Cited by 1,793Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?

Fazio, Russell H., Jackson, Joni R., Dunton, Bridget C., Williams, Carol J.·1995·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,019

Consciousness, Implicit Attitudes and Moral Responsibility
Levy, N. L. (2012) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2011.00853.x · Cited by 117
Essentializing Race: Implications for Bicultural Individuals' Cognition and Physiological Reactivity
Chao, M. M., Chen, J., Roisman, G. I., & Hong, Y. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01901.x · Cited by 113
“In each trial of the sequential priming task, participants were presented with a prime followed by a string of letters and were asked to judge whether the letters were real words (Fazio et al., 1995).”
Community Autoethnography: Compiling the Personal and Resituating Whiteness
Toyosaki, S., Pensoneau-Conway, S. L., Wendt, N. A., et al. (2008) · Culture Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies · doi:10.1177/1532708608321498 · Cited by 113
Consequences of Stereotype Suppression: Stereotypes on AND Not on the Rebound
Monteith, M. J., Spicer, C. V., & Tooman, G. D. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1355 · Cited by 110
On the Immediate Consequences of Intergroup Categorization: Activation of Approach and Avoidance Motor Behavior Toward Ingroup and Outgroup Members
Paladino, M. P., & Castelli, L. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208315155 · Cited by 111
“Spontaneous affective responses toward outgroup members tend to be more negative in comparison to ingroup members ( Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) and automatic stereotyping arises (Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997).”
Background
A review of neuroimaging studies of race-related prejudice: does amygdala response reflect threat?
Chekroud, A. M., Everett, J. A. C., Bridge, H., & Hewstone, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00179 · Cited by 121
“For racial prejudice, it is widely accepted that this divergent trend resulted from socially desirable responding in explicit (self-report) measures of prejudice (Fazio et al., 1995; Hewstone et al., 2002).”
Background
Judgments of Sexism: A Comparison of the Subtlety of Sexism Measures and Sources of Variability in Judgments of Sexism
Swim, J. K., Mallett, R. K., Russo-Devosa, Y., & Stangor, C. (2005) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00240.x · Cited by 111
Gender differences in implicit prejudice
Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., & Araya, T. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00132-0 · Cited by 119
“Devine, 1989; Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Lepore & Brown, 1997; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Contents and Correlates of Whites' and Blacks' Racial Attitudes
Monteith, M. J., & Spicer, C. V. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1401 · Cited by 111
“, 1997), nor may they correspond to the underlying affective component of one’s attitude (Fazio et al., 1995) or to one’s behavioral inclinations (LaPiere, 1934).”
BackgroundInfluential
News on the Net
Melican, D. B., & Dixon, T. L. (2008) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650207313157 · Cited by 111
Facing one’s implicit biases: From awareness to acknowledgment.
(2018) · doi:10.1037/pspi0000155 · Cited by 107
Intent and Ordinary Bias: Unintended Thought and Social Motivation Create Casual Prejudice
Fiske, S. T. (2004) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/b:sore.0000027405.94966.23 · Cited by 110
“Automatic responses soon became a viable unobtrusive measure of at least implicit racial attitudes (Fazio et al., 1995).”
Intact performance on an indirect measure of race bias following amygdala damage
Phelps, E. A., Cannistraci, C. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00150-1 · Cited by 109
“In spite of a decline over the past several decades of prejudicial attitudes toward Black and White social groups as measured by explicit self-report [6,25], there is robust evidence of racial bias using indirect assessments that bypass awareness and conscious control [5,11,14].”
Background
Reporting Intentional Rating of the Primes Predicts Priming Effects in the Affective Misattribution Procedure
Bar‐Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212446835 · Cited by 107
“Investigations of intentionality in other implicit measures—the IAT and evaluative priming (EP; Fazio et al., 1995)—showed that, under some conditions, people can control the measurement outcome (for IAT: Kim, 2003; Steffens, 2004; for EP: Degner, 2008; Teige-Mocigemba & Klauer, 2008).”
Background
Applying processing trees in social psychology
Hütter, M., & Klauer, K. C. (2016) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2016.1212966 · Cited by 113
Activating and Suppressing Hostile and Benevolent Racism: Evidence for Comparative Media Stereotyping
Ramasubramanian, S., & Oliver, M. B. (2007) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213260701283244 · Cited by 110
Surfing the Urge: Experiential Acceptance Moderates the Relation Between Automatic Alcohol Motivation and Hazardous Drinking
Ostafin, B. D., & Marlatt, G. A. (2008) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.4.404 · Cited by 109
Gender differences in explicit and implicit risk attitudes: A socially facilitated phenomenon
Ronay, R., & Kim, D. (2006) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466605x66420 · Cited by 108
“measures (e.g. Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Greenwald et al., 1998;”
The rich—love them or hate them? Divergent implicit and explicit attitudes toward the wealthy
Horwitz, S. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430215596075 · Cited by 114
Twenty-Five Years of Research Using Implicit Measures
Gawronski, B., Houwer, J. D., & Sherman, J. W. (2020) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s1 · Cited by 114
“Overview of Currently Available Implicit Measures Measurement Instrument Reference Action Interference Paradigm Banse et al. (2010) Affect Misattribution Procedure Payne et al. (2005) Approach-Avoidance Task Chen & Bargh (1999) Brief Implicit Association Test Sriram & Greenwald (2009) Evaluative Movement Assessment Br…”
Background
Overlapping Mental Representations of Self and In-Group: Reaction Time Evidence and Its Relationship with Explicit Measures of Group Identification
Coats, S., Smith, E. R., Claypool, H. M., & Banner, M. J. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1416 · Cited by 105
The Contact Hypothesis Revisited
Henry, P. J., & Hardin, C. D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01795.x · Cited by 107
Holding on to our functional roots when exploring new intellectual islands: A voyage through implicit cognition research
Hughes, S., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Vahey, N. (2012) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.09.003 · Cited by 132
“…and eye contact with a member of another racial group while performance on direct procedures better predict verbal biases in evaluating a Black relative to a White interviewer (e.g., Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997; see also Fazio et al., 1995; McConnell & Leibold, 2001).”
Background
Extensional versus Intuitive Reasoning
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.003 · Cited by 111
Racial Group Membership Is Associated to Gaze-Mediated Orienting in Italy
Pavan, G., Dalmaso, M., Galfano, G., & Castelli, L. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025608 · Cited by 104
“Indeed, at least in most Western societies, White people can be considered as the majority group, in that they are more likely associated to positive evaluations [16,17], positive stereotypes [18,19], and corresponding higher positions within the society as compared to Black people.”
Background
Infants Associate Praise and Admonishment with Fair and Unfair Individuals
DesChamps, T. D., Eason, A. E., & Sommerville, J. A. (2015) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12117 · Cited by 104
Hiring you makes me look bad: Social-identity based reversals of the ingroup favoritism effect
Lewis, A. C., & Sherman, S. J. (2003) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00538-1 · Cited by 114
An Influence of Product and Brand Name on Positive Affect: Implicit and Explicit Measures
Isen, A. M., Labroo, A. A., & Durlach, P. J. (2004) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/b:moem.0000027277.98917.9a · Cited by 105
“However, in other studies sometimes these correlations have not been found (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995 ); and therefore there is, in attitude research, a growing interest in development of measures of activation of implicit attitudes”
BackgroundResult
The Anti‐Racism Norm in Western European Immigration Politics: Why we Need to Consider it and How to Measure it
Ivarsflaten, E., Blinder, S. B., & Ford, R. (2010) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2010.511805 · Cited by 108
“Indeed, Devine plausibly suggests that by virtue of growing up in a society in which racial stereotypes are plentiful, all Americans have knowledge of negative stereotypes of African Americans which can be activated by the right stimulus, whether it is a blast of rap music coming from a passing car stereo or a TV news…”
BackgroundInfluential
What's in a Forename? Cue Familiarity and Stereotypical Thinking
Macrae, C. N., Mitchell, J. P., & Pendry, L. F. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1496 · Cited by 104
Kicking the habit: Effects of nonstereotypic association training and correction processes on hiring decisions
Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., & van Kamp, S. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.05.004 · Cited by 104
“Although the automatic activation of stereotypes and attitudes has been shown to predict a range of responses (Dovidio et al., 1997; Fazio et al., 1995 ), stereotype activation will not always map directly on to manifested behavior (see Dovidio et al., 2002; Kawakami, Dovidio, & Spears, 2004; Kawakami, Young, & Dovidi…”
Background
Prejudice Control and Interracial Relations: The Role of Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice
Butz, D. A., & Plant, E. A. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00583.x · Cited by 106
“Researchers over the last 30 years have identified that, unlike explicit, self-reported beliefs that people are able to control when they would like, implicit, automatic prejudice is more difficult to control (e.g., Devine, 1989; Fazio et al., 1995; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995).”
Background
Attitude Importance as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Implicit and Explicit Attitude Measures
Karpinski, A., Steinman, R. B., & Hilton, J. L. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204273007 · Cited by 102
“Some support for these MODE-based predictions has been found: Direct or indirect evidence suggests that motivation to control prejudice (Fazio et al., 1995), social desirability concerns (Greenwald & Nosek, 2001; Nosek & Banaji, 2002) and lack of resources to consider all attitude-relevant information (Greenwald et al.”
Background
Tracing Physical Behavior in Virtual Reality: A Narrative Review of Applications to Social Psychology
Yaremych, H., & Persky, S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103845 · Cited by 90
“Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. tendencies (Carlo & Randall, 2002; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Harris, 1997; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997).”
Background
Black Criminals and White Officers: The Effects of Racially Misrepresenting Law Breakers and Law Defenders on Television News
Dixon, T. L. (2007) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213260701375660 · Cited by 102
“As a result, some participants may offer socially desirable responses to the MRS because of its explicit nature in order to appear less prejudiced (Devine, 1989; Fazio et al., 1995; Givens & Monahan, 2005).”
Background
The Sorting Paired Features Task
Bar‐Anan, Y., Nosek, B. A., & Vianello, M. (2009) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.56.5.329 · Cited by 102
“Previous research finds that some implicit measures, such as EP, elicit weak correlations with selfreported racial attitudes (Fazio et al., 1995), but this may be due, in part, to low reliability of the measure (Bosson, Swann, & Pennebaker, 2000; Cunningham, Preacher, & Banaji, 2001; Olson & Fazio, 2003).”
Background
Physical and Psychological Representations of Faces: Evidence From Morphing
Busey, T. A. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00088 · Cited by 102
Automated Choice Heuristics
Frederick, S. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.032 · Cited by 103
Changing one's prejudiced ways: Awareness, affect, and self-regulation
Monteith, M. J., & Mark, A. Y. (2005) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280500229882 · Cited by 100
“Studies have revealed individual differences in the automatic activation of negative associations in relation to Blacks, with some people showing little or no evidence of such associations (Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997; Fazio et al., 1995; Lepore & Brown, 1997; Wittenbrink et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResult
Math = male, me = female, therefore math ≠ me.
Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.1.44 · Cited by 99
The influence of experimentally created extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test
Han, A., Olson, M. A., & Fázio, R. H. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.04.006 · Cited by 98
“In fact, a host of studies have indicated that the priming measure activates one’s own evaluation of the object, even when that attitude is not shared by the culture or popular opinion (e.g., BessenoV & Sherman, 2000; Fazio, 1993; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Fazio, Sanbonmatsu, Powell, & Kardes, 1986; Sh…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Not all stereotyping is created equal: Differential consequences of thoughtful versus nonthoughtful stereotyping.
Wegener, D. T., Clark, J. K., & Petty, R. E. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.42 · Cited by 100
Attitudes in Social Behavior
Olson, J. M., & Maio, G. R. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0513 · Cited by 104
Teachers' Implicit Attitudes Toward Students From Different Social Groups: A Meta-Analysis
Cate, I. P.-T., & Glock, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02832 · Cited by 119
Seeing Race: N170 Responses to Race and Their Relation to Automatic Racial Attitudes and Controlled Processing
Ofan, R. H., Rubin, N., & Amodio, D. M. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00014 · Cited by 102
“…this task, such that White faces facilitate the categorization of pleasant words more than unpleasant words and, to a lesser extent, Black faces facilitate the categorization of unpleasant words more than pleasant words (e.g., Devine, Plant, Amodio, Harmon-Jones, & Vance, 2002; Fazio et al., 1995).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Toward more (and better) countertransference research.
Fauth, J. M. (2006) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.43.1.16 · Cited by 99
Social Justice in Our Minds, Homes, and Society: The Nature, Causes, and Consequences of Implicit Bias
Rudman, L. A. (2004) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/b:sore.0000027406.32604.f6 · Cited by 98
“For example, prosocial behavior toward Blacks is negatively predicted by implicit prejudice, whether prejudice is assessed by the IAT (Ashburn-Nardo et al., 2003; McConnell and Leibold, 2001; Rudman and Lee, 2002) or priming (Dovidio et al., 1997, 2002; Fazio et al., 1995 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Saying no to negativity: The effects of context and motivation to control prejudice on automatic evaluative responses
Maddux, W. W., Barden, J., Brewer, M. B., & Petty, R. E. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.05.002 · Cited by 96
“This required calculating an overall automatic-response index based on the four facilitation scores that each participant generated in each context (Dovidio et al., 1997; Fazio et al., 1995): index1⁄4 (Black prime, positive adjective score)Black prime, negative adjective score)) (White prime, positive adjective score)…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Choosing Social Situations: The Relation Between Automatically Activated Racial Attitudes and Anticipated Comfort Interacting With African Americans
Towles-Schwen, T., & Fázio, R. H. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202239042 · Cited by 98
“priming technique referred to as the “bona fide pipeline” (Fazio et al., 1995).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
The Mind in the Middle
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511996481.017 · Cited by 97
On implicit–explicit consistency: the moderating role of individual differences in awareness and adjustment
Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., & Schmitt, M. (2004) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.537 · Cited by 95
“Banse & Gawronski, 2003; Fazio et al., 1995). Reaching beyond previous models and studies, our dual moderator model suggests a joint influence of awareness and adjustment on implicit–explicit consistency: the effect of adjustment should depend on awareness because only an implicit attitude that is represented proposit…”
BackgroundInfluential
I like you, I like you not: Understanding the formation of context-dependent automatic attitudes
Rydell, R. J., & Gawronski, B. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802355255 · Cited by 97
See What You Think
Jens Blechert, A., Sheppes, G., Tella, C. D., Williams, H., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612438559 · Cited by 98
Gifted and Maladjusted? Implicit Attitudes and Automatic Associations Related to Gifted Children
Preckel, F., Baudson, T. G., Krolak-Schwerdt, S., & Glock, S. (2015) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831215596413 · Cited by 88
“To assess implicit attitudes, we employed an affective priming (AP) task (Fazio et al., 1995).”
Method
Pre- and In-Service Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Students With Learning Difficulties and Challenging Behavior
Krischler, M., & Cate, I. P.-T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00327 · Cited by 96
Heart Versus Reason in Condom Use: Implicit Versus Explicit Attitudinal Predictors of Sexual Behavior
Marsh, K. L., Johnson, B. T., & Scott‐Sheldon, L. A. J. (2001) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.161 · Cited by 94
Preferences for and evaluation of self-relevant information depending on the elaboration of the self-schemata involved
Stahlberg, D., Petersen, L., & Dauenheimer, D. (1999) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199906)29:4 · Cited by 31
Evaluative Conditioning From the Perspective of the Associative-Propositional Evaluation Model
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2018) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.5964/spb.v13i3.28024 · Cited by 98
“Hu, Gawronski, and Balas (2017a, Experiments 1 and 2) found a similar pattern using an affective priming task (Fazio et al., 1995) and a manipulation of relational information involving causal relations.”
Background
AMPing Racial Attitudes: Comparing the Power of Explicit and Implicit Racism Measures in 2008
Ditonto, T., Lau, R. R., & Sears, D. O. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12013 · Cited by 95
Implicit Social Cognition and Law
Lane, K. A., Kang, J., & Banaji, M. R. (2007) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112748 · Cited by 96
Danger stereotypes predict racially biased attentional allocation
Donders, N. C., Correll, J., & Wittenbrink, B. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.002 · Cited by 92
The dynamic time course of stereotype activation: Activation, dissipation, and resurrection.
Kunda, Z., Davies, P. G., Adams, B., et al. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.283 · Cited by 94
The Generality and Ultimate Origins of the Attractiveness of Prototypes
Halberstadt, J. B. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_5 · Cited by 97
Inherently loyal or easily bored?: Nonconscious activation of consistency versus variety‐seeking behavior
Fishbach, A., Ratner, R. K., & Zhang, Y. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.09.006 · Cited by 96
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes and Interracial Interaction: The Moderating Role of Situationally Available Control Resources
Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Castelli, L., & Schmitt, M. (2008) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207084847 · Cited by 92
Eye-Gaze Direction Modulates Race-Related Amygdala Activity
Richeson, J. A., Todd, A. R., Trawalter, S., & Baird, A. A. (2008) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207088040 · Cited by 95
Understanding Implicit Bias: Putting the Criticism into Perspective
Brownstein, M., Madva, A., & Gawronski, B. (2020) · Pacific philosophical quarterly · doi:10.1111/papq.12302 · Cited by 98
“…on the prediction of behavior with implicit measures found that implicit bias showed stronger relations with spontaneous compared with deliberate behavior, whereas explicit bias showed stronger relations with deliberate compared with spontaneous behavior (Dovidio et al. 1997; Fazio et al. 1995).”
BackgroundResult
Illusions of Gender: Stereotypes Evoke False Memories
Lenton, A. P., Blair, I. V., & Hastie, R. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1426 · Cited by 92
Stereotypes and prejudice create workplace discrimination.
Fiske, S., & Lee, T. L. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511753725.004 · Cited by 81
At first sight: how do restrained eaters evaluate high-fat palatable foods?
Roefs, A., Herman, C. P., MacLeod, C. M., Smulders, F. T. Y., & Jansen, A. T. M. (2004) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2004.08.001 · Cited by 89
Evaluation is a Dynamic Process: Moving Beyond Dual System Models
Bavel, J. J. V., Xiao, Y. J., & Cunningham, W. A. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00438.x · Cited by 102
Propositional Versus Dual-Process Accounts of Evaluative Conditioning
Hu, X., Gawronski, B., & Balas, R. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216673351 · Cited by 92
It’s in the mind of the beholder: The impact of stereotypic associations on category-based and individuating impression formation
Gawronski, B., Ehrenberg, K., Banse, R., et al. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00517-6 · Cited by 90
“However, most studies report only moderate (e.g., Banse, Seise, & Zerbes, 2001; Wittenbrink et al., 1997) or even low correlations (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995; Greenwald et al., 1998; Karpinski & Hilton, 2001).”
Background
Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice.
Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D., & Sinclair, S. A. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.842 · Cited by 460
Identifying “types” of ideologies and intergroup biases: Advancing a person-centred approach to social psychology
Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. G. (2017) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2017.1379265 · Cited by 98
Automatically activated racial attitudes as predictors of the success of interracial roommate relationships
Towles-Schwen, T., & Fázio, R. H. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.11.003 · Cited by 89
“Participants automatically activated racial attitudes were measured via the priming procedure developed by Fazio et al. (1995).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
The Impact of Counterstereotypic Training and Related Correction Processes on the Application of Stereotypes
Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., & van Kamp, S. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207074725 · Cited by 88
“As a consequence, stereotype activation does not necessarily translate directly to deliberative behaviors and the use of stereotypes (Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002; Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995 ).”
Background
Teachers’ attitudes towards ethnic minority students: Effects of schools’ cultural diversity
Glock, S., Kovacs, C., & Cate, I. P.-T. (2018) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12248 · Cited by 100
Dynamic interactive theory as a domain-general account of social perception
Freeman, J. B., Stolier, R. M., & Brooks, J. A. (2019) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2019.09.005 · Cited by 89
Activation and Automaticity of Colonial Mentality
David, E. J. R., & Okazaki, S. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00601.x · Cited by 88
Changing likes and dislikes through the back door: The US-revaluation effect
Walther, E., Gawronski, B., Blank, H., & Langer, T. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802212423 · Cited by 87
“Finally, participants’ attitudes were assessed with an affective priming task (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995 ).”
Method
Resistance to extinction of human evaluative conditioning using a between‐subjects design
Díaz, E., Ruíz, G., & Baeyens, F. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930441000300 · Cited by 87
Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit
Leitner, J. B., Hehman, E., Ayduk, Ö. N., & Mendoza‐Denton, R. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.10.007 · Cited by 89
“…bias can be measured directly through explicit measures (e.g., asking participants “How warmly or coldly do you feel towardsWhite people?”) or indirectly through so-called implicit measures, which infer bias from the speed with which a response is made (Fazio et al., 1995; Greenwald et al., 1998).”
Background
Evaluative Conditioning: Past, Present, and Future
Moran, T., Nudler, Y., & Bar-Anan, Y. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031815 · Cited by 87
Social Psychological Factors in Lifestyle Change and Their Relevance to Policy
Maio, G. R., Verplanken, B., Manstead, A. S. R., Stroebe, W., Abraham, C., Sheeran, P., & Conner, M. T. (2007) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2007.00005.x · Cited by 87
Accessibility Effects on Implicit Social Cognition: The Role of Knowledge Activation and Retrieval Experiences.
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.672 · Cited by 86
“A similar logic applies to affective priming effects in Fazio et al.’s (1986) evaluative decision task (see also Fazio et al., 1995).”
Background
When Do Associations Matter? The Use of Automatic Associations toward Ethnic Groups in Person Judgments
Florack, A., Scarabis, M., & Bless, H. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1477 · Cited by 86
Fear and Implicit Racism: Whites’ Support for Voter ID laws
Banks, A. J., & Hicks, H. M. (2015) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12292 · Cited by 88
The Bias of Individuals (in Crowds): Why Implicit Bias Is Probably a Noisily Measured Individual-Level Construct
Connor, P., & Evers, E. R. K. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620931492 · Cited by 83
The Indirect Effects of Discredited Stereotypes in Judgments of Jewish Leaders
Berinsky, A. J., & Mendelberg, T. (2005) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00159.x · Cited by 87
“Once a particular element of a stereotype is activated the other parts of the stereotype may become available through a process of spreading activation across the stereotype’s associative network (Dovidio, Evans, and Tyler 1986; Fazio et al. 1995).”
Background
Consumer persuasion: Indirect change and implicit balance
Horcajo, J., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2010) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20367 · Cited by 85
“In the second meaning, implicit measures are said to tap into automatic evaluative reactions—those that come to mind spontaneously upon the mere presentation of the attitude object—rather than a more deliberative assessment that comes to mind only upon some reflection (Fazio et al., 1995).”
Background
“Catching” Social Bias
Skinner, A. L., Meltzoff, A. N., & Olson, K. R. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616678930 · Cited by 87
Differential relations between two types of contact and implicit and explicit racial attitudes
Prestwich, A., Kenworthy, J. B., Wilson, M. C., & Kwan‐Tat, N. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466607x267470 · Cited by 84
Can only one person be right? The development of objectivism and social preferences regarding widely shared and controversial moral beliefs
Heiphetz, L., & Young, L. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.05.014 · Cited by 81
The independent effects of skin tone and facial features on Whites' affective reactions to Blacks
Hagiwara, N., Kashy, D. A., & Cesario, J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.001 · Cited by 83
“The two filler tasks provided a cover story for why participants were presented with primes and why they needed to attend to those faces in the experimental phase of the study (see Fazio et al., 1995 for more information).”
Background
The development of race‐based perceptual categorization: skin color dominates early category judgments
Dunham, Y. C., Stepanova, E. V., Dotsch, R., & Todorov, A. T. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12228 · Cited by 82
Gender moderates the relation between implicit and explicit self-esteem
Pelham, B. W., Koole, S. L., Hardin, C. D., Hetts, J. J., Seah, E., & DeHart, T. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.10.008 · Cited by 83
Do Analysts Overreact?
Bondt, W. F. M. D., & Thaler, R. H. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.040 · Cited by 82
Implicit Self-Attitudes Predict Spontaneous Affect in Daily Life.
Conner, T. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.476 · Cited by 89
The nonconsciousness of self-consciousness.
Hull, J. G., Slone, L. B., Meteyer, K., et al. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.406 · Cited by 81

Authors: Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J.
ORCID: Fazio, Russell H.
Williams, Carol J.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995-12
Volume: 69
Issue: 6
Pages: 1013-1027
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
OpenAlex: W4240262739
Cited by: 1,793
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 80
FWCI: 42.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: automatic activation, racial attitudes, implicit attitudes, unobtrusive measurement, measurement reliability, Implicit Association Test

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks