affective Lexical Priming Score (Lebrecht et al.”
Background
System‐perpetuating asymmetries between explicit and implicit intergroup attitudes among indigenous and non‐indigenous Chileans
Andrés Haye, M., González, R., Ordóñez, G., Bohner, G., Siebler, F., Sirlopú, D., Millar, A., Tezanos‐Pinto, P. D., & Torres, D. (2010) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2010.01311.x · Cited by 22
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Who is the victim here?
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“However, research has established that people of color are also infl uenced by race primes, particularly with regard to stereotype activation (Bargh, 1999; Bargh et al., 1996; Fazio et al., 1995; Gilliam and Iyengar, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Importantly, researchers at first adopted different assumptions about the context-dependence of explicit versus implicit attitudes in that the former was assumed to be more sensitive to various contextual factors than the latter (e.g., see Bargh et al., 1992; Bargh et al., 1996; Fazio et al., 1995).”
Background
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“Previous research on racial attitudes suggests that responses on implicit measure can reflect mental contents that participants are unwilling to report, whereas responses on explicitmeasures are subject to motivational control (e.g., Dunton & Fazio, 1997; Fazio et al., 1995; Payne et al., 2005).”
Background
Resistance of Personal Risk Perceptions to Debiasing Interventions
Weinstein, N. D., & Klein, W. M. P. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.019 · Cited by 24
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“…of the dominant group (e.g., white people), effects produced by classic indirect measures generally show a surprisingly high (Correll et al., 2002; Fazio et al., 1995; Greenwald et al., 1998; Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald, 2002) and homogeneous (Judd, Westfall, & Kenny, 2012) bias in favor of the…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“Indeed, a long line of work in social psychology confirms that such automatic evaluation is likely to occur ( Fazio et al., 1986, 1995 ), and several fMRI studies have supported this idea as well.”
Background
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“That is, with stereotype application occurring later in the sequence, there is greater opportunity to impose one’s intentions on stereotype application than activation (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995).”
Background
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“In some studies participants are instructed to recite the prime aloud as a ‘memory word’ at the end of each trial (e.g., Fazio et al., 1986) or study the photos presented as primes so as to be able to perform a subsequent detection task (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995).”
Background
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“…allow making specific predictions for neutral faces in a group context (emotionless faces of in-group members either prompted more positive affect (Fazio et al., 1995) or no difference (Weisbuch & Ambady, 2008) with emotionless faces of out-group members), we included neutral (emotionless) faces…”
Background
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“McConahay (1986) asserts that the scale was created to serve as a nonreactive measure of racial prejudice, and to a large extent the existing literature supports this assertion (Lambert, Cronen, Chasteen, & Lickel, 1996; McConahay, 1983; McConahay et al., 1981; but see Fazio et al., 1995).”
Result
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“…activation of category-related information occurs even when perceivers are under cognitive load (Macrae et al., 1994); when categories are irrelevant to the participant’s task (Fazio et al., 1995); and when category-related primes are presented subliminally (Devine, 1989; Lepore and Brown, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Authors: Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J.
ORCID: Fazio, Russell H.
Williams, Carol J.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995-12
Volume: 69
Issue: 6
Pages: 1013-1027
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
OpenAlex: W4240262739
Cited by: 1,793
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 80
FWCI: 42.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: automatic activation, racial attitudes, implicit attitudes, unobtrusive measurement, measurement reliability, Implicit Association Test

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Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?

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