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Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies.
Abstract
Emotions are universally recognized from facial expressions--or so it has been claimed. To support that claim, research has been carried out in various modern cultures and in cultures relatively isolated from Western influence. A review of the methods used in that research raises questions of its ecological, convergent, and internal validity. Forced-choice response format, within-subject design, preselected photographs of posed facial expressions, and other features of method are each problematic. When they are altered, less supportive or nonsupportive results occur. When they are combined, these method factors may help to shape the results. Facial expressions and emotion labels are probably associated, but the association may vary with culture and is loose enough to be consistent with various alternative accounts, 8 of which are discussed.
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“Even critics of strong evolutionary accounts [31], [32] find that recognition of FEs of emotion are universally above chance and in many cases quite higher.”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Recently, the problem of automatic face detection in an arbitrary scene has drawn great attention (e.g., see [74], [83], [85]).”
From Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art (2000) · cites this paper as [83]
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“Critics of their methodology (using forced choice test) and results (higher error rates with non-Western cultures) proposed a continuous model as opposed to discrete categories (Haidt and Keltner 1999; Russell 1980, 1994, 2003; Schiano et al. 2004).”
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Automatic recognition of self-reported and perceived emotions
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Manokara, K., Đurić, M., Fischer, A. H., & Sauter, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-021-00376-0 · Cited by 12
Facial Expressions of Emotions: Research Perspectives
Awasthi, A., & Mandal, M. K. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1934-7_1 · Cited by 11
Detecting mistakes in engineering models: the effects of experimental design
Savoie, T. B., & Frey, D. (2011) · Research in Engineering Design · doi:10.1007/s00163-011-0120-y · Cited by 11
Emotion identification from facial expressions in children adopted internationally.
Hwa-Froelich, D. A., Matsuo, H., & Becker, J. C. (2014) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2014_ajslp-14-0009 · Cited by 13
“In contrast, in a meta-analysis of 31 studies measuring emotion identification in adults from both Western and non-Western countries, Russell (1994) reported cultural differences in identification of disgust, anger, and fear but 642 American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology • Vol. 23 • 641–654…”
ResultBalconi, M., & Pozzoli, U. (2012) · Journal of Neurotherapy · doi:10.1080/10874208.2012.677659 · Cited by 11
“An increasing number of studies have analyzed the cognitive and neuropsychological features of face comprehension (Posamentier & Abdi, 2003; Russell, 1994).”
BackgroundShariff, A., & Tracy, J. L. (2011) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411429126 · Cited by 11
“As most of the issues Barrett (2011, this issue) raises have been debated elsewhere (e.g. Barrett et al., 2007; Ekman, 1994; Panksepp, 2007; Russell, 1994), we here respond only to the issue central to our model: whether emotion expressions are likely to be evolved.”
Krolak‐Salmon, P., Hénaff, M., Bertrand, O., Vighetto, A., & Mauguı̀ere, F. (2006) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/s0035-3787(06)75117-7 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Russell, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Russell, James A.
- ORCID
- Russell, James A.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 102-141
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1975238145
- Cited by
- 1,640
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 12.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- facial expressions, emotion recognition, universal emotions, cross-cultural comparison, within-subjects design, ecological validity, convergent validity, internal validity, emotion labels, cultural variation in emotion
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Cultural Comparison, Discrimination, Psychological, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Judgment, Research Design, Visual Perception
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