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Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?
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“even consciously egalitarian people may hold negative ethnic and racial stereotypes and attitudes,26–31 of which they may not be fully conscious.”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [30]
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“(2) application of such stereotypes frequently occurs outside conscious awareness26–31”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [30]
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Alief in Action (and Reaction)
Gendler, T. S. (2008) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2008.00352.x · Cited by 405
“…from memory on encountering a Black person ’ and some portion who ‘ have no qualms about their experiencing such negativity or about expressing it ’ , ( Fazio et al. , 1995 , p. 1025) many American Whites seem to be what Jack Dovidio calls ‘ aversive racists ’ — people who consciously endorse…”
BackgroundToward a formalized account of attitudes: The Causal Attitude Network (CAN) model.
Dalege, J., Borsboom, D., van Harreveld, F., van den Berg, H., Conner, M. T., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2015) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0039802 · Cited by 411
Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., & DeMarree, K. G. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.657 · Cited by 413
Melnikoff, D. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.001 · Cited by 432
“, the unintentional activation of racially biased attitudes) occurred in 1995 [64], and by 1999 researchers started referring to this phenomenon as unconscious bias [65].”
Zestcott, C. A., Blair, I. V., & Stone, J. (2016) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430216642029 · Cited by 381
“This finding is consistent with laboratory research that shows stronger associations between implicit bias and nonverbal behavior than explicit statements or judgments (Dovidio et al., 2002; Fazio et al., 1995).”
Third wave positive psychology: broadening towards complexity
Lomas, T., Waters, L. E., Williams, P., Oades, L. G., & Kern, M. L. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1805501 · Cited by 470
“, 1998), the evaluative priming task (Fazio et al., 1995), the extrinsic affective Simon task (De Houwer, 2003), the go/no-go 668 T.”
BackgroundMethodThe Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: Insights from Aversive Racism
Pearson, A. R., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00183.x · Cited by 375
Implicit ambivalence from attitude change: An exploration of the PAST model.
Petty, R. E., Tormala, Z. L., Briñol, P., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.21 · Cited by 384
“Following Fazio et al. (1995), all primes were presented for 315 ms, followed by a 135-ms interval before onset of the target stimulus.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialContextual variations in implicit evaluation.
Mitchell, J. P., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.3.455 · Cited by 371
“As reviewed above, previous research has consistently demonstrated negative automatic attitudes toward African American targets relative to European American targets (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995; Greenwald et al., 1998).”
BackgroundResultThe role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories.
Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., Sadler, M. S., & Jenkins, C. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.5 · Cited by 403
Cognitive vulnerability to depression: a dual process model
Beevers, C. G. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.003 · Cited by 357
“Reflective processing is more closely associated with behaviors that are closely monitored, such as their speech content (Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002; Fazio et al., 1995; McConnell & Leibold, 2001; Sekaquaptewa, Espinoza, Thompson, Vargas, & von Hippel, 2003).”
BackgroundReducing Automatically Activated Racial Prejudice Through Implicit Evaluative Conditioning
Olson, M. A., & Fázio, R. H. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205284004 · Cited by 367
“…measure of racial attitudes that have been conducted in our lab, the sample has sometimes appeared significantly negative toward Blacks on average (Fazio et al., 1995; Olson & Fazio, 1999; Towles-Schwen & Fazio, 2001) and sometimes not (Fazio & Dunton, 1997; Fazio & Hilden, 2001; Jackson, 1997;…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationOver Thirty Years Later: A Contemporary Look at Symbolic Racism
Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2005) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(05)37002-x · Cited by 354
Jost, J. T., Rudman, L. A., Blair, I. V., Carney, D. R., Dasgupta, N., Glaser, J., & Hardin, C. D. (2009) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.001 · Cited by 353
Is It Really Racism?: The Origins of White Americans' Opposition to Race-Targeted Policies
Sears, D. O., van Laar, C., Carrillo, M., & Kosterman, R. (1997) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/297785 · Cited by 348
“One is that symbolic racism may not be very different from older forms of prejudice such as stereotypes or old-fashioned racism (Fazio et al. 1995; Miller 1994; Raden 1994; Sniderman and Tetlock 1986; Weigel and Howes 1985).”
BackgroundInfluentialCameron, C. D., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., & Payne, B. K. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312440047 · Cited by 352
“Sequential priming measures have been used to explore socially undesirable or inappropriate attitudes that might not ordinarily be expressed in self-reports (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995).”
BackgroundEpitropaki, O., Sy, T., Martin, R., Tram, S., & Topakas, A. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.005 · Cited by 381
The Neuroscience of Intergroup Relations
Cikara, M., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614527464 · Cited by 381
Jost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., & Carvallo, M. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00505-x · Cited by 371
Ziegert, J. C., & Hanges, P. J. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.553 · Cited by 334
“In-deed In-deed, the discrepancy between prejudicial attitudes assessed with implicit and explicit measures has led to questions of the trustwor-thiness of easily monitored explicit responses such as verbal reports and self-report ratings (Fazio et al., 1995).”
BackgroundA comparative investigation of seven indirect attitude measures
Bar‐Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0410-6 · Cited by 387
“Although it was designed to be indirect, most interpretations of the scale suggest that its goal is transparent and, therefore, likely direct (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUnconscious (Implicit) Bias and Health Disparities: Where Do We Go from Here?
Blair, I. V., Steiner, J. F., & Havranek, E. P. (2011) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/11.979 · Cited by 329
The role of automatic obesity stereotypes in real hiring discrimination.
Agerström, J., & Rooth, D.-O. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021594 · Cited by 331
The Effects of Perspective-Taking on Prejudice: The Moderating Role of Self-Evaluation
Galinsky, A. D., & Ku, G. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262802 · Cited by 332
“By prejudice, we mean a negative attitude toward or evaluation of a group ( Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Judd & Park, 1993; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997, 2001; Wolsko, Park,”
The iterative reprocessing model: A multilevel framework for attitudes and evaluation
Cunningham, W. A., Zelazo, P. D., Packer, D. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.736 · Cited by 322
“in our typical samples) over out–groups on “implicit” measures (e.g., Bonafide Pipeline— Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Implicit Association Test—Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; Affect Misattribution Paradigm—Payne, Cheng, Govorun, & Stewart, 2005) than on self–report scales, where university samples t…”
Ryan, C. S., Hunt, J. S., Weible, J. A., Peterson, C. R., & Casas, J. F. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207084105 · Cited by 359
“A great deal of research indicates that stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination continue despite strong social norms against them (Fazio et al., 1995; McConnell & Leibold, 2001).”
BackgroundIs the Implicit Association Test a Valid and Valuable Measure of Implicit Consumer Social Cognition
Brunel, F., Tietje, B. C., & Greenwald, A. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1404_8 · Cited by 343
Dijksterhuis, A. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.345 · Cited by 315
“Spalding and Hardin (1999) used a priming measure based on work by Fazio and colleagues (e.g., Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPayne, B. K. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.488 · Cited by 336
“Commonly used implicit tasks include implicit association tests (IATs; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), priming tasks ( Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997) and word completions (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991).”
MethodInfluentialWhy do providers contribute to disparities and what can be done about it?
Burgess, D. J., Fu, S. S., & Ryn, M. (2004) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30227.x · Cited by 310
The Scientific Status of Unconscious Processes: Is Freud Really Dead?
Westen, D. (1999) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306519904700404 · Cited by 320
Peterson, E., Rubie-Davies, C., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.010 · Cited by 274
Chattopadhyay, P., Tluchowska, M., & George, E. (2004) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/20159028 · Cited by 362
Introduction – Heuristics and Biases: Then and Now
Gilovich, T. D., & Griffin, D. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.002 · Cited by 312
van Ryn, M., Hardeman, R., Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Dovidio, J., Herrin, J., Burke, S., Nelson, D. B., Perry, S. P., Yeazel, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of general internal medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3447-7 · Cited by 286
Minority Members' Implicit Attitudes: Automatic Ingroup Bias As A Function Of Group Status
Rudman, L. A., Feinberg, J. M., & Fairchild, K. (2002) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.20.4.294.19908 · Cited by 297
“Researchers investigating group differences in implicit prejudice have typically used small samples of minorities, primarily to provide known groups validity for response latency techniques (Fazio et al., 1995; Rudman et al., 1999).”
Cognitive Load and Classroom Teaching: The Double-Edged Sword of Automaticity
Feldon, D. F. (2007) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520701416173 · Cited by 334
Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., Mbirkou, S., Seibt, B., & Strack, F. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.12.004 · Cited by 306
“Kawakami et al. (2000) discussed three possible mechanisms that may account for their Wndings.”
BackgroundImplicit and Explicit Ethnocentrism: Revisiting the Ideologies of Prejudice
Cunningham, W. A., Nezlek, J. B., & Banaji, M. R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264654 · Cited by 311
“Using an evaluative priming procedure, Fazio et al. (1995) demonstrated that brief presentations of Black American faces automatically activated negative evaluation, whereas White American faces automatically activated positive evaluation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhy Susie sells seashells by the seashore: Implicit egotism and major life decisions.
Pelham, B. W., Mirenberg, M. C., & Jones, J. T. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.469 · Cited by 311
Norm Theory: Comparing Reality to Its Alternatives
Kahneman, D. J., & Miller, D. T. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.022 · Cited by 285
The Conceptualization and Measurement of Symbolic Racism
Tarman, C., & Sears, D. O. (2005) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00337.x · Cited by 284
“Such underreporting is suggested by evidence that white respondents tend to express more tolerant attitudes to black than to white interviewers (e.g., Fazio et al. 1995; Kinder and Sanders 1996; Schuman et al. 1997).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWhat Do Implicit Measures Tell Us?: Scrutinizing the Validity of Three Common Assumptions
Gawronski, B., LeBel, E. P., & Peters, K. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00036.x · Cited by 296
“…types of spontaneous behaviors that cannot be predicted by corresponding self-report measures (e.g., As- Volume 2—Number 2 187 endorpf et al., 2002; Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997; Fazio et al., 1995; Hofmann, Rauch, & Gawronski, 2007; Neumann, Hülsenbeck, & Seibt, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialGawronski, B., & Strack, F. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.10.005 · Cited by 303
Exposure to violent video games increases automatic aggressiveness
Uhlmann, E. L., & Swanson, J. E. (2003) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.004 · Cited by 286
“, 1998) are robust predictors of relevant judgments and behaviours, including actions that discriminate against members of social outgroups (Bessenoff & Sherman, 2000; Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997; Fazio et al., 1995; Gawronski, Ehrenberg, Banse, Zukova, & Klaur, 2003; McConnell & Leibold, 2001;…”
BackgroundSix Lessons for a Cogent Science of Implicit Bias and Its Criticism
Gawronski, B. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619826015 · Cited by 272
DeSteno, D. A., Dasgupta, N., Bartlett, M. Y., & Cajdric, A. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00676.x · Cited by 280
“An evaluative priming task was used to measure automatic intergroup attitudes (elements of this priming task were borrowed from Fazio et al., 1995, and Payne, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodUnraveling the Processes Underlying Evaluation: Attitudes from the Perspective of the Ape Model
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.687 · Cited by 298
“, 1998) or affective priming (Fazio et al., 1995), are often assumed to reflect automatic evaluations of an object.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPredicting Behavior During Interracial Interactions: A Stress and Coping Approach
Trawalter, S., Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309345850 · Cited by 280
“The aforementioned behaviors provide good indices of interracial anxiety because they are difficult to control (Crosby, Bromley, & Saxe, 1980; Dovidio et al., 1997; Dovidio et al., 2002; Fazio et al., 1995), and, accordingly, they can be conceptualized as individuals’ behavioral stress reactions to interracial contact.”
InfluentialHenry, P. J. (2008) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400802049936 · Cited by 272
“For example, on self-report measures of prejudice like the Modern Racism Scale ( McConahay, 1986 ), White college students will report more favorable attitudes toward Blacks in the presence of a Black experimenter ( Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995 ), when they sense they are being evaluated ( Carver, Glass, &…”
BackgroundGuilty pleasures and grim necessities: Affective attitudes in dilemmas of self-control.
Giner‐Sorolla, R. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.206 · Cited by 287
Explicit Evidence on the Import of Implicit Attitudes: The IAT and Immigration Policy Judgments
Pérez, E. O. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9115-z · Cited by 269
“Some lab-based research finds that the IAT and other measures (e.g., Bona Fide Pipeline) only sometimes capture the same construct (e.g., Fazio and Olson 2003).”
MethodConcern for the in-group and opposition to affirmative action.
Lowery, B. S., Unzueta, M. M., Knowles, E. D., & Goff, P. A. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.961 · Cited by 265
Automatic Activation of Stereotypes: The Role of Self-Image Threat
Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C., Fong, C. T., & Duinn, M. A. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672982411001 · Cited by 261
Implicit race attitudes predict trustworthiness judgments and economic trust decisions
Stanley, D. A., Sokol‐Hessner, P., Banaji, M. R., & Phelps, E. A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1014345108 · Cited by 280
“Recent work on measures of implicit biases has shown that they are pervasive and robust (14) and that they can predict social behaviors (15, 16), including the decisions of highly trained professionals, such as doctors (12, 17).”
Lueke, A., & Gibson, B. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614559651 · Cited by 265
Suppression as a Stereotype Control Strategy
Monteith, M. J., Sherman, J. W., & Devine, P. G. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_4 · Cited by 269
“…that there are important individual differences in the extent to which negative stereotypes of African Americans are automatically activated (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Lepore & Brown, 1997; Moskowitz, Wasel, Gollwitzer, & Schaal, 1996, as cited in Gollwitzer & Moskowitz,…”
BackgroundGawronski, B., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Becker, A. P. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.04.001 · Cited by 274
Flynn, F. J. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.816 · Cited by 257
Hate Crime: An Emergent Research Agenda
GREEN, D. P., McFalls, L. H., & Smith, J. K. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.479 · Cited by 257
A time course analysis of the affective priming effect
Hermans, D., Houwer, J. D., & Eelen, P. (2001) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/0269993004200033 · Cited by 350
Implicit and explicit prejudice in the 2008 American presidential election
Payne, B. K., Krosnick, J. A., Josh Pasek, B., Yphtach Lelkes, B., Omair Akhtar, B., & Tompson, T. N. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.001 · Cited by 257
“The partially mediated pattern we observed is consistent with dual-process theories that distinguish between automatic associations and more reflective reasoning processes (e.g., Crandall & Eshleman , 2003; Fazio et al., 1995; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006; Strack & Deutsch, 2004).”
InfluentialAmodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Devine, P. G. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.738 · Cited by 257
Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Schmitt, M. (2008) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280802556958 · Cited by 270
“In separate sessions, Olson and Fazio (2004a) had participants complete the MCPR and an evaluative priming procedure (Fazio et al., 1995) on automatically activated attitudes about Blacks.”
BackgroundAutomatic social behavior as motivated preparation to interact.
Cesario, J., Plaks, J. E., & Higgins, E. T. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.893 · Cited by 269
“Procedures for analyzing the reaction time data for the implicit attitude measure were as follows (e.g., Bargh, Chaiken, Govender, & Pratto, 1992; Fazio et al., 1995; Shoben, 1982).”
MethodSpalding, L. R., & Hardin, C. D. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00202 · Cited by 254
“Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.”
BackgroundInfluentialStigma and social support in substance abuse: Implications for mental health and well-being
Birtel, M. D., Wood, L., & Kempa, N. J. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.097 · Cited by 300
The Automaticity of Race and Afrocentric Facial Features in Social Judgments.
Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., & Fallman, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.763 · Cited by 243
Motivated Reasoning With Stereotypes: Activation, Application, and Inhibition
Kundra, Z., & Sinclair, L. (1999) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1001_2 · Cited by 238
A Framework for Integrating Implicit Bias Recognition Into Health Professions Education
Sukhera, J., & Watling, C. (2018) · Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001819 · Cited by 182
Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., & Brewer, M. B. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.5 · Cited by 254
“Initial work indicated that racial bias in the form of stereotyping or prejudice tended to be prevalent at the automatic level, much more so than was indicated by responses on questionnaires and other explicit measures (e.g., Devine, 1989; Fazio et al., 1995; Greenwald et al., 1998; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHehman, E., Flake, J. K., & Calanchini, J. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617711229 · Cited by 243
Seibt, B., Häfner, M., & Deutsch, R. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.365 · Cited by 240
Two Roads to Positive Regard: Implicit and Explicit Self-Evaluation and Culture
Hetts, J. J., Sakuma, M., & Pelham, B. W. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1391 · Cited by 232
Fear of Movement/(Re)injury in Chronic Low Back Pain
de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Geilen, M., & Mulder, H. (2004) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200501000-00002 · Cited by 248
Internal and External Motivation to Respond Without Sexism
Klonis, S. C., Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205275304 · Cited by 237
Self-schemas and the theory of planned behaviour
Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/1099-0992(200007/08)30:4 · Cited by 131
Pride and Prejudice: Identity Management in English People's Talk about `this Country'
Condor, S. (2000) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/0957926500011002003 · Cited by 245
King, E. B., Shapiro, J. R., Hebl, M. R., Singletary, S. L., & Turner, S. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.579 · Cited by 239
“Nonverbal behaviors have received considerable attention because of their tendency to leak out and influence an interaction (e.g., Babad, Bernieri, & Rosenthal, 1989; Barr & Kleck, 1995; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995 ).”
BackgroundRelations Between Implicit Measures of Prejudice
Olson, M. A., & Fázio, R. H. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1477.x · Cited by 235
“The BFP procedure (for more details, see Fazio et al., 1995) involved multiple phases.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002029 · Cited by 218
Linguistic Intergroup Bias: Stereotype Perpetuation Through Language
Maass, A. (1999) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60272-5 · Cited by 237
Automatic Mental Associations Predict Future Choices of Undecided Decision-Makers
Galdi, S., Arcuri, L., & Gawronski, B. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1160769 · Cited by 262
The influence of stereotypes on decisions to shoot
Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2007) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.450 · Cited by 236
Compatibility Effects in Judgment and Choice
Slovic, P., Griffin, D., & Tversky, A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.014 · Cited by 235
Kubota, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Phelps, E. A. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3136 · Cited by 242
Automatic affective evaluation does not automatically predispose for arm flexion and extension
Rotteveel, M., & Phaf, R. H. (2004) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.156 · Cited by 232
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Cigarette Smoking: the Effects of Context and Motivation
Sherman, S. J., Rose, J. S., Koch, K., Presson, C. C., & Chassin, L. (2003) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.22.1.13.22766 · Cited by 233
“Recent studies (Chassin, Presson, Prost, Rose, & Sherman, 2001; Fazio et al., 1996) indicate that implicit attitudes can effectively predict behavior.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA Dual-Process Model of Reactions to Perceived Stigma.
Pryor, J. B., Reeder, G. D., Yeadon, C., & Hesson-McInnis, M. S. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.436 · Cited by 233
“The power of a stigma to contaminate those who are merely associated with the stigma was recognized by Goffman (1963) and shown recently in studies of obesity stigma by Hebl and Mannix (2003). The dynamic interplay between reflexive and rule-based processes is illustrated by the responses of participants to a person w…”
BackgroundInfluentialDifferences in Helping Whites and Blacks: A Meta-Analysis
Saucier, D. A., Miller, C. T., & Doucet, N. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_1 · Cited by 244
“…many Whites feel toward Blacks at an implicit level, such as that measured by response latencies to positive and negative stimuli paired with White and Black stimuli (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), and the behavior that emerges after conscious control is asserted.”
BackgroundResultImplicit measures of association in psychopathology research.
Roefs, A., Huijding, J., Smulders, F. T. Y., MacLeod, C. M., de Jong, P. J., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Jansen, A. T. M. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021729 · Cited by 248
“…20 08 ) ex -p at ie nt sc (1 9) 1 – 2 IA T 1 m e– no t m e 1 – 2 sa d– ha pp y 1 # .4 1b to # .2 6 1 in co ng ru en t d % c he al th yc (2 3) 2 fu tu re –p as t 2 # .1 8 to .2 5 2 in co ng ru en t d ! c /m oo d in du ct io n 1 re du ce d by m oo d in du ct io n in he al th y 2 no ef fe ct m oo…”
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: Examination of the Relationship between Measures of Intergroup Bias
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Beach, K. R. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470693421.ch9 · Cited by 229
Neither Fish nor Fowl: Implicit Attitudes as Patchy Endorsements
Levy, N. (2015) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/nous.12074 · Cited by 226
Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-concepts: Consequences for information processing.
Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Wheeler, S. C. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.154 · Cited by 227
“, 1998) and the Automatic Evaluation Task (Fazio et al., 1995).”
BackgroundPratto, F. (1999) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60274-9 · Cited by 228
Otten, S., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1399 · Cited by 220
Doris, J. M., & The Moral Psychology Research Group (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582143.001.0001 · Cited by 227
Gawronski, B., & LeBel, E. P. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.005 · Cited by 221
Neural components of social evaluation.
Cunningham, W. A., Johnson, M. K., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.639 · Cited by 219
“When attitudes toward social groups are measured with both self-report measures and latency-based measures, self-reported attitudes toward, for example, African Americans, the elderly, and foreigners are substantially more positive than those detected by latency-based measures ( Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 199…”
BackgroundImplicit consumer preferences and their influence on product choice
Friese, M., Wänke, M., & Plessner, H. (2006) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20126 · Cited by 216
“Johnsen, & Howard, 1997; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Wilson et al., 2000; see Implicit Consumer Preferences 7”
Metadata
- Authors
- Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1995-12
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1013-1027
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4240262739
- Cited by
- 1,793
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 42.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- automatic activation, racial attitudes, implicit attitudes, unobtrusive measurement, measurement reliability, Implicit Association Test
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