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Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies.
Abstract
Emotions are universally recognized from facial expressions--or so it has been claimed. To support that claim, research has been carried out in various modern cultures and in cultures relatively isolated from Western influence. A review of the methods used in that research raises questions of its ecological, convergent, and internal validity. Forced-choice response format, within-subject design, preselected photographs of posed facial expressions, and other features of method are each problematic. When they are altered, less supportive or nonsupportive results occur. When they are combined, these method factors may help to shape the results. Facial expressions and emotion labels are probably associated, but the association may vary with culture and is loose enough to be consistent with various alternative accounts, 8 of which are discussed.
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“Even critics of strong evolutionary accounts [31], [32] find that recognition of FEs of emotion are universally above chance and in many cases quite higher.”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Recently, the problem of automatic face detection in an arbitrary scene has drawn great attention (e.g., see [74], [83], [85]).”
From Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art (2000) · cites this paper as [83]
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“[2] show that normal expression recognition can be recognized by human subjects from different races with 75% accuracy in the same five-class task.”
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Theory and Methods for Sociocultural Research in Science and Engineering Education
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Perceptual, categorical, and affective processing of ambiguous smiling facial expressions.
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“Facial happiness is also the most consistently identified expression across different cultures (Russell, 1994).”
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Suzuki, A., Hoshino, T., & Shigemasu, K. (2005) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.04.003 · Cited by 68
The Development of a Series of Photographs of Chinese Facial Expressions of Emotion
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Schützwohl, A., & Reisenzein, R. (2012) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.04.003 · Cited by 65
“Research on the inference of emotions from facial expressions has found that judges show considerable agreement that a few emotions—in particular, happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise—are associated with specific facial displays (for reviews, see Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002; Russell, 1994).”
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Cultural Diversity in the Appraisal and Expression of Trauma
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Feminist Philosophy, Pragmatism, and the “Turn to Affect”: A Genealogical Critique
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“For methodological critiques, see Fridlund 1994 and Russell 1994.”
BackgroundOliver, L. D., Mitchell, D. G. V., Dziobek, I., MacKinley, J. D., Coleman, K. K. L., Rankin, K. P., & Finger, E. C. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.022 · Cited by 71
Emotional Vocalizations Are Recognized Across Cultures Regardless of the Valence of Distractors
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“The question of whether emotional expressions have universal meanings has been at the center of heated debates for many decades (e.g., Ekman, 1994; Russell, 1994).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Russell, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Russell, James A.
- ORCID
- Russell, James A.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1994
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 102-141
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1975238145
- Cited by
- 1,640
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 12.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- facial expressions, emotion recognition, universal emotions, cross-cultural comparison, within-subjects design, ecological validity, convergent validity, internal validity, emotion labels, cultural variation in emotion
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Cultural Comparison, Discrimination, Psychological, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Judgment, Research Design, Visual Perception
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