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For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations
Abstract
Upward social comparison is generally regarded as ego deflating, yet people often compare themselves with those whose abilities and attributes are better than their own. Upward comparison provides useful information, which may partially account for this behavior. Furthermore, it is proposed that upw
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“Upward social comparison occurs when people compare themselves to those who are better off and although it often triggers negative self-evaluation, resentment, and envy, it can also be motivating and self-enhancing (Collins, 1996).”
From Relative Feedback Increases Disparities in Effort and Performance in Crowdsourcing Contests: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment on Topcoder (2022) · cites this paper as Collins, 1996
In the citing paper
“Assimilative efforts, on the other side, involve the contrast of a bad present with an attainable positive future and may be enhanced by motivating upward comparisons (see also Carver & Scheier, 1998;Collins, 1996;Wood, 1996;Wrosch & Heckhausen, 1996).”
From The Life-Course Dynamics of Goal Pursuit and Goal Adjustment: A Two-Process Framework (2002) · cites this paper as Collins, 1996
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“E-mail addresses: adb2004@med.cornell.edu (A.D. Brown), janine.buckner@shu. edu (J.P. Buckner), hirst@newschool.edu (W. Hirst).”
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“Other studies have seen upward social comparison as an opportunity to improve one’s performance (Wheeler 1966; Collins 1996).”
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“Nevertheless, theoretically, the presumption has been that a concern with future improvement should lead people to seek out mildly upward comparisons since such targets provide the best guide or inspiration for raising one’s own standing on the dimension in question ( Collins, 1996; Festinger, 1954; Wood, 1989).”
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“Upward social comparison means that people usually compare themselves with others more capable or who contribute more than they do (Collins, 1996).”
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“…with children's emotional adjustment, including global selfesteem and internalizing emotions (Crick & Ladd, 1993; Gladstone & Kaslow, 1995; Panak & Garber, 1992) as well as how individuals think and feel about themselves within relevant social contexts (Collins, 1996; Frey & Ruble, 1985).”
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“Dissimilarities are perceived as elastic and thus signal to the employees that the outcomes and achievements of this colleague are attainable and in close proximity (e.g., Collins, 1996; Lockwood & Kunda, 1997).”
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“…doing better than themselves conducted participants to set higher personal standards (Seta, 1982), or to identify themselves with the more successful others (Blanton, Buunk, Gibbons, & Kuyper, 1999; Collins, 1996; Huguet et al., 2001; Rijsman, 1983), which, in turn, motivated task-specific efforts.”
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“1990; Buunk and Ybema 1997; Lockwood and Kunda 1997) or feel similar to their target (Collins 1996; Mussweiler 2003).1 Our study aims at better understanding the relationship between social comparison and self-evaluation of academic competence among students by considering the moderating role of…”
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“Research in the field of self-esteem indicates why this would be the case. Crocker and Wolfe (2001) show that contingencies of self-worth (domains or categories of outcomes on which a person has staked their sense of self-esteem) are hierarchically organized; are spread over a few or many categories; and vary in ease…”
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“This process is called upward social comparison (16).”
BackgroundCostarelli, S. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207303950 · Cited by 19
“…effect exerted by interindividual comparisons (e.g., McFarland & Ross, 1982; Miller & Ross, 1975; Weiner, Russell, & Lerman, 1979; for a review, see Collins, 1996): (un)pleasant to the extent that comparison outcomes are relatively self-(un)favorable (after Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1998; for a…”
BackgroundLiao, J., Jackson, T., & Chen, H. (2014) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.07.001 · Cited by 19
“…fortunate are sometimes made by overwhelmed people to protect self-esteem or bolster optimism about their circumstances, while upward comparisons with “better-off” peers are more likely to be made, among people whose self-esteem is secure, to improve skills or strive for growth (see Collins, 1996).”
BackgroundSupporting knowledge monitoring ability: open learner modeling vs. open social learner modeling
Somyürek, S., Brusilovsky, P. L., & Guerra, J. (2020) · Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.1186/s41039-020-00137-5 · Cited by 19
“As a result, this information may be critical to goal setting, which can lead to self-enhancement (Collins, 1996).”
BackgroundBetter off and far away: Reactions to others’ outcomes depends on their distance
Yudkin, D. A., Liberman, N., Wakslak, C. J., & Yaacov Trope, B. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.10.004 · Cited by 19
Choma, B. L., Busseri, M. A., & Sadava, S. W. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1889 · Cited by 19
“Like temporal self-comparisons, social comparisons have implications for self-perceptions (Buunk & Gibbons, 2007; Collins, 1996).”
BackgroundComparing Comparisons An Integrative Perspective on Social Comparison and CounterfactuaJ Thinking
Olson, J. M., Buhrmann, O., & Roese, N. J. (2000) · Cited by 19
Standards, Expectancies, and Social Comparison
Biernat, M., & Billings, L. S. (2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470998519.ch12 · Cited by 19
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Ding, R., & He, P. (2022) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12608 · Cited by 18
Charitable maximizers: The impact of the maximizing mindset on donations to human recipients
Ma, J., Lin, Y., & Ein‐Gar, D. (2022) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2022.12.003 · Cited by 19
Dyadic visual perceptual learning on orientation discrimination
Zhang, Y., Bi, K., Li, J., Wang, Y., & Fang, F. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.070 · Cited by 18
Hudders, L., & Pandelaere, M. (2014) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-014-9310-x · Cited by 18
Do SNSs really make us happy? The effects of writing and reading via SNSs on subjective well-being
Yang, H. (2020) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2020.101384 · Cited by 18
The effects of social comparisons on subjective age and self-rated health
Sayag, M., & Kavé, G. (2021) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x20002056 · Cited by 23
“In some contexts, the expectation of similarity becomes stronger, thus leading to a stronger assimilation effect (Collins, 1996).”
BackgroundWHEN DOWNWARD COMPARISON PRODUCES NEGATIVE AFFECT: THE SENSE OF CONTROL AS A MODERATOR
Michinov, N. (2001) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2001.29.5.427 · Cited by 18
Pittarello, A., Rubaltelli, E., & Rumiati, R. (2013) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2013.05.006 · Cited by 20
Self‐evaluation in a naturalistic context: The case of juvenile offenders
Neiss, M. B., Sedikides, C., Shahinfar, A., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (2006) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466605x64486 · Cited by 18
“, 1995) or social comparison targets (Collins, 1996) with an eye towards personal improvement.”
BackgroundInterest in Celebrities’ Post-baby Bodies and Korean Women’s Body Image Disturbance After Childbirth
Chae, J. (2014) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0421-5 · Cited by 18
“Although this upward comparison sometimes generates positive effects such as self-enhancement (Collins 1996), previous studies have reported that upward social comparison resulting from mass media exposure causes negative self-evaluation (e.”
BackgroundRepeated exposure to the thin ideal and implications for the self: Two weight loss program studies
Klesse, A.-K., Goukens, C., Geyskens, K., & de Ruyter, K. (2012) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.06.003 · Cited by 21
The Social Consequences of Self-Enhancement and Self-Protection
Hoorens, V. (2011) · Lirias (KU Leuven) · doi:10.13140/2.1.1926.1765 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Collins, R. L.
- Affiliations
- RAND Corporation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Collins, Rebecca L.
- ORCID
- Collins, Rebecca L.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1996-01
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 51-69
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2165368401
- Cited by
- 1,166
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 20.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- upward social comparison, self-assessment, self-concept, social comparison theory
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