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The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies
Abstract
Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds = -.28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women.
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“These studies often revealed a relation between exposure to the thin ideal and a negative body image among young girls and women (e.g., Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008; Halliwell & Dittmar, 2004; Irving, 1990;).”
From Picture Perfect: The Direct Effect of Manipulated Instagram Photos on Body Image in Adolescent Girls (2018) · cites this paper as Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008
In the citing paper
“Media platforms have had a major impact on Body image, as there is strong evidence suggesting the negative effects of objectifying beauty standards presented on mass media such as TV and Magazines2.”
From Association between beauty standards shaped by social media and body dysmorphia among Egyptian medical students (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Several studies suggest that the media are important risk factors for adolescents' body dissatisfaction (e.g., Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008).”
From The reciprocal and indirect relationships between passive Facebook use, comparison on Facebook, and adolescents' body dissatisfaction (2017) · cites this paper as Grabe et al., 2008
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BackgroundDu, Y. (2015) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsr.v4i2.254 · Cited by 8
Preference effects on friendship choice: Evidence from an online field experiment
Yu, S., & Xie, Y. (2017) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.01.006 · Cited by 8
“Individuals have a genuine preference for befriending someone having high status .”
Homan, K. J., Wild, S., Dillon, K. R., & Shimrock, R. (2017) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407517701298 · Cited by 8
Trekels, J., Eggermont, S., Köppen, E., & Vandenbosch, L. (2017) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2017.1381627 · Cited by 10
Breault-Hood, J., Gray, T. L., Truong, S., & Ullman, J. (2017) · Research in outdoor education · doi:10.1353/roe.2017.0002 · Cited by 8
Pluralistic Ignorance of Physical Attractiveness in the Gay Male Community
Flave-Novak, D. E., & Coleman, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1522811 · Cited by 8
Krause, S., & Appel, M. (2019) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000255 · Cited by 8
Flynn, M. A., Cotchett, E., & Lin, L. (2020) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407520903387 · Cited by 8
“The exaggerated thin body ideal for women can be seen in fashion models, actresses, pageant winners, and advertisements (Grabe et al., 2008), and now in SNSs as well (Holland & Tiggemann, 2016; Simpson & Mazzeo, 2016).”
BackgroundGender Discrepancies in Perceptions of the Bodies of Female Fashion Models
Johnson, S., & Engeln, R. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01167-5 · Cited by 11
Mulgrew, K. E., Findlay, C., Lane, B. R., & Halliwell, E. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.007 · Cited by 8
Implicit influence on body image: methodological innovation for research into embodied experience
Lovell, H., & Banfield, J. (2020) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794120974150 · Cited by 8
“Research supports this relationship, indicating that body image disturbance is associated with exposure to visual mass media that depicts ‘idealised’ bodies (Berel and Irving, 1998; Grabe et al., 2011; Hendriks and Burgoon, 2003) and that younger women are particularly influenced by societal and media messages (Dye, 2…”
BackgroundAppearance-focused Internet Use and the Thin-beauty Ideal
Stanley, T., Barnes, J., & Short, E. (2015) · Studies in Media and Communication · doi:10.11114/smc.v3i2.971 · Cited by 7
Rasooli Ali Abadi, B. (2018) · Scientific Journal of Hamadan Nursing & Midwifery Faculty · doi:10.30699/sjhnmf.26.2.103 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 460-476
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2100351233
- Cited by
- 2,053
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 86
- FWCI
- 9.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (F32MH7197102)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- media exposure, body image, thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, women, dietary habits, media image
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Image, Culture, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Mass Media, Self Concept, Social Behavior
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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