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Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies.
Abstract
Emotions are universally recognized from facial expressions--or so it has been claimed. To support that claim, research has been carried out in various modern cultures and in cultures relatively isolated from Western influence. A review of the methods used in that research raises questions of its ecological, convergent, and internal validity. Forced-choice response format, within-subject design, preselected photographs of posed facial expressions, and other features of method are each problematic. When they are altered, less supportive or nonsupportive results occur. When they are combined, these method factors may help to shape the results. Facial expressions and emotion labels are probably associated, but the association may vary with culture and is loose enough to be consistent with various alternative accounts, 8 of which are discussed.
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“Even critics of strong evolutionary accounts [31], [32] find that recognition of FEs of emotion are universally above chance and in many cases quite higher.”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Recently, the problem of automatic face detection in an arbitrary scene has drawn great attention (e.g., see [74], [83], [85]).”
From Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art (2000) · cites this paper as [83]
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“…a forced-choice design can at times be a useful tool, it necessitates that participants ’ responses align with the expectations of the experimenters 54 , and it may in fl ate the importance of certain emotions according to social norm theory (e.g., “ I ought to feel angry after being treated…”
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“However, it has been discussed whether a multiple-choice method should be supplemented with a ‘‘none of the above’’ alternative in order to pick up uncertain responses that would otherwise have to be allocated to one of the given alternatives (Frank & Stennet, 2001; Russel, 1994).”
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“…been criticized as overestimating the degree of agreement (because expressions about which the participant is uncertain have to be assigned to the category forming the closest approximation) and because there may be problems in translating emotion labels (Matsumoto & Assar, 1992; Russell, 1994).”
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Gender and Job Status as Contextual Cues for the Interpretation of Facial Expression of Emotion
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Pain communication through body posture: The development and validation of a stimulus set
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Words are a context for mental inference.
Betz, N., Hoemann, K., & Barrett, L. F. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000510 · Cited by 48
“…words and their associated conceptual knowledge provide an unintended context for establishing above-chance levels of agreement that serve as estimates of ‘accuracy’ (for reviews, see Barrett, 2011; Barrett, Lindquist, & Gendron, 2007; Gendron, Mesquita, & Barrett, 2013; Russell, 1994).”
BackgroundMethodWhat Is Complex/Emotional About Emotional Complexity?
Berríos, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01606 · Cited by 61
“Although facial expressions are not a definitive hallmark of the presence of a particular emotion (e.g., Russell, 1994), these are certainly an important marker of emotional experience in the literature (Keltner et al., 2003).”
BackgroundFacial expression of pain in Nellore and crossbred beef cattle
Müller, B. R., Soriano, V. S., Bellio, J. C. B., & Molento, C. F. M. (2019) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2019.07.007 · Cited by 46
Political attitudes: Interactions of cognition and affect
Way, B. M., & Masters, R. D. (1996) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf02251887 · Cited by 43
An Emotional Road to Sustainability: How Affective Science Can Support pro-Climate Action
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“The debate around the universality of emotions has been long-standing, including the increasing recognition that the expression and interpretation of even basic emotions are culturally sensitive (Jack et al., 2012; Russell, 1994).”
BackgroundPreparing medical students to become skilled at clinical observation
Boudreau, J. D., Cassell, E. J., & Fuks, A. (2008) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/01421590802331446 · Cited by 45
Detecting Genuine and Deliberate Displays of Surprise in Static and Dynamic Faces
Zloteanu, M., Krumhuber, E. G., & Richardson, D. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01184 · Cited by 45
Legal blame: how jurors think and talk about accidents
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-2417 · Cited by 46
Children's and adults’ understanding of the “disgust face”
Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930801906744 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Russell, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Russell, James A.
- ORCID
- Russell, James A.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 102-141
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1975238145
- Cited by
- 1,640
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 12.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- facial expressions, emotion recognition, universal emotions, cross-cultural comparison, within-subjects design, ecological validity, convergent validity, internal validity, emotion labels, cultural variation in emotion
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Cultural Comparison, Discrimination, Psychological, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Judgment, Research Design, Visual Perception
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