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Cardiovascular responses of embarrassment and effects of emotional suppression in a social setting
Abstract
The cardiovascular effects of embarrassment and of attempts to suppress embarrassment were examined. In 2 studies, embarrassment was associated with substantial increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which monotonically increased over a 2-minute embarrassment period. In contrast, heart rate (HR) rose significantly during the 1st minute of embarrassment but returned to baseline levels during the 2nd minute. This pattern of reactivity may be distinctive. The effects of trying to suppress emotion in an interpersonal situation were also tested. Relative to the no-suppression group, suppression participants showed greater blood pressure during embarrassment and during posttask recovery. Suppression did not significantly affect HR. Possible mechanisms for these results, including passive coping, are discussed. Nonverbal behavior was also examined.
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“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
From Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. (2002) · cites this paper as Harris, 2001
In the citing paper
“Sympathetic activation was found to be reduced by suppression in comparison to non-suppression (but see [11]), but seems to be less effective in sympathetic downregulation than other ER strategies (e.g., [12,13]).”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [12]
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“…Cont1 89 79 0.04 0.46 0.12 Hajcak & Nieuwenhuis (2006) 1 Negative affect R2 Cont1 14 0.21 Harenski et al. (2009) 2 Negative affect R4 Cont4 10 1.24 Harris (2001) 2 Embarrassment S1 Cont1 18 18 0.07 0.09 0.63 Harvey & Bryant (1998) 1 Amusement S3 Cont1 12 12 0.15 Harvey & Bryant (1998) 1 Negative…”
InfluentialThe social consequences of expressive suppression
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Metadata
- Authors
- Harris, C. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harris, Christine R.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 886-897
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2009647991
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Keywords
- embarrassment, emotional suppression, cardiovascular reactivity, blood pressure, heart rate, social stress, interpersonal situations, passive coping, nonverbal behavior, emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Emotions, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Random Allocation, Self-Assessment, Shame, Social Environment, Time Factors
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