Stress and infectious disease in humans.

Cohen, Sheldon; Williamson, Gail M.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.1.5

Cited by 763Stress Responses and CortisolPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsCancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response

Stress and infectious disease in humans.

Cohen, Sheldon, Williamson, Gail M.·1991·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.109.1.5

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Abstract

This article reviews research on the role of stress in infectious disease as measured either by illness behaviors (symptoms and use of health services) or by verified pathology. Substantial evidence was found for an association between stress and increased illness behavior, and less convincing but provocative evidence was found for a similar association between stress and infectious pathology. Introverts, isolates, and persons lacking social skills may also be at increased risk for both illness behaviors and pathology. Psychobiological models of how stress could influence the onset and progression of infectious disease and a psychological model of how stress could influence illness behaviors are proposed.

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Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
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Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 Years of inquiry
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Psychological Stress and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
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Self-citation
Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress and levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and melatonin in breast and prostate cancer outpatients
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Health benefits: Meta-analytically determining the impact of well-being on objective health outcomes
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STRESSORS AND MOOD MEASURED ON A MOMENTARY BASIS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SALIVARY CORTISOL SECRETION
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Incarceration as Exposure: The Prison, Infectious Disease, and Other Stress-Related Illnesses
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HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: Mapping Biobehavioral Contributions to Health and Illness
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Psychological Stress Perturbs Epidermal Permeability Barrier Homeostasis
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Psychobiologic Reactivity to Stress and Childhood Respiratory Illnesses
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Psychological Stress, Cytokine Production, and Severity of Upper Respiratory Illness
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Self, Identity, Stress, and Mental Health
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Wildlife disease prevalence in human‐modified landscapes
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Taking Pen to Hand: Evaluating Theories Underlying the Written Disclosure Paradigm
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Health Psychology: The Search for Pathways between Behavior and Health
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Stress, social support and pregnancy outcome: a reassessment based on recent research
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Effect of inflammation, smoking and stress on gingival crevicular fluid cytokine level
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Chronic Social Stress, Social Status, and Susceptibility to Upper Respiratory Infections in Nonhuman Primates
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Norepinephrine accelerates HIV replication via protein kinase a-dependent effects on cytokine production
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Psychological Stress as a Determinant of Protein Levels and Salivary-Induced Aggregation of Streptococcus gordonii in Human Whole Saliva
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Are Vacations Good for Your Health? The 9-Year Mortality Experience After the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
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The Whole Creature: Complexity, Biosemiotics and the Evolution of Culture
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Functional Disability, Disability Transitions, and Depressive Symptoms in Late Life
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The Stressful Personality: A Meta-Analytical Review of the Relation Between Personality and Stress
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Keynote presentation at the eight international congress of behavioral medicine Mainz, Germany August 25–28, 2004
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When home is where the stress is: expanding the dimensions of housing that influence asthma morbidity
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Self-citation

Authors: Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M.
Affiliations: Carnegie Mellon University (US)
ORCID: Cohen, Sheldon
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1991
Volume: 109
Issue: 1
Pages: 5-24
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.109.1.5
OpenAlex: W1985248606
Cited by: 756
References: 140
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 12.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5t32mh017184-06, 5r01ai023072-04, 5k02mh000721-10)
National Institute of Mental Health (K02-MH-00721, MH17184)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 23072)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response
Keywords: stress, infectious diseases, illness behavior, health care utilization, psychobiological model, introversion, social isolation, social skills
MeSH terms: Communicable Diseases, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Life Change Events, Risk Factors, Sick Role, Stress, Psychological

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Stress and infectious disease in humans.

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