The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The case for motivated reasoning.
Abstract
It is proposed that motivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive processes--that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion. There is considerable evidence that people are more likely to arrive at conclusions that they want to arrive at, but their ability to do so is constrained by their ability to construct seemingly reasonable justifications for these conclusions. These ideas can account for a wide variety of research concerned with motivated reasoning.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When people try to reason through an issue, they often work hard to find evidence that confirms their initial perspective 55-58 .”
From Predictors and consequences of intellectual humility (2022) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Khatun et al. (2022) and Ahsan et al. (2022) identify involuntary non-migrants in Bangladesh using retrospective, self-reported survey data, which run the risk of motivated reasoning (Kunda 1990).”
From Trapped by climate change? (In)voluntary immobility in Bangladesh (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“People may process information in a manner that is consistent with their partisan identities, prior beliefs, and motivations, a process known as motivated cognition (34–37).”
From Out-group animosity drives engagement on social media (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The processing of false information is likely to be motivated by a confirmation bias (e.g., Hameleers et al., 2024): People are more likely to uncritically accept information when it reassures their worldviews and political attitudes, and critically scrutinize information when it does not confirm their existing worldviews (e.g., Kunda, 1990).”
From How persuasive are political cheapfakes disseminated via social media? The effects of out-of-context visual disinformation on message credibility and issue agreement (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Based on various theories, such as the theory of motivated reasoning, which explains that decisions are often based on pre-determined goals and desirability rather than an accurate reflection of the evidence (Kunda, 1990), researchers have identified a few individual variables that may motivate the person to believe misinformation they are exposed to.These include political orientation (Chen et al”
From Deepfakes, Democracy, and the Ethics of Synthetic Media: A Synthesis of the SOLARIS Project (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“the reason being people's motivated reasoning (Grossman, 2014; Kunda, 1990)-the tendency to interpret reality in a self-serving way.”
From The Consequences of Participating in the Sharing Economy: A Transparency-Based Sharing Framework (2021) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“It is proposed that there are two distinct but coexisting human motivations that account for citizens' choice and consumption of political information: directional vs. accuracy (Kunda, 1990, or defensive vs. accuracy in Hart et al., 2009, or cognitive consistency vs. understanding in Holbert et al., 2013).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The underlying reason for the reinforcing tendency of algorithms is that algorithms are naturally designed to operate with, not against, human tendencies, one of which is that people feel more comfortable with consistency and confirmation (Kunda, 1990).”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Yet, given the human tendency toward psychological consistency (Kunda, 1990), cognitive salience of counter-attitudinal ideas in the user mind would not be strong enough to drive routine searches online.”
From Do Search Algorithms Endanger Democracy? An Experimental Investigation of Algorithm Effects on Political Polarization (2020) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“The self has a powerful need to see itself as having integrity, but it must do so within the constraints of reality (Adler 2012, Kunda 1990, Pennebaker & Chung 2011, Wilson 2011).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Kunda 1990
In the citing paper
“One kind of less epistemically rational but more epistemically committal belief in AI consciousness may manifest when AI users continue to attribute consciousness to chatbots even when strong evidence suggests otherwise, because their reasoning processes are distorted by cognitive or motivational biases.”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“many motivationally biased beliefs aren't yet fully insulated from counterevidence but depend on what has been called an”
From Are Attributions of Consciousness to AI Chatbots Epistemically Innocent? (2026) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“These mechanisms are best characterized as cognitive–motivational, insofar as they involve the goal-directed (motivational) use of information processing (cognition), as described in several classic social psychological theories88,96,97.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
In the citing paper
“It is also important to emphasize that many of these top-down influences occur automatically and without awareness (Kunda, 1990; Nickerson, 1998; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Wilson & Brekke, 1994).”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
In the citing paper
“Thus, such use of reference materials causes motivation and expectations that then can bias the observations and interpretation of the actual evidence”
From Biased and biasing: the hidden bias cascade and bias snowball effects (2025) · cites this paper as Kunda, 1990
Citations
Cites
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 · Cited by 9,984 · cited 2×
“In several studies, incentives or admonitions to be accurate did not eliminate bias ( Fischhoff, 1977 ; Kahneman & Tversky, 1972a ; Lord, Lepper, & Preston, 1984 ; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973 ).”
BackgroundThe Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Bem, D. J. (1972) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60024-6 · Cited by 5,241 · cited 2×
“Bem (1972) argued that the findings could also result from self-perception: The subjects, who have limited direct ac-”
BackgroundUnrealistic optimism about future life events
Weinstein, N. D. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806 · Cited by 4,999
Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1972) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3 · Cited by 4,996
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 6,601–6,700 of 9,025
Evolutionary anti-realism in ethics
Živanović, I. (2017) · Theoria Beograd · doi:10.2298/theo1702046z · Cited by 1
Golecki, M. J., & Bukaty, M. F. (2018) · Law and philosophy library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66703-4_21 · Cited by 1
Golecki, M. J., & Bełdowski, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74636-4_10 · Cited by 1
Hillison, S. M. (2017) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 1
Johnson, J. A. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8060057 · Cited by 1
Schröder, T., & Wolf, I. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-19965-4_17 · Cited by 1
Behavioral industrial organization: a synthesis of behavioral economics and industrial organization
Schroeder, E., Tremblay, C. H., & Tremblay, V. J. (2018) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781784718985.00006 · Cited by 1
Mulawarman, W. G., & Yankynandasari, L. (2018) · KnE Social Sciences · doi:10.18502/kss.v3i9.2738 · Cited by 1
Peyer, S., & Heywood, R. (2019) · Legal Studies · doi:10.1017/lst.2018.39 · Cited by 1
The Fiction of a Factual Approach to Decision-Making
von Solms, S. (2013) · ISAHP proceedings · doi:10.13033/isahp.y2013.085 · Cited by 1
The Cultural Turn: Empirical Studies and their Implications
Moret, R. (2019) · Journal of Religious Ethics · doi:10.1111/jore.12254 · Cited by 1
Political Knowledge and Fractured Perceptions
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0012 · Cited by 1
To Polarize or Not: Comparing Networks of News Consumption
BANDUCCI, S. A., Jasny, L., Cioroianu, I., Coan, T., Stevens, D., Weaver, I., & Williams, H. T. P. (2018) · Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) · Cited by 1
Overcoming Biases and Bridging Gaps:The Democratic Dilemma’s Perspective of Hope
Krupnikov, Y. (2019) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096519000957 · Cited by 1
The Information-Seeking Process of Moral Judgment
Guglielmo, S. (2012) · doi:10.7301/z09w0csp · Cited by 1
Petrović, N., & Lazić, A. (2019) · Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne · doi:10.14746/pss.2019.16.13 · Cited by 1
A Partisan and Polarized Issue in the United States
Palm, R. I., & Bolsen, T. (2020) · Coastal research library · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32602-9_3 · Cited by 1
What’s the measure? An empirical investigation of self-ratings on response scales
Hilbert, S., Pargent, F., Kraus, E., Naumann, F., Eichhorn, K., Ungar, P., & Bühner, M. (2020) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2020.1839163 · Cited by 1
Applications & critical reflections on the VANMaN taxonomy
Motta, M. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112850 · Cited by 1
Living on the Wrong Side of the Tracks
Trounstine, J. L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108555722.006 · Cited by 1
Behavioral Ethics and the Meaning of “Good People” for Legal Enforcement
Feldman, Y. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316480328.003 · Cited by 1
Perception of survival and overconfidence: The case of Najib Razak (2009–2018)
Ramadhani, E. (2020) · Asian Journal of Comparative Politics · doi:10.1177/2057891120959830 · Cited by 2
Decolonization and Liberation Psychology
de la Rey, C., & Thompson, C. E. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.032 · Cited by 2
Sveaass, N., & Woolf, L. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.010 · Cited by 1
Political Cognition: The Unconscious Mechanisms Underlying Political Beliefs and Action
Sinha, N. (2020) · Identity in a changing world · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38270-4_9 · Cited by 1
Tan, H., Duh, R., Chiu, S.-B., & Li, S. (2015) · Behavioral Research in Accounting · doi:10.2308/bria-51349 · Cited by 1
Dornschneider, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190693916.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Luong, K. T., Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Brooks, D. (2021) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2021.1910531 · Cited by 1
Is Applied Ethics Morally Problematic?
Franz, D. J. (2021) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-021-09417-1 · Cited by 1
Patkós, V., & Szántó, A. (2020) · Politikatudományi szemle · doi:10.30718/poltud.hu.2020.4.55 · Cited by 4
Jungherr, A. M., Rivero, G., & Gayo-Avello, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108297820.009 · Cited by 1
Yair, O., & Sulitzeanu‐Kenan, R. (2021) · Journal of Political Science Education · doi:10.1080/15512169.2021.1913178 · Cited by 1
Cohen, E. (2021) · Informing Science The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline · doi:10.28945/4800 · Cited by 1
Risk and the Market’s Reaction to M&A Announcements
Cai, Y., & Shefrin, H. (2021) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm14070334 · Cited by 5
God’s plan? The role of emotional repression in forming and sustaining religious beliefs
Swan, T. B., & Halberstadt, J. B. (2021) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2021.1980424 · Cited by 1
Marksteiner, T., & Hettler, I. S. (2021) · Unterrichtswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s42010-021-00129-4 · Cited by 1
Emotionales Befinden und Emotionsregulation im Alter
Rothermund, K. (2021) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05352-7_37 · Cited by 1
West, G. H., Kovacs, K., & Nayga, R. M. (2021) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-021-01557-9 · Cited by 1
Desire, Truth, and the Role of Narrative Skepticism in Democratic Experience
Stroud, S. R. (2021) · The Journal of Speculative Philosophy · doi:10.5325/jspecphil.35.4.0349 · Cited by 1
Peters, K. R. (2011) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Troubles with the evolutionary theory of self-deception
Živanović, I. (2021) · Theoria Beograd · doi:10.2298/theo2104005z · Cited by 1
Deliberate Ignorance and the Law
Zamir, E., & Yair, R. (2019) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3406635 · Cited by 2
Foundations of Political Psychology
(2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.001 · Cited by 1
Opinion Formation and Polarisation in the News Feed Era
Dunaway, J., & Settle, J. E. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.035 · Cited by 2
Yuly‐Youngblood, A. C., Caporaso, J. S., Croce, R. C., & Boseovski, J. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813317 · Cited by 1
Osmundsen, M. (2022) · Politica · doi:10.7146/politica.v54i2.132522 · Cited by 1
Park, H. H., & Jung, G. O. (2022) · Journal of Channel and Retailing · doi:10.17657/jcr.2022.4.30.2 · Cited by 1
Motivated inquiry: ideology shapes responses to the Christian Porter rape allegation
Weaving, M., Fine, C., & Haslam, N. (2022) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2022.2061373 · Cited by 1
Audi, R. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195145397.003.0002 · Cited by 2
The Measure and Mismeasure of the Self
Tanesini, A. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198858836.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Mele, A. R., & Rawling, P. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195145397.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Thagard, P. R. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0010 · Cited by 1
Živanović, I. (2015) · Theoria Beograd · doi:10.2298/theo1504099z · Cited by 1
Sight Unseen, Justice Unobserved
Granot, Y., Jones, K. A., & Balcetis, E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636916.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Nesa, M. S. (2022) · Bangladesh Journal of Administration and Management · doi:10.56379/bjam.v33i2.5 · Cited by 1
Intuitive Politics and Why Thinking Isn’t Guaranteed to Save Us
Arceneaux, K., & Wielen, R. J. V. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197578384.003.0018 · Cited by 1
Children and Youth-Focused Radio in Sierra Leone
Podder, S. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192863980.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Bridging Cognitive and Affective Explanations of Political Participation
Nai, A. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198861126.013.39 · Cited by 1
Kim, H., Lee, H., Lo, R. F., Suh, E. M., & Schimmack, U. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274535 · Cited by 2
Modeling Emotion-Focused Coping as a Decision Process
Yongsatianchot, N., & Marsella, S. (2022) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii55700.2022.9953834 · Cited by 1
Making molehills out of mountains: Removing moral meaning from prior immoral actions
Helion, C., Ward, A. F., O’Shea, I. M., & Pizarro, D. A. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2310 · Cited by 1
6. Identifying Stakeholders and Collaborating with Communities
Best, M., Irvine, R. L., Bako, L. A., Citegetse, G., Field, A., Roe, D., Rose, D. C., & Spencer, J. (2022) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0321.06 · Cited by 1
Harms to the Civic Body from False Information Online
Bakir, V., & McStay, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13551-4_7 · Cited by 1
Schneider, A. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1475-148820230000026009 · Cited by 1
Demand for information about potential wins and losses: Does it matter if information matters?
Hilchey, M. D., & Soman, D. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2322 · Cited by 1
That seems wrong: pedagogically defusing moral relativism and moral skepticism
Licon, J. A. (2023) · International Journal of Ethics Education · doi:10.1007/s40889-023-00166-w · Cited by 1
Lacey, H. P., Lacey, S. C., Dayal, P., Forest, C., & Blasi, D. (2023) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x231161341 · Cited by 1
Thinking of the Firm: How the Firm’s Benefit Influences Consumer Normative Expectations for Change
Burnham, T. A. (2023) · Journal of Relationship Marketing · doi:10.1080/15332667.2023.2196201 · Cited by 1
McKenna, R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888822.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Out-of-Home und Digital-Out-of-Home aus der Perspektive der kognitiven Informationsverarbeitung
Meitz, T. G. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-38119-6_4 · Cited by 1
Derreumaux, Y., Bergh, R., Lindskog, M., & Hughes, B. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009002042.023 · Cited by 1
VFR Into IMC Through the Lens of Behavioral Economics
O'Mahony, S., Deane, F., & Tranter, K. M. (2023) · Journal of Air Law and Commerce · doi:10.25172/jalc.88.1.4 · Cited by 1
Misinformation in Open and Closed Online Platforms: Impacts and Countermeasures
Butler, L. H., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2023) · Mobile communication in Asia · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2225-2_15 · Cited by 3
Breaking the mold: examining the effectiveness of techniques to reduce motivated reasoning
Parvizi, J., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2023) · Atlantic Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/15456870.2023.2224482 · Cited by 1
Secularization and Religiosity: A Computational Psychological Perspective
Rigoli, F. (2023) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004544574_002 · Cited by 1
Self-Polarization: Lionizing Those Who Agree and Demonizing Those Who Disagree
Decker, K. A., & Lord, C. G. (2023) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2023.2234534 · Cited by 2
Experimental manipulation of uncanny feeling does not increase adherence to conspiracy theories
Varet, F., Adam‐Troian, J., Bonetto, É., Akinyemi, A., Lantian, A., Voisin, D., & Delouvée, S. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12962 · Cited by 1
Heuristiken und Biases in der psychologischen Urteilsbildung
Schmittat, S. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64801-8_130-1 · Cited by 1
The Case of Epistemic Ambiguity and Its Strategic Production
Rohmann, F., Ebert, L., Güthlein, E., & Munderich, C. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003298083-7 · Cited by 1
What Is Meant by ‘Bias’ in Psychological Science?
Frisby, C. L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29148-7_2 · Cited by 2
The role of deceptive advertisements and ethical decision outcomes in determining buying behavior
Masood, M., & Salman, M. (2023) · The Business & Management Review · doi:10.24052/bmr/v14nu02/art-03 · Cited by 1
Változatlan bizalom változás idején
Nyéki, E., & Juhász, M. (2023) · Vezetéstudomány / Budapest Management Review · doi:10.14267/veztud.2023.12.01 · Cited by 1
The Full Equation: On the Context-Dependency of Ideological Morality
Pliskin, R. (2023) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2023.2274413 · Cited by 1
Missing a beam in thine own eye: Motivated perceptions of collective narcissism
Baba, J., Cichocka, A. K., & Cisłak, A. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302231208398 · Cited by 1
Using Behavioral Science for Infodemic Preparedness: The Case of Vaccination Misinformation
Schmid, P. (2023) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/23727322231219684 · Cited by 2
Does reporting beliefs change beliefs?
Sonnemans, J. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2024.102174 · Cited by 1
Bagg, S. E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192848826.003.0010 · Cited by 1
Bagg, S. E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192848826.003.0005 · Cited by 1
The Pandemic and Vote Mode Choice in the 2020 Election
Atkeson, L. R., Hansen, W. L., Maestas, C. D., Weimer, E., & Oliver, M. T. (2023) · Elections, Voting, Technology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44549-1_4 · Cited by 1
Kuntze, M. A., & Mertins, V. (2023) · Studies in Public Choice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44393-0_10 · Cited by 1
Philosophical Agreement and Philosophical Progress
Smith, J. J. (2024) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2023.61 · Cited by 1
Pedrazzi, S. (2024) · Mediensymposium. · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-42478-7_10 · Cited by 2
Banking and debunking: applying Freirean Theory to the educational challenges of conspiracy culture
Cottrell‐Boyce, A. (2024) · Journal of Philosophy of Education · doi:10.1093/jopedu/qhae020 · Cited by 2
Tam, L., Chon, M., & Kim, J. (2024) · International Journal of Strategic Communication · doi:10.1080/1553118x.2024.2313644 · Cited by 1
Liberatheism: On Freedom from God(s)
Eller, J. D. (2024) · doi:10.33929/gcrrpress.2024.01 · Cited by 1
Creatively and Critically Challenging Assumptions
Feist, G. J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51590-3_9 · Cited by 1
Maier, M., Adam, S., Gil‐López, T., Makhortykh, M., Bromme, L., Christner, C., de León, E., & Urman, A. (2024) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2024.2310156 · Cited by 1
Reid, C. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49084-2_7 · Cited by 1
Beyond the Myths: Misinformation and Its Effect on Taxpayer Behaviour
Oluka, A. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management · doi:10.51137/ijarbm.2024.5.1.5 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kunda, Z.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kunda, Ziva
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 480-498
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2149893809
- Cited by
- 9,022
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 542 · 2025: 609 · 2024: 519 · 2023: 583 · 2022: 640 · 2021: 606 · 2020: 642 · 2019: 631 · 2018: 483 · 2017: 372 · 2016: 331 · 2015: 321 · 2014: 299 · 2013: 231 · 2012: 258
- FWCI
- 23.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh042239-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1 RO1 MH42239-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- motivated reasoning, motivation, belief evaluation, cognitive strategies, accuracy motivation, confirmation bias, justification
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Concept Formation, Humans, Motivation, Problem Solving, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
