Cited by 1,793Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?

Fazio, Russell H., Jackson, Joni R., Dunton, Bridget C., Williams, Carol J.·1995·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 1,019

Forgive and Forget, or Forgive and Regret? Whether Forgiveness Leads to Less or More Offending Depends on Offender Agreeableness
McNulty, J. K., & Russell, V. M. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216637841 · Cited by 59
Level of Prejudice in Relation to Knowledge of Cultural Stereotypes
Gordijn, E., Koomen, W., & Stapel, D. A. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1443 · Cited by 59
Implicit Stereotyping of Hispanics: Development and Validity of a Hispanic Version of the Implicit Association Test
Weyant, J. M. (2005) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/0739986305276747 · Cited by 58
Losing on all fronts: The effects of negative versus positive person‐based campaigns on implicit and explicit evaluations of political candidates
Carraro, L., Gawronski, B., & Castelli, L. (2009) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466609x468042 · Cited by 57
Accuracy in Social Perception: Criticisms, Controversies, Criteria, Components, and Cognitive Processes
Jussim, L. J. (2005) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(05)37001-8 · Cited by 62
Racial Attitudes and the Death Penalty1
Dovidio, J. F., Smith, J. K., Donnella, A. G., & Gaertner, S. L. (1997) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01609.x · Cited by 55
How to Change Implicit Drug Use-Related Cognitions in Prevention: A Transdisciplinary Integration of Findings from Experimental Psychopathology, Social Cognition, Memory, and Experimental Learning Psychology
Wiers, R. W. H. J., de Jong, P. J., Havermans, R. C., & Jelícic, M. (2004) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-200033206 · Cited by 59
“Note that this view leads to the opposite prediction as the view that inspired much work on implicit assessment, the bonafide pipeline view (Fazio et al., 1995; Greenwald et al., 1998, 2003): from this perspective implicit measures may better assess the real underlying attitude, that would be less…”
Result
Response Interference as a Mechanism Underlying Implicit Measures Some Traps and Gaps in the Assessment of Mental Associations with Experimental Paradigms
Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., LeBel, E. P., & Peters, K. R. (2008) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.24.4.218 · Cited by 63
Traditional and Contemporary Prejudice and Urban Whites’ Support for Affirmative Action and Government Help
Williams, D. R., Jackson, J. S., Brown, T. N., Torres, M., Forman, T. A., & Brown, K. (1999) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/3097073 · Cited by 58
Self-citation
The Generalization of Implicit Racial Bias to Young Black Boys: Automatic Stereotyping or Automatic Prejudice?
Todd, A. R., Simpson, A. J., Thiem, K. C., & Neel, R. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.4.306 · Cited by 57
Psychological Knowledge and the New American Dilemma of Race
Jones, J. M. (1998) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01241.x · Cited by 61
Group Membership Affects Spontaneous Mental Representation: Failure to Represent the Out-Group in a Joint Action Task
McClung, J., Jentzsch, I., & Reicher, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079178 · Cited by 53
“One previous study that found an effect of group membership on the Social Simon Effect did not use minimal groups [19], meaning the effects could have been attributed to the relationship between the specific racial groups involved rather than simple group membership per se [34– 37].”
Method
The Influence of Implicit Attitudes on Choice When Consumers Are Confronted with Conflicting Attribute Information
Dempsey, M. A., & Mitchell, A. A. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/653947 · Cited by 56
“Explicit attitudes are typically assessed with self-report scales, while implicit attitudes are accessed with response latency measures such as the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz 1998) or evaluative priming (Fazio et al. 1995).”
Rapid social perception is flexible: approach and avoidance motivational states shape P100 responses to other-race faces
Cunningham, W. A., Bavel, J. J. V., Arbuckle, N. L., Packer, D. J., & Waggoner, A. S. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00140 · Cited by 56
“In the past few decades, social psychologists have found extensive evidence that social categorization can occur rapidly and without intention, effort, or conscious control, triggering stereotypes (Devine, 1989), prejudice (Fazio et al., 1995), and ultimately, discrimination (Dovidio et al.”
Background
Affect and automatic mood maintenance
Handley, I. M., Lassiter, G. D., Nickell, E. F., & Herchenroeder, L. M. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00086-6 · Cited by 57
Probability Judgment across Cultures
Yates, J. F., Lee, J., Sieck, W. R., Choi, I., & Price, P. C. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.017 · Cited by 55
Aggressive Primes Activate Hostile Information in Memory: Who is Most Susceptible?
Meier, B. P., Robinson, M. D., & Wilkowski, B. M. (2007) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973530701330900 · Cited by 56
“These include awareness of the primes ( Lombardi, Higgins, & Bargh, 1987 ), prime–target overlap ( Schwarz & Bless, 1992 ), and motivation (eg, to be a nonprejudiced person; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995 ).”
An exploration of affective priming as an indirect measure of food attitudes
Lamote, S., Hermans, D., Baeyens, F., et al. (2004) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2003.11.009 · Cited by 56
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Rape are Associated With Sexual Aggression
Nunes, K. L., Hermann, C. A., & Ratcliffe, K. (2013) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260513487995 · Cited by 56
The Actual Versus Idealized Self: Exploring Responses to Feedback About Implicit Bias in Health Professionals
Sukhera, J. I., Milne, A., Teunissen, P. W., Lingard, L., & Watling, C. (2017) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000002006 · Cited by 56
Indirectly measuring evaluations of several attitude objects in relation to a neutral reference point
Brendl, C. M., Markman, A. B., & Messner, C. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.07.006 · Cited by 56
“In the first main block, the 92 attitude words from Fazio et al. (1986) were each presented once in random order.”
Background
Interracial Roommate Relationships: Negotiating Daily Interactions
Trail, T. E., Shelton, J. N., & West, T. V. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209332741 · Cited by 56
Moderators of the Relationship between Implicit and Explicit EvaluationPreprint
Nosek, B. A. (2016) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9dk2u · Cited by 62
Nonverbal Communication, Race, and Intergroup Interaction
Dovidio, J. F., Hebl, M., Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2006) · The SAGE Handbook of Nonverbal Communication · doi:10.4135/9781412976152.n25 · Cited by 56
Discrimination, Antiprejudice Norms, and Public Support for Multicultural Policies in Europe: The Case of Religious Schools
Blinder, S. B., Ford, R., & Ivarsflaten, E. (2019) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414019830728 · Cited by 55
Dual-process models: A social psychological perspective
Smith, E. R., & Collins, E. C. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230167.003.0009 · Cited by 59
What Can Political Psychology Learn from Implicit Measures? Empirical Evidence and New Directions
Gawronski, B., Galdi, S., & Arcuri, L. (2015) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12094 · Cited by 55
Context effects in evaluative conditioning of implicit evaluations
Zanon, R., Houwer, J. D., & Gast, A. (2012) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2012.02.003 · Cited by 54
Perpetual ingroup victimhood as a distorted lens: Effects on attribution and categorization
Schori‐Eyal, N., Klar, Y., & Ben‐Ami, Y. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2250 · Cited by 56
Registered Replication Report on Srull and Wyer (1979)
McCarthy, R. J., Skowronski, J. J., Verschuère, B., Meijer, E. H., Jim, A., Hoogesteyn, K., Orthey, R., Acar, O. A., Aczél, B., Bakos, B. E., et al. (2018) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245918777487 · Cited by 55
“An example of a contrastive hostility-priming effect is Herr’s (1986) demonstration that participants exposed to more extreme exemplars of hostility subsequently judge a social target as less hostile.”
Background
Automatic stereotypes vs. automatic prejudice: Sorting out the possibilities in the weapon paradigm
Judd, C. M., Blair, I. V., & Chapleau, K. M. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00063-5 · Cited by 55
“Fazio et al. (1995) found that category primes facilitated responses to all words of a given valence, suggesting that global category evaluations were activated.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Automatic Associations: Personal Attitudes or Cultural Knowledge?
Uhlmann, E. L., Poehlman, T. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737512.003.0009 · Cited by 56
Separable fuzzy soft sets and decision making with positive and negative attributes
Alcantud, J. C. R., & Mathew, T. J. (2017) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2017.06.010 · Cited by 54
Hope, Tropes, and Dopes: Hispanic and White Racial Animus in the 2008 Election
Segura, G. M., & Valenzuela, A. A. (2010) · Presidential Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2010.03783.x · Cited by 54
“Finally, ongoing debate on best practices for measuring racial prejudice in survey research has spurred creative application of implicit techniques developed in psychology (e.g., Fazio et al. 1995; Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz 1998; Payne et al. 2005).”
Folk Beliefs About Human Genetic Variation Predict Discrete Versus Continuous Racial Categorization and Evaluative Bias
Plaks, J. E., Malahy, L. W., Sedlins, M., & Shoda, Y. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611408118 · Cited by 51
“In general, people exhibit greater facilitation for negative words when preceded by a Black face than by a White face (Fazio et al., 1995).”
Background
Can Gaze Avoidance Explain Why Individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome Can’t Recognise Emotions From Facial Expressions?
Sawyer, A. C. P., Williamson, P., & Young, R. L. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1283-0 · Cited by 54
“Reaction time is often measured as an indication of processing efficiency across a range of judgment types, including emotion recognition (Fazio 1990; Fazio et al. 1995).”
Background
The MODE Model and Its Implications for Studying the Media
Roskos‐Ewoldsen, D. R., Rhodes, N. D., & Fázio, R. H. (2014) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2014.937440 · Cited by 54
“In the attitude priming task measuring racial attitudes, participants complete one of two different tasks (Fazio et al., 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Context Variations and Pluri-methodological Issues concerning the Expression of a Social Representation: the Example of the Gypsy Community
Piermattéo, A., Monaco, G. L., Moreau, L., et al. (2014) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2014.84 · Cited by 54
On the Origins of Racial Attitudes: Correlates of Childhood Experiences
Towles-Schwen, T., & Fázio, R. H. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201272003 · Cited by 54
“The fifth (a face recognition task) and sixth (an attractiveness rating task) phases, which are described in detail in Fazio et al. (1995), were conducted only to support the cover story.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Prejudice Versus Discrimination in the Employment Interview: We may Hire Equally, but Our Memories Harbour Prejudice
Frazer, R. A., & Wiersma, U. J. (2001) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726701542002 · Cited by 54
Using Partially Structured Attitude Measures to Enhance the Attitude-Behavior Relationship
Vargas, P. T., von Hippel, W., & Petty, R. E. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203259931 · Cited by 54
“Whereas explicit attitude measures are relatively malleable in the face of social desirability concerns (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995), disguised measures should be at least somewhat difficult to control for at least two reasons.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination
Dion, K. L. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0521 · Cited by 54
Automaticity and the Unconscious
Dijksterhuis, A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001007 · Cited by 58
Development of the positive–negative asymmetry effect: in‐group exclusion norm as a mediator of children's evaluations on negative attributes
Rutland, A., Brown, R. J., Cameron, L., Ahmavaara, A., Arnold, K., & Samson, J. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.342 · Cited by 56
The Impact of Childhood Experience on Amygdala Response to Perceptually Familiar Black and White Faces
Cloutier, J., Li, T., & Correll, J. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00605 · Cited by 63
Situation-based social anxiety enhances the neural processing of faces: evidence from an intergroup context
Ofan, R. H., Rubin, N., & Amodio, D. M. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst087 · Cited by 52
“…the typical pattern of racial bias found using reaction-time tasks; here, as in several previous studies, the effect was driven primarily by stronger positive associations with White ingroup faces than with Black outgroup faces (Fazio et al., 1995; Dovidio et al., 1997; Conrey et al., 2005; Fig.”
BackgroundResult
Changing Implicit and Explicit Prejudice
Sritharan, R., & Gawronski, B. (2010) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000017 · Cited by 58
“…negative affective reactions toward African Americans (see Figure 1, Panel C; for related results, see Effron, Cameron, & Monin, 2009; Kaiser, Drury, Spalding, Cheryan, & O’Brien, 2009). ious kinds of sequential priming tasks (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995; Payne et al., 2005; Wittenbrink et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethod
Capturing the Interpersonal Implications of Evolved Preferences? Frequency of Sex Shapes Automatic, but Not Explicit, Partner Evaluations
Hicks, L. L., McNulty, J. K., Meltzer, A. L., & Olson, M. A. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616638650 · Cited by 53
Using Groups to Measure Intergroup Prejudice
Cooley, E., & Payne, B. K. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216675331 · Cited by 51
Policy Insights From Advances in Implicit Bias Research
Payne, B. K., & Vuletich, H. A. (2017) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732217746190 · Cited by 61
Die Skala Motivation zu vorurteilsfreiem Verhalten: Psychometrische Eigenschaften und Validität
Banse, R., & Gawronski, B. (2003) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026//0012-1924.49.1.4 · Cited by 53
“…Sexismus und implizites Geschlechtsstereotyp Die häufig nur geringen Korrelationen zwischen expliziten und impliziten Einstellungsmaßen (z.B., Fazio et al., 1995; Karpinski & Hilton, 2001; für eine Übersicht siehe Fazio & Olsen, 2003) können dadurch verursacht sein, dass explizite und…”
BackgroundInfluential
A metacognitive approach to "implicit" and "explicit" evaluations: Comment on Gawronski and Bodenhausen (2006).
Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.740 · Cited by 53
Putting Adjustment Back in the Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. D. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.009 · Cited by 52
Effects of an 8-week meditation program on the implicit and explicit attitudes toward religious/spiritual self-representations
Crescentini, C., Urgesi, C., Campanella, F., Eleopra, R., & Fabbro, F. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.09.013 · Cited by 52
Do Theories of Implicit Race Bias Change Moral Judgments?
Cameron, C. D., Payne, B. K., & Knobe, J. (2010) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-010-0118-z · Cited by 52
“Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams (1995) have argued that implicit biases are conscious attitudes that are activated automatically, and which influence behavior depending on how much behavioral control can be brought to bear.”
Background
Social dominance orientation, prejudice, and discrimination: A new computer-based method for studying discriminatory behaviors
Michinov, N., Dambrun, M., Guimond, S., et al. (2005) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03206402 · Cited by 52
“…& Meertens, 1995; Swim, Aikin, Hall, & Hunter, 1995) or computer-based procedure (see, e.g., Brauer, Wasel, & Niedenthal, 2000; Dambrun, Guimond, & Michinov, 2003; Dovidio & Fazio, 1992; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997).”
How do implicit/explicit attitudes and emotional reactions to sustainable logo relate? A neurophysiological study
Songa, G., Slabbinck, H., Vermeir, I., & Russo, V. (2018) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.04.008 · Cited by 56
Gender stereotype reinforcement: Measuring the gender bias conveyed by ranking algorithms
Fabris, A., Purpura, A., Silvello, G., & Susto, G. A. (2020) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102377 · Cited by 63
“This definition is based on a view of culture, social constructs and stereotypes as networks of concepts [32, 66] and implicit associations [3, 23, 35].”
Background
Policy Implications of Implicit Social Cognition
Nosek, B. A., & Riskind, R. G. (2012) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01037.x · Cited by 55
“…example, Dovidio, Kawakami, and Gaertner (2002) found that implicit, but not explicit, measures of racial attitudes predicted difficult-tomonitor and difficult-to-control nonverbal behaviors, such as blinking rate and amount of eye contact (see also Fazio et al., 1995; McConnell & Leibold, 2001).”
Background
Unraveling the three faces of self-esteem: A new information-processing sociometer perspective
Back, M. D., Krause, S., Hirschmüller, S., Stopfer, J. M., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.002 · Cited by 52
The association between implicit and explicit prejudice: the moderating role of motivation to control prejudiced reactions
Akrami, N., & Ekehammar, B. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00466.x · Cited by 52
“Tel: +46 18 471 15 25; fax: +46 18 471 21 23 ; e-mail: Nazar.Akrami@psyk.uu.se”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The Role Of Awareness: Divergent Automatic Stereotype Activation And Implicit Judgment Correction
Lepore, L., & Brown, R. J. (2002) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.20.4.321.19907 · Cited by 51
Guilty by mere similarity: assimilative effects of facial resemblance on automatic evaluation
Gawronski, B., & Quinn, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.016 · Cited by 51
“After the distracter task, participants completed an evaluative priming task (Fazio et al., 1995) designed to assess automatic evaluations of the three target faces, the three individually paired faces, and the three morphs that have been created from these faces.”
Method
How paradoxical leaders guide their followers to embrace paradox: Cognitive and behavioral mechanisms of paradox mindset development
Boemelburg, R., Zimmermann, A., & Palmié, M. (2023) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2023.102319 · Cited by 56
Implicit Attitudes Reflect Associative, Non‐associative, and Non‐attitudinal Processes
Calanchini, J., & Sherman, J. W. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12053 · Cited by 51
Can the Formation of Conditioned Attitudes Be Intentionally Controlled?
Gawronski, B., Balas, R., & Creighton, L. A. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213513907 · Cited by 51
“To the extent that evaluative priming tasks capture such spontaneous evaluative responses (Fazio et al., 1995), this account implies that control motivation should moderate the relation between EC effects on the evaluative priming task and EC effects on the self-report measure, such that their relation should be reduc…”
Background
Facial Masculinity and Beardedness Determine Men’s Explicit, but Not Their Implicit, Responses to Male Dominance
Sherlock, J. M., Tegg, B., Sulikowski, D., & Dixson, B. J. W. (2016) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-016-0047-7 · Cited by 50
“Where explicit ratings may be subject to demand characteristics (Fazio et al. 1995), implicit testing paradigms are thought to tap automatic and unconsciously activated attitudes by using tasks that are not transparent to participants and do not require verbalisation.”
Automatic Associations Between One’s Partner and One’s Affect as the Proximal Mechanism of Change in Relationship Satisfaction: Evidence From Evaluative Conditioning
McNulty, J. K., Olson, M. A., Jones, R. E., & Acosta, L. M. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617702014 · Cited by 54
Constructing gender differences in the economics lab
Boschini, A. D., Muren, A., & Persson, M. (2012) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2012.09.024 · Cited by 49
Clinical versus Actuarial Judgment
Dawes, R. M., Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.042 · Cited by 53
Reports of the Death of the Individual Difference Approach to Implicit Social Cognition May Be Greatly Exaggerated: A Commentary on Payne, Vuletich, and Lundberg
Kurdi, B., & Banaji, M. (2017) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2017.1373555 · Cited by 24
Implicit Bias ≠ Bias on Implicit Measures
Gawronski, B., Ledgerwood, A., & Eastwick, P. W. (2022) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2022.2106750 · Cited by 56
Using the self to change implicit attitudes
Prestwich, A., Perugini, M., Hurling, R., & Richetin, J. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.610 · Cited by 50
Predicting behaviour towards genetically modified food using implicit and explicit attitudes.
Spence, A., & Townsend, E. (2007) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466606x152261 · Cited by 45
Educational Psychology: Using Insights from Implicit Attitude Measures
Glock, S., & Kovacs, C. (2013) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9241-3 · Cited by 59
“Corresponding to the MODE model, however, explicit attitudes should influence preservice teachers’ and teachers’ conscious judgments as well (Fazio et al. 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Preservice Teachers' Attitudes Toward Inclusion and Toward Students with Special Educational Needs from Different Ethnic Backgrounds
Markova, M., Cate, I. P.-T., Krolak‐Schwerdt, S., & Glock, S. (2015) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2015.1055317 · Cited by 55
“Implicit Attitudes Implicit attitudes toward students with behavioral problems and learning difficulties as well as toward students with an immigrant background were measured with an evaluative priming task (Fazio et al., 1995; Fazio et al., 1986).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Differences Between Individuals Engaging in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicide Attempt Are Complex (vs. Complicated or Simple)
Huang, X., Ribeiro, J. D., & Franklin, J. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00239 · Cited by 54
“, motivation to disguise explicit attitudes; (50, 51)].”
Background
An examination of African Americans' access to public accounting mentors: perceived barriers and intentions to leave
Viator, R. E. (2001) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/s0361-3682(01)00005-8 · Cited by 50
Implicit Ingroup Metafavoritism: Subtle Preference for Ingroup Members Displaying Ingroup Bias
Castelli, L., Tomelleri, S., & Zogmaister, C. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208315210 · Cited by 50
Viewer Ethnicity Matters: Black Crime in TV News and Its Impact on Decisions Regarding Public Policy
Hurley, R. J., Jensen, J. D., Weaver, A. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12102 · Cited by 49
Trial-by-trial effects in the affective priming paradigm
Frings, C., & Wentura, D. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.03.004 · Cited by 53
Social context and the self-regulation of implicit bias
Allen, T. J., Sherman, J. W., & Klauer, K. C. (2010) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209353635 · Cited by 51
“In this way, a single score was generated to represent the race of prime × target valence effect, with negative scores indicating a pro-Black bias, zero indicating no bias in either direction, and positive scores indicating a pro-White bias (Fazio et al., 1995; Maddux et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Unmasking Narcissus: A competitive test of existing hypotheses on (agentic, antagonistic, neurotic, and communal) narcissism and (explicit and implicit) self-esteem across 18 samples
Mota, S., Humberg, S., Krause, S., Fatfouta, R., Geukes, K., Schröder–Abé, M., & Back, M. D. (2019) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2019.1620012 · Cited by 54
Implicit androcentrism: Men are human, women are gendered
Bailey, A. H., LaFrance, M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103980 · Cited by 60
Implicit Social Cognition
Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446247631.n3 · Cited by 53
“Implicit−explicit relations Early construct validity evidence emphasized divergent validity by showing the lack of relationship between implicit and explicit measures of the same concepts (Fazio et al., 1995; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Greenwald et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential
Bias and regulation of bias in intergroup interactions: Implicit attitudes toward Muslims and interaction quality
Gonsalkorale, K., von Hippel, W., Sherman, J. W., et al. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.022 · Cited by 49
“However, studies in which implicit attitudes were measured either immediately prior to the interaction (Dovidio et al., 1997; Fazio et al., 1995; Sekaquaptewa et al., 2003) or in a separate experimental session (Dasgupta & Rivera, 2006; Towles-Schwen & Fazio, 2006) also found that implicit bias…”
Background
Heuristics and Biases in Application
Fischhoff, B. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.043 · Cited by 51
Hostility-Related Prejudice Against Turks in Adolescents: Masked Affective Priming Allows for a Differentiation of Automatic Prejudice
Degner, J., Wentura, D., Gniewosz, B., & Noack, P. (2007) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973530701503150 · Cited by 49
“There have been several successful attempts to assess social attitudes using versions of this task by presenting attitude-related stimuli as primes (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995; Perdue & Gurtman, 1990; Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman, & Tyler, 1990).”
Method
Conceptual, empirical, and practical problems with the claim that intolerance, prejudice, and discrimination are equivalent on the political left and right
Badaan, V., & Jost, J. T. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.007 · Cited by 46
SKEPTICISM ABOUT PERSONS1
Doris, J. M. (2009) · Philosophical Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1533-6077.2009.00159.x · Cited by 48
Imagining Can Heighten or Lower the Perceived Likelihood of Contracting a Disease: The Mediating Effect of Ease of Imagery
Sherman, S. J., Cialdini, R. B., Schwartzman, D. F., & Reynolds, K. D. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.006 · Cited by 46
Implicit Essentialism: Genetic Concepts Are Implicitly Associated with Fate Concepts
Gould, W. A., & Heine, S. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038176 · Cited by 47
“focused on a variety of topics, such as implicit attitudes [1,21,22], implicit stereotypes [23,24,25] and automatic goals [26].”
Background
In Harm’s Way: On Preferential Response to Threatening Stimuli
March, D. S., Gaertner, L., & Olson, M. A. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217722558 · Cited by 48
The Illusion of Will in Organizational Behavior Research: Nonconscious Processes and Job Design
George, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206309346337 · Cited by 49
Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: Conceptual, empirical, and metatheoretical issues: Reply to Albarracín, Hart, and McCulloch (2006), Kruglanski and Dechesne (2006), and Petty and Briñol (2006).
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.745 · Cited by 49
Implicit Measurement of Attitudes, Stereotypes, and Self-Concepts in Organizations
Haines, E. L., & Sumner, K. E. (2006) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106286540 · Cited by 49
Respecting Each Other and Taking Responsibility for Our Biases
Mason, E. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190609610.003.0007 · Cited by 47
Implicit beliefs about ideal body image predict body image dissatisfaction
Heider, N., Spruyt, A., & Houwer, J. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01402 · Cited by 56
“As pointed out by Hughes et al. (2012; also see De Houwer, 2014), this is a property not only of the IAT but also of several other implicit measures such as the (standard) evaluative priming task (EPT; Fazio et al., 1995) and the affect misattribution paradigm (AMP; Payne et al., 2005)1.”
Background
Threatening joy: Approach and avoidance reactions to emotions are influenced by the group membership of the expresser
Paulus, A., & Wentura, D. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.849659 · Cited by 53
Seeing More Than We Can Know: Visual Attention and Category Activation
Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Calvini, G. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1396 · Cited by 46

Authors: Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J.
ORCID: Fazio, Russell H.
Williams, Carol J.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995-12
Volume: 69
Issue: 6
Pages: 1013-1027
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
OpenAlex: W4240262739
Cited by: 1,793
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 80
FWCI: 42.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: automatic activation, racial attitudes, implicit attitudes, unobtrusive measurement, measurement reliability, Implicit Association Test

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks