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Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships
Abstract
People who are sensitive to social rejection tend to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact to it. This article shows that this cognitive-affective processing disposition undermines intimate relationships. Study 1 describes a measure that operationalizes the anxious-expectations component of rejection sensitivity.
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“and are prone to personalize ambiguous cues of rejection (Downey & Feldman, 1996).”
From Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes: A meta-analytic review (2017) · cites this paper as Downey & Feldman, 1996
In the citing paper
“When such adolescents encounter cues that relationships will not proceed, however minimal or ambiguous, they may readily perceive intentional rejection from their mentors (Downey & Feldman, 1996;Downey, Lebolt, Rincon, & Freitas, 1998).”
From The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships (2002) · cites this paper as Downey & Feldman, 1996
In the citing paper
“Fears of rejection, for example, which represent a key component of insecure attachment (Downey & Feldman, 1996), predict low condom use assertion with clear implications for HIV infection (Hart & Heimberg, 2005)”
From A transdiagnostic minority stress treatment approach for gay and bisexual men's syndemic health conditions (2015) · cites this paper as Downey & Feldman, 1996
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“Emotional outcomes and motivational orientations often hinge on the expectations, standards, and responses of those closest to us (e.g., Andersen et al., 1998; Downey & Feldman, 1996; Maccoby & Martin, 1983; Mikulincer, 1998).”
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“RSQ scores failed to significantly predict performance on the DANVA-2 (β = .20, p > .20) and the nonsocial tasks (βs = .04 and –.04, respectively, ps > .20).6 The zero-order correlations between these variables are reported in Table 3.”
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“Internal reliability is high (α = .83), and research supports the validity of the RSQ as a measure of the degree to which people are anxiously concerned about rejection (e.g., Ayduk, Gyurak, & Luerssen, 2008; Downey & Feldman, 1996; Downey, Freitas, Michaelis, & Khouri, 1998).”
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“…a growing interest in various facets of psychological insecurity, such as the cognitive-affective disposition of sensitivity to rejection (Downey & Feldman, 1996), the self-concept processes of Clance's (1985) impostor phenomenon (Worcel & Norem, 1995), and the temperamental quality of high…”
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“Specifically, both sensitivity to peer rejection (Downey and Feldman, 1996) and interpersonal competence a construct measuring Received 27 October 2008; Accepted 9 February 2009 This work was supported by the Santa Fe Institute Consortium, as well as by a National Science Foundation Graduate…”
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“…heighten sensitivity to rejection cues (Edelstein & Gillath, 2008; Gyurak & Ayduk, 2007), we used global self-esteem, attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance as additional covariates to ensure that variance RS shares with these competing constructs does not account for any effects we observe.”
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“…manner experienced as controlling or supportive (Deci & Ryan, 1987); on whether relational events are perceived as signs of rejection or inclusion (Downey & Feldman, 1996); and on whether certain words or pictures activate mental images of safety or anxiety, security or mortality (Mikulincer &…”
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“Consequently, researchers have recently developed various instruments for measuring rejection sensitivity for di ff erent populations, including the Children's RSQ (Downey, Lebolt, Rincon, & Freitas, 1998), the adult RSQ (Berenson et al., 2009), the appearance-based RSQ (Park, 2007), the weight-based RSQ (McClure Brenc…”
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“A third notable program of research comes from the work of Downey, Feldman, and colleagues (e.g., Downey & Feldman, 1996; Downey, Khouri, & Feldman, 1997; Feldman & Downey, 1994; Ibrahim et al., 2015; Zimmer-Gembeck & Nesdale, 2013).”
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“We have applied the term high-rejection-sensitive (HRS) to describe people who show a heightened tendency to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection ( Downey & Feldman, 1996 ).”
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“13 Note that, although similar in name, betrayal sensitivity has to be differentiated from rejection sensitivity, which denotes an individual’s disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely respond to rejection (Downey & Feldman, 1996).”
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“According to Downey & Feldman (1996), people who experience severe and prolonged rejection by significant others develop anxious and defensive expectations of rejection and become more sensitive to subtle rejection cues.”
BackgroundAdult attachment, the transition to parenthood, and depressive symptoms.
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“Atkinson did not provide an explicit rationale for his fear of failure–shame proposal.”
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“The fear of rejection scale was developed for older adolescents in dating relationships (Downey and Feldman, 1996), and the intimacy items are from Social Dating Goals scale.”
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“Indeed, the risk of being denied help is real and meaningful, not just because the help seeker is denied valuable assistance but because rejection can be awkward and uncomfortable (Downey & Feldman, 1996; Goff-man, 1955).”
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Kross, E., Egner, T., Ochsner, K., Hirsch, J., & Downey, G. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.945 · Cited by 225
“The rejection sensitivity (RS) model was introduced to explain why some individuals are more vulnerable to rejection experiences than others (Downey & Feldman, 1996).”
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“The possible scores range from 0 to 36. The measure is internally reliable ( Downey & Feldman, 1996 ) and shows good predictive utility (see Pietrzak, Downey, & Ayduk, 2005, for review).5”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDevelopment and validation of a state adult attachment measure (SAAM)
Gillath, O., Hart, J., Noftle, E. E., & Stockdale, G. D. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.009 · Cited by 219
Wurst, S. N., Gerlach, T. M., Dufner, M., Rauthmann, J. F., Grosz, M. P., Küfner, A. C. P., Denissen, J. J. A., & Back, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000113 · Cited by 221
Adult attachment and the transition to parenthood.
Rholes, W. S., Simpson, J. A., Campbell, L., & Grich, J. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.3.421 · Cited by 234
Rejection sensitivity, social withdrawal, and loneliness in young adults
WATSON, J., & NESDALE, D. (2012) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00927.x · Cited by 218
Dispositional mindfulness: A critical review of construct validation research
Rau, H. K., & Williams, P. G. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.035 · Cited by 215
The Rejection Sensitivity Model as a Framework for Understanding Sexual Minority Mental Health
Feinstein, B. A. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-1428-3 · Cited by 238
Jealousy and the threatened self: Getting to the heart of the green-eyed monster
DeSteno, D., Valdesolo, P., & Bartlett, M. Y. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.626 · Cited by 213
Role Rigidity: A Problem of Identity Misclassification?
Bosson, J. K., Prewitt-Freilino, J. L., & Cavazos, J. T. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.552 · Cited by 219
“In the decades since Goffman (1963) laid the groundwork for a social psychological theory of stigma, researchers have increasingly treated stigma as a product of situations rather than as a stable feature of individuals (e.”
BackgroundPachankis, J. E. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0480-x · Cited by 205
Through the looking glass darkly? When self-doubts turn into relationship insecurities
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., MacDonald, G., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1459 · Cited by 276
Tackett, J. L., Balsis, S., Oltmanns, T. F., & Krueger, R. F. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940900039x · Cited by 201
“Some important personality features may be expressed only under certain challenging circumstances that require or facilitate a particular response (Caspi & Moffitt, 1993; Downey & Feldman, 1996; Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodWeight Stigma Mediates the Association Between BMI and Self-Reported Health
Hunger, J., & Major, B. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000106 · Cited by 192
“Just as past rejection heightens rejection sensitivity (Downey & Feldman, 1996), and negative experiences with out-group members shape stigma-related expectations (Kang & Inzlicht, 2012), past experiences with discrimination may heighten concerns about future mistreatment.”
Calibrating the sociometer: The relational contingencies of self-esteem.
Murray, S., Griffin, D. W., Rose, P., & Bellavia, G. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.63 · Cited by 198
Levin, S., & van Laar, C. (2006) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410617057 · Cited by 207
Evidence for Another Response to Ostracism
Ren, D., Wesselmann, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550615616169 · Cited by 219
“Study 4 The literature suggested that introversion is associated with higher rejection sensitivity and greater reactivity to social pain (Downey & Feldman, 1996; MacDonald & Leary, 2005).”
BackgroundParker, J. G., Low, C. M., Walker, A. R., & Gamm, B. K. (2005) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.235 · Cited by 196
“Indeed, the test–retest stability of jealousy scores compares favorably with those reported for other measures that assess relationship dispositions (e.g., Downey & Feldman, 1996; Parker & Asher, 1993).”
ResultDefinition and Evolution of Mentoring
Eby, L. T. D. T., Rhodes, J. E., & Allen, T. D. (2008) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470691960.ch2 · Cited by 279
Does Rejection Elicit Hostility in Rejection Sensitive Women?
Ayduk, Ö. N., Downey, G., Testa, A., Yen, Y., & Shoda, Y. (1999) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1999.17.2.245 · Cited by 194
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Downey, Geraldine
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1327-1343
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4241492439
- Cited by
- 2,110
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 135 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 104 · 2013: 93 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 16.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r29mh051113-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R29-MH51113)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- rejection sensitivity, intimate relationships, interpersonal rejection, romantic relationships
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Rejection, Psychology, Social Perception, Social Support
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