The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The case for motivated reasoning.
Abstract
It is proposed that motivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive processes--that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion. There is considerable evidence that people are more likely to arrive at conclusions that they want to arrive at, but their ability to do so is constrained by their ability to construct seemingly reasonable justifications for these conclusions. These ideas can account for a wide variety of research concerned with motivated reasoning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When people try to reason through an issue, they often work hard to find evidence that confirms their initial perspective 55-58 .”
From Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility (2022) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Khatun et al. (2022) and Ahsan et al. (2022) identify involuntary non-migrants in Bangladesh using retrospective, self-reported survey data, which run the risk of motivated reasoning (Kunda 1990).”
From Trapped by climate change? (In)voluntary immobility in Bangladesh (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“People may process information in a manner that is consistent with their partisan identities, prior beliefs, and motivations, a process known as motivated cognition (34–37).”
From Out-group animosity drives engagement on social media (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The processing of false information is likely to be motivated by a confirmation bias (e.g., Hameleers et al., 2024): People are more likely to uncritically accept information when it reassures their worldviews and political attitudes, and critically scrutinize information when it does not confirm their existing worldviews (e.g., Kunda, 1990).”
From How persuasive are political cheapfakes disseminated via social media? The effects of out-of-context visual disinformation on message credibility and issue agreement (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Based on various theories, such as the theory of motivated reasoning, which explains that decisions are often based on pre-determined goals and desirability rather than an accurate reflection of the evidence (Kunda, 1990), researchers have identified a few individual variables that may motivate the person to believe misinformation they are exposed to.These include political orientation (Chen et al”
From Deepfakes, Democracy, and the Ethics of Synthetic Media: A Synthesis of the SOLARIS Project (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“the reason being people's motivated reasoning (Grossman, 2014; Kunda, 1990)-the tendency to interpret reality in a self-serving way.”
From The Consequences of Participating in the Sharing Economy: A Transparency-Based Sharing Framework (2021) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“It is proposed that there are two distinct but coexisting human motivations that account for citizens' choice and consumption of political information: directional vs. accuracy (Kunda, 1990, or defensive vs. accuracy in Hart et al., 2009, or cognitive consistency vs. understanding in Holbert et al., 2013).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The underlying reason for the reinforcing tendency of algorithms is that algorithms are naturally designed to operate with, not against, human tendencies, one of which is that people feel more comfortable with consistency and confirmation (Kunda, 1990).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Yet, given the human tendency toward psychological consistency (Kunda, 1990), cognitive salience of counter-attitudinal ideas in the user mind would not be strong enough to drive routine searches online.”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The self has a powerful need to see itself as having integrity, but it must do so within the constraints of reality (Adler 2012, Kunda 1990, Pennebaker & Chung 2011, Wilson 2011).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“One kind of less epistemically rational but more epistemically committal belief in AI consciousness may manifest when AI users continue to attribute consciousness to chatbots even when strong evidence suggests otherwise, because their reasoning processes are distorted by cognitive or motivational biases.”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“many motivationally biased beliefs aren't yet fully insulated from counterevidence but depend on what has been called an”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“These mechanisms are best characterized as cognitive–motivational, insofar as they involve the goal-directed (motivational) use of information processing (cognition), as described in several classic social psychological theories88,96,97.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
In the citing paper
“It is also important to emphasize that many of these top-down influences occur automatically and without awareness (Kunda, 1990; Nickerson, 1998; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Wilson & Brekke, 1994).”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Thus, such use of reference materials causes motivation and expectations that then can bias the observations and interpretation of the actual evidence”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
Citations
Cites
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 · Cited by 9,984 · cited 2×
“In several studies, incentives or admonitions to be accurate did not eliminate bias ( Fischhoff, 1977 ; Kahneman & Tversky, 1972a ; Lord, Lepper, & Preston, 1984 ; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973 ).”
BackgroundThe Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Bem, D. J. (1972) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6 · Cited by 5,241 · cited 2×
“Bem (1972) argued that the findings could also result from self-perception: The subjects, who have limited direct ac-”
BackgroundUnrealistic optimism about future life events
Weinstein, N. D. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806 · Cited by 4,999
Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1972) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3 · Cited by 4,996
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 4,201–4,300 of 9,025
Nerb, J. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701193419 · Cited by 12
People Think Like Me: Religion and Wishful Thinking in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election
Hollander, B. A. (2004) · Journal of Media and Religion · doi:10.1207/s15328415jmr0304_1 · Cited by 11
A new minimum legal drinking age (MLDA)? Some findings to inform the debate
Martínez, J. A., Muñoz, M. Á., & Sher, K. J. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.001 · Cited by 11
Perceptions of HIV/AIDS in One’s Community Predict HIV Testing
Shi, L., Kanouse, D. E., Baldwin, S. B., & Kim, J. (2012) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0243-9 · Cited by 11
Liu, C., Lee, H., Huang, P., Chen, H., & Sommers, S. (2015) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12133 · Cited by 11
Responsibility and Self-Deception: A Framework
Nelkin, D. K. (2012) · Cited by 11
Delineating the Influence of Emotion and Reason on Morality and Punishment
Olatunji, B. O., & David, B. (2014) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000010 · Cited by 13
Compensatory Institutional Trust: A “Dark Side” of Trust
Shockley, E., & Shepherd, S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22261-5_11 · Cited by 11
Spot on for liars! How public scrutiny influences ethical behavior
Ostermaier, A., & Uhl, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181682 · Cited by 11
Warner, B. R., Bramlett, J. C., Hoeun, S., Manik, D. I., & Bolton, J. P. (2018) · Argumentation and Advocacy · doi:10.1080/00028533.2018.1446868 · Cited by 11
Validating Conspiracy Beliefs and Effectively Communicating Scientific Consensus
Bolsen, T., & Druckman, J. N. (2018) · Weather Climate and Society · doi:10.1175/wcas-d-17-0096.1 · Cited by 11
Bringing the Heat Home: Television Spots about Local Impacts Reduce Global Warming Denialism
Romero‐Canyas, R., Larson-Konar, D. M., Redlawsk, D. P., Borie-Holtz, D., Gaby, K., Langer, S., & Schneider, B. (2018) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2018.1455725 · Cited by 13
Haidt’s social intuitionist model: What are the implications for accounting ethics education?
Andersen, M. L., & Klamm, B. K. (2018) · Journal of Accounting Education · doi:10.1016/j.jaccedu.2018.05.001 · Cited by 17
Moderate Skeptical Invariantism
Fassio, D. (2018) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-018-0053-1 · Cited by 11
Adelman, L., Yogeeswaran, K., & Lickel, B. A. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.10.002 · Cited by 11
Confirmation as coping with competition
Butera, F., Sommet, N., & Toma, C. (2018) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2018.1539908 · Cited by 12
History and International Relations
Thagard, P. R. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190678722.003.0009 · Cited by 11
Defending the European court of human rights: Experimental evidence from Britain
Dinas, E., & Ocantos, E. A. G. (2020) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12404 · Cited by 13
Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Lundberg, K. B., Kay, A. C., & Payne, B. K. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220921043 · Cited by 12
Han, J., & Kim, Y. (2020) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/0963662520939315 · Cited by 11
Buteau-Poulin, A., Gosselin, C., Bergeron-Ouellet, A., Kiss, J., Lamontagne, M., Maltais, D. B., Trottier, C., & Desmarais, C. (2020) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/19669 · Cited by 12
Walter, N., Demetriades, S. Z., & Nabi, R. L. (2020) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqaa037 · Cited by 13
When Does Knowledge Become Intent? Perceiving the Minds of Wrongdoers
Mueller, P. A., Solan, L. M., & Darley, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2012.01269.x · Cited by 12
Robertson, C. (2021) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2021.1904273 · Cited by 15
Cornejo, R. C. (2021) · Latin American Research Review · doi:10.25222/larr.638 · Cited by 14
Analytic Thinking and Political Orientation in the Corona Crisis
Maglić, M., Pavlovic, T. M., & Franc, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631800 · Cited by 10
I want to believe: delusion, motivated reasoning, and Bayesian decision theory
Rigoli, F., Martinelli, C., & Pezzulo, G. (2021) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2021.1982686 · Cited by 11
When and Why People Prefer Higher Educated Politicians: Ingroup Bias, Deference, and Resistance
van Noord, J., Kuppens, T., Spruyt, B., & Spears, R. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221077794 · Cited by 13
Feurer, S., & Haws, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.044 · Cited by 13
Expectation Formation Under Uninformative Signals
Kieren, P., & Weber, M. (2020) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.03367 · Cited by 12
New knowledge for old credences: Asymmetric information search about in‐group and out‐group members
Sacchi, S., Rusconi, P., Russo, S., Bettiga, R., & Cherubini, P. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02026.x · Cited by 11
Dinovitzer, R., Gunz, H. P., & Gunz, S. (2014) · American Business Law Journal · doi:10.1111/ablj.12035 · Cited by 11
Getting more from success: Standard raising as esteem maintenance.
Eidelman, S., & Biernat, M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.759 · Cited by 11
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2013) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2013.823616 · Cited by 11
Kleinman, G., Anandarajan, A. A., Medinets, A. F., & Palmon, D. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioural Accounting and Finance · doi:10.1504/ijbaf.2010.031318 · Cited by 12
Need for cognitive closure and coping strategies
Kosić, A. (2002) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207590143000153 · Cited by 11
Myers, R. E., Ruth, K. J., Manne, S. L., Cocroft, J. R., Sifri, R., Ziring, B. S., Burgh, D. Y., Ross, E. A., & Weinberg, D. S. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9626-5 · Cited by 11
Tafani, É., Marfaing, B., & Guimelli, C. (2006) · Les cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale · doi:10.3917/cips.070.0003 · Cited by 11
"Shouldn't we consider...?": Jury discussions of forbidden topics and effects on damage awards.
Greene, E., Hayman, K., & Motyl, M. S. (2008) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/a0013486 · Cited by 11
The difficulty of recognizing less obvious forms of group-based discrimination
Iyer, A., Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Jackson, S., & Youngberg, C. (2014) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430214522139 · Cited by 11
Aucote, H. M., Miner, A., & Dahlhaus, P. G. (2012) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2011.644247 · Cited by 11
The Effect of Legal Expert Commentary on Lay Judgments of Judicial Decision Making
Simon, D., & Scurich, N. (2013) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/jels.12028 · Cited by 11
A Plea for Ecological Argument Technologies
Fabio Paglieri, A. (2016) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-016-0222-6 · Cited by 11
THE RATIONALITY OF BEING GUIDED BY RULES
McClennen, E. F. (2004) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195145397.003.0012 · Cited by 12
Role-induced bias in criminal prosecutions
Anthonioz, N. E., Schweizer, M., Vuille, J., & Kuhn, A. (2018) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370818772772 · Cited by 11
Why good people sometimes do bad things: Motivated reasoning and unethical behavior
Bersoff, D. M. (2004) · Research in ethical issues in organizations · doi:10.1016/s1529-2096(01)03015-2 · Cited by 11
A “Classic” Revisited: Students' Immediate and Delayed Evaluations of a Warm/Cold Instructor
Babad, E. Y., Kaplowitz, H., & Darley, J. M. (1999) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1023/a:1009659831185 · Cited by 12
Commuting by car or public transportation? A social dilemma analysis of travel mode judgements
van Vugt, M., Lange, P. A. M. V., & Meertens, R. M. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199605)26:3 · Cited by 180
Frensley, N. J., & Michaud, N. (2006) · Foreign Policy Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00027.x · Cited by 11
Fellows, R. F., & Liu, A. M. M. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119450535.ch9 · Cited by 11
Criminal investigation : motivation, emotion and cognition in the processing of evidence
Ask, K. (2006) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 11
Role Induced Bias in Court: An Experimental AnalysisPreprint
Glöckner, A., & Engel, C. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1676142 · Cited by 11
UNPROTECTED ANAL INTERCOURSE IN GAY MEN: THE RESOLUTION TO WITHDRAW BEFORE EJACULATING
Gold, R. S., & Skinner, M. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.496 · Cited by 11
Understanding Moral Distress Through the Lens of Social Reflective Equilibrium
April, C. W., & April, M. D. (2016) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2016.1239788 · Cited by 11
Gibson, H. D., Hall, S. G., Petroulas, P., & Tavlas, G. S. (2019) · Journal of International Money and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2019.102112 · Cited by 20
Hope Over Experience: Desirability and the Persistence of OptimismPreprint
Massey, C., Simmons, J. P., & Armor, D. A. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1552394 · Cited by 13
Diehl, M., Bell, C. M., Fortin, M., Gollwitzer, M., & Melkonian, T. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2541 · Cited by 11
Wojcieszak, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc168 · Cited by 12
Oteniya, L. (2008) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) · Cited by 11
Hameleers, M., van der Meer, T., & Vliegenthart, R. (2025) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2024.2388079 · Cited by 22
“…to be motivated by a confirmation bias (e.g., Hameleers et al., 2024): People are more likely to uncritically accept information when it reassures their worldviews and political attitudes, and critically scrutinize information when it does not confirm their existing worldviews (e.g., Kunda, 1990).”
James, O., Olsen, A. L., Moynihan, D. P., & Ryzin, G. G. V. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108761338 · Cited by 103
A motivational systems approach to investigating opinions on climate change
Molden, D. C., Bayes, R., & Druckman, J. N. (2022) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2021.1982003 · Cited by 12
Valuing Politics: Explaining Citizen’s Normative Conceptions of Citizenship
Robison, J. (2022) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-022-09773-7 · Cited by 14
Self-handicapping and self-deception: A two-way street
Funkhouser, E., & Hallam, K. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2055915 · Cited by 10
Arnold, M. C., Artz, M., & Tafkov, I. D. (2022) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/tar-2021-0103 · Cited by 10
How Personal Values Count in Misleading News Sharing with Moral Content
D’Errico, F., Corbelli, G., Papapicco, C., & Paciello, M. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12090302 · Cited by 16
Wilson, T. D., & Macevičiūtė, E. (2022) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-05-2022-0116 · Cited by 11
Wischnewski, M., & Krämer, N. (2022) · Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications · doi:10.3233/faia220198 · Cited by 13
Attitudes, Involvement and Public Support for Pest Control Methods
Kaine, G., & Wright, V. E. (2022) · Conservation · doi:10.3390/conservation2040038 · Cited by 10
Lyubykh, Z., Barclay, L. J., Fortin, M., Bashshur, M. R., & Khakhar, M. (2022) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2022.100177 · Cited by 11
Top Management Team Political Polarization and Its Implications for Strategic Decision-Making
DeBode, J. D., Fox, C. J., & McSweeney, J. J. (2023) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/10464964231152234 · Cited by 10
Ideology as a Moral-Relational Language
Sheehy-Skeffington, J. A., & Thomsen, L. (2023) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2023.2192649 · Cited by 11
The cost of leader personal financial insecurity: implications for adaptive team performance
Spoelma, T. M., Wu, W., & Wu, S. (2023) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12606 · Cited by 11
Lyu, Z. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231180654 · Cited by 9
Wu-Ouyang, B. (2023) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990231217482 · Cited by 12
Why a Single Pro-Environmental Appeal Works to Promote Behavioral Change
Pittman, M., Milfeld, T., & Youn, K. (2024) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/jar-2024-001 · Cited by 11
Avdagic, S., & Savage, L. M. (2024) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-024-09913-1 · Cited by 15
Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines: A signal detection analysis
Nahon, L. S., Ng, N. L., & Gawronski, B. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104632 · Cited by 15
Shao, W., & Hao, F. (2024) · Energy and Climate Change · doi:10.1016/j.egycc.2024.100139 · Cited by 10
Maxwell, B. (2024) · Theory and Research in Education · doi:10.1177/14778785241257176 · Cited by 10
Citizen assemblies should involve citizens as experts on their own values
Perlaviciute, G. (2024) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2024.06.014 · Cited by 10
Goovaerts, I., Licht, J. D. F., & Mariën, S. (2024) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12711 · Cited by 15
Heinkelmann‐Wild, T., Zangl, B., Rittberger, B., & Kriegmair, L. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192870636.001.0001 · Cited by 11
CEO (in)activism and investor decisions
Durney, M. T., Johnson, J. A., Sinha, R. K., & Young, D. (2024) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.13004 · Cited by 10
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA): Validity, reliability, cognitive bias, and error rate
Dror, I. E. (2025) · Science & Justice · doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2025.02.002 · Cited by 13
Who Falls for Misinformation and Why?
Hubeny, T. J., Nahon, L. S., Ng, N. L., & Gawronski, B. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251328800 · Cited by 14
Trust in climate scientists is associated with political ideology: A 26-country analysis
Remsö, A., Schmidt, J., Geiger, S. J., Većkalov, B., Krajnc, Ž., Laughton, I., Shavgulidze, M., Renström, E. A., & Ruggeri, K. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102609 · Cited by 14
Can we convince the unvaccinated to vaccinate: lessons from COVID-19 vaccination
Dhawan, D., Kikut, A., Pinnamaneni, R., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22911-0 · Cited by 10
Schmid, P., & Bauer, H. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2536772 · Cited by 12
Political violence in democracies: An Introduction
Ruggeri, A., Daxecker, U., & Prasad, N. (2025) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433251351251 · Cited by 18
Rasul, M. E., Calabrese, C., Oh, Y. J., Cho, H. J., Jeon, M., & Boukes, M. (2025) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990251373085 · Cited by 11
Conclusion: stereotypes are selective, variable and contested explanations
McGarty, C., Spears, R., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489877.010 · Cited by 12
Consumer Sense Making of Political Front Group Messages
Haley, E. (2020) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2019.1657045 · Cited by 10
Aspiring to Be a Social Entrepreneur: Does Prosocial Motivation Matter?
Asante, E. A., Affum‐Osei, E., & Danquah, B. (2020) · Management for professionals · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39676-3_4 · Cited by 10
Self-Enhancement Error Motivates Social Projection
Heck, P. R., & Krueger, J. I. (2020) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2020.38.5.489 · Cited by 9
The Price of Hope—Insights into rhino horn consumption in health‐related contexts in Vietnam
Nguyen, H. P., Nguyen, H. T. M., & Pham, H. T. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12342 · Cited by 13
The Politics of Speech on Campus 1
Kidder, J. L., & Binder, A. J. (2021) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.12681 · Cited by 10
Persuasion in Auditing: A Review Through the Lens of the Communication-Persuasion Matrix
Aghazadeh, S., Brown, J. O., Guichard, L., & Hoang, K. J. (2019) · European Accounting Review · doi:10.1080/09638180.2020.1863243 · Cited by 10
Doris, J. M. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198719601.001.0001 · Cited by 10
Persily, N., & Tucker, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.002 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Kunda, Z.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kunda, Ziva
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 480-498
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2149893809
- Cited by
- 9,022
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 542 · 2025: 609 · 2024: 519 · 2023: 583 · 2022: 640 · 2021: 606 · 2020: 642 · 2019: 631 · 2018: 483 · 2017: 372 · 2016: 331 · 2015: 321 · 2014: 299 · 2013: 231 · 2012: 258
- FWCI
- 23.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh042239-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1 RO1 MH42239-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- motivated reasoning, motivation, belief evaluation, cognitive strategies, accuracy motivation, confirmation bias, justification
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Concept Formation, Humans, Motivation, Problem Solving, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
