Cited by 2,110Death Anxiety and Social ExclusionAttachment and Relationship DynamicsPersonality Traits and Psychology

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Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships

Downey, Geraldine, Feldman, Scott I.·1996·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

People who are sensitive to social rejection tend to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact to it. This article shows that this cognitive-affective processing disposition undermines intimate relationships. Study 1 describes a measure that operationalizes the anxious-expectations component of rejection sensitivity.

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Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327

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Vorauer, J. D., Cameron, J. J., Holmes, J. G., & Pearce, D. G. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.793 · Cited by 68
Self-silencing and women’s health: A review
Maji, S., & Dixit, S. (2018) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764018814271 · Cited by 86
Perfectionism and Interpersonal Orientations in Depression: An Analysis of Validation Seeking and Rejection Sensitivity in a Community Sample of Young Adults
Flett, G. L., Avi Besser, A., & Hewitt, P. L. (2014) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.2014.77.1.67 · Cited by 83
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Neto, F. F. M. (2006) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/13691830500335507 · Cited by 67
“Individual differences that are associated both with perceiving oneself as a victim and with poor psycho-social adjustment, such as rejection sensivity (Downey and Feldman 1996 ), may contribute to a negative relationship between subjective perceptions of discrimination and psycho-social adjustment.”
Background
Interpersonal Factors in the Risk for Sexual Victimization and its Recurrence during Adolescence
Young, B. J., & Furman, W. C. (2007) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9240-0 · Cited by 68
“Individuals high on rejection sensitivity fear rejection and abandonment and are motivated to avoid it whenever possible ( Downey and Feldman 1996 ).”
BackgroundMethod
Supervisor Phubbing Phenomenon in Organizations: Determinants and Impacts
Yasin, R. M., Bashir, S., Abeele, M. V., & Bartels, J. (2020) · International Journal of Business Communication · doi:10.1177/2329488420907120 · Cited by 81
“The first intrapersonal factor we examine is employees’ rejection sensitivity, or their propensity to “anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact to rejection” (cf. Downey & Feldman, 1996, p. 1327).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Personality and perceptions of situations from the Thematic Apperception Test
Serfass, D. G., & Sherman, R. A. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.06.007 · Cited by 71
“For example, some people are more likely to expect rejection in relationships (Downey & Feldman, 1996; Downey, Freitas, Michaelis, & Khouri, 1998).”
Background
“Likes” as KPI: An examination of teenage girls’ perspective on peer feedback on Instagram and its influence on coping response
Li, P., Chang, L., Chua, T. H. H., & Loh, R. S. M. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.07.003 · Cited by 77
“Those with low self-esteem are less confident, and they need to seek approval from external sources to establish confidence and are more sensitive to perceived rejections (Downey and Feldman, 1996).”
Background
Intimate Relationships
Fagundes, C. P., & Diamond, L. M. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_13 · Cited by 71
Delay discounting, risk-taking, and rejection sensitivity among individuals with Internet and Video Gaming Disorders
Weinstein, A. M., Abu, H. B., Timor, A., & Mama, Y. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.081 · Cited by 72
“They experience more troubled and dissatisfying relationships that end sooner (e.g., Downey & Feldman, 1996; Downey et al., 1998; Simpson, Ickes, & Grich, 1999) and are more susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and depression following rejection (e.g., Ayduk, Downey, & Kim, 2001; Baldwin,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Social rejection by peers: A risk factor for psychological distress
Beeri, A., & Lev‐Wiesel, R. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00637.x · Cited by 65
“…was found to be higher among students who reported of having been rejected strengthens the notion that rejection experiences heighten rejection sensitivity (Downey & Feldman, 1996), which in turn leads to defensiveness and self-fulfilling prophecies that ultimately undermine social relationships.”
Background
Justice Sensitivity in Childhood and Adolescence
Bondü, R., & Elsner, B. (2014) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12098 · Cited by 67
Intrapersonal and interpersonal processes of social exclusion
Kawamoto, T., Ura, M., & Nittono, H. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00062 · Cited by 71
“…situations as social rejection (Downey and Feldman, 1996), and show heightened psychological difficulties such as depression and aggression (e.g., Downey and Feldman, 1996; Downey et al., 1998, 2000; Ayduk et al., 1999, 2001; Downey and Romero-Cayas, 2005; Harper et al., 2006; Romero-Canyas et…”
Background
Negative interpretation bias as a mechanism of the relationship between rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms
Normansell, K. M., & Wisco, B. E. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1185395 · Cited by 75
“This commonly used measure has been found to be psychometrically valid, internally consistent, and reliable with Cronbach’s alpha scores of α = 0.83 (Downey & Feldman, 1996) and α = 0.84 (Brookings, Zembar, & Hochstetler, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Interrelations of Justice, Rejection, Provocation, and Moral Disgust Sensitivity and Their Links with the Hostile Attribution Bias, Trait Anger, and Aggression
Bondü, R., & Richter, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00795 · Cited by 65
Race‐based rejection sensitivity partially accounts for the relationship between racial discrimination and distressing attenuated positive psychotic symptoms
Anglin, D. M., Greenspoon, M., Lighty, Q., & Ellman, L. M. (2014) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12184 · Cited by 68
“60) [0–9]”
An interpersonal circumplex/five-factor analysis of the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire
Brookings, J. B., Zembar, M. J., & Mayer, G. H. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00065-x · Cited by 65
The buffering effects of rejection-inhibiting attentional training on social and performance threat among adult students
Dandeneau, S., & Baldwin, M. W. (2008) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2008.05.004 · Cited by 68
“One cognitive process that is correlated with low selfesteem is rejection sensitivity, which is people’s tendency to defensively expect, readily perceive, and overreact to social rejection (Downey & Feldman, 1996).”
Background
Adaptation and Maladaptation in the Peer System
Rudolph, K. D., & Asher, S. R. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4163-9_9 · Cited by 66
Personality in Social Psychology
Funder, D. C., & Fast, L. A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001018 · Cited by 90
Confidence in facial emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder.
Thome, J., Liebke, L., Bungert, M., Schmahl, C., Domes, G., Bohus, M., & Lis, S. (2016) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000142 · Cited by 64
Response to ostracism in patients with chronic depression, episodic depression and borderline personality disorder a study using Cyberball
Seidl, E., Padberg, F., Bauriedl-Schmidt, C., Albert, A., Daltrozzo, T., Hall, J., Renneberg, B., Seidl, O., & Jobst, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.021 · Cited by 63
Softening the Blow of Social Exclusion: The Responsive Theory of Social Exclusion
Freedman, G., Williams, K. D., & Beer, J. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01570 · Cited by 74
“People who are rejection sensitive expect and worry about being rejected, and they have exaggerated reactions when they are rejected (Downey and Feldman, 1996).”
Background
Trust and Rejection Sensitivity in Personality Disorders
Poggi, A., Richetin, J., & Preti, E. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1059-3 · Cited by 69
Pain processing after social exclusion and its relation to rejection sensitivity in borderline personality disorder
Bungert, M., Koppe, G., Niedtfeld, I., Vollstädt-Klein, S., Schmahl, C., Lis, S., & Bohus, M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133693 · Cited by 62
“Additionally, we assessed rejection sensitivity (Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, A-RSQ; [9, 35]) as a relevant personality trait.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Authors: Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
ORCID: Downey, Geraldine
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996
Volume: 70
Issue: 6
Pages: 1327-1343
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327
OpenAlex: W4241492439
Cited by: 2,110
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 135 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 104 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 76
FWCI: 16.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (1r29mh051113-01)
National Institute of Mental Health (R29-MH51113)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: rejection sensitivity, intimate relationships, interpersonal rejection, romantic relationships
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Rejection, Psychology, Social Perception, Social Support

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Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships

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