Cited by 1,640Face Recognition and PerceptionCultural Differences and ValuesEmotion and Mood Recognition

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Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies.

Russell, James A.·1994·Psychological Bulletin

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Abstract

Emotions are universally recognized from facial expressions--or so it has been claimed. To support that claim, research has been carried out in various modern cultures and in cultures relatively isolated from Western influence. A review of the methods used in that research raises questions of its ecological, convergent, and internal validity. Forced-choice response format, within-subject design, preselected photographs of posed facial expressions, and other features of method are each problematic. When they are altered, less supportive or nonsupportive results occur. When they are combined, these method factors may help to shape the results. Facial expressions and emotion labels are probably associated, but the association may vary with culture and is loose enough to be consistent with various alternative accounts, 8 of which are discussed.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
Categorical imperativeNOT
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Background
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“Some researchers are, therefore, skeptical about the existence of distinct, biologically grounded emotions (Scherer 1984; Russell 1994).”
Background
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“…of human facial emotions has enjoyed considerable attention from diverse disciplines, ranging from basic science (McCarthy et al., 1997; Adolphs et al., 2005; Olofsson et al., 2008) to applied science (Russell, 1994; Öhman et al., 2001; Leppänen, 2006; Harms et al., 2010; Li et al., 2010).”
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“This methodology has been questioned given the low generalizability of its results (Russell, 1994; Tcherkassof et al., 2013).”
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“Such posed displays have been critiqued as artificial portrayals that may not capture the richness of authentic emotional expression (Russell, 1994; Russell, Bachorowski, & Fernandez-Dols, 2003).”

Authors: Russell, J. A.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author: Russell, James A.
ORCID: Russell, James A.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1994
Volume: 115
Issue: 1
Pages: 102-141
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102
OpenAlex: W1975238145
Cited by: 1,640
References: 168
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 12.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
Keywords: facial expressions, emotion recognition, universal emotions, cross-cultural comparison, within-subjects design, ecological validity, convergent validity, internal validity, emotion labels, cultural variation in emotion
MeSH terms: Cross-Cultural Comparison, Discrimination, Psychological, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Judgment, Research Design, Visual Perception

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Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies.

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