Cited by 2,053Eating Disorders and BehaviorsBody Image and Dysmorphia StudiesNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

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The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies

Grabe, Shelly, Ward, L. Monique, Hyde, Janet Shibley·2008·Psychological Bulletin

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Abstract

Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds = -.28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women.

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Grogan, S., Williams, A. L., Kilgariff, S., Bunce, J., Heyland, J. S., Padilla, T., Woodhouse, C., Cowap, L., & Davies, W. (2013) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2013.796492 · Cited by 26
“Media exposure can be a particularly salient source of appearance-based information in older adolescence and has been linked to body dissatisfaction in girls and women (Grabe et al. 2008) and in boys and men (Bartlett et al.”
Background
Association Between Internet Use and Body Dissatisfaction Among Young Females: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey
Carter, A., Forrest, J. I., & Kaida, A. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5636 · Cited by 26
“reported moderate effect sizes for the relationship between exposure to multiple forms of media promoting the thin ideal and women’s body dissatisfaction [13,14].”
Body image perception, eating attitude and influence of media among undergraduate students of medical college in Delhi: a cross sectional study
Sharma, M., Singh, S. K., Tiwari, P., & Chauhan, N. (2019) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20195529 · Cited by 28
“It often overrepresents models and actors who are thin and underrepresents overweight or obese characters.(3) Therefore, it has become important to understand the specific role that the media plays, to realize the steps that can be taken to reduce the damaging effects.”
Background
Examining the Pro-Eating Disorders Community on Twitter Via the Hashtag #proana: Statistical Modeling Approach
Sukunesan, S., Huynh, M., & Sharp, G. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/24340 · Cited by 26
“Pro-ED communities are a controversial subculture that promotes positive attitudes toward EDs, namely AN (pro-anorexia/proana) and bulimia nervosa (pro-bulimia/promia).”
BackgroundInfluential
Beyond the shallows of physical attractiveness: Perfection and objectifying gaze on Instagram
Sokolova, K., Kéfi, H., & Dutot, V. (2022) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102546 · Cited by 34
Threat of the thin-ideal body image and body malleability beliefs: Effects on body image self-discrepancies and behavioral intentions
Arciszewski, T., Berjot, S., & Finez, L. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.04.007 · Cited by 31
“As a result, he negative effects of fashion magazines on body image observed n previous studies (see for example, Grabe et al., 2008) may well pply chiefly to women who have doubts about their body maleability. This may be the case for women who have already tried everal dieting techniques without success. By so doing…”
Wanting a body that's better than average: The effect of manipulated body norms on ideal body size perception
Mills, J. S., Jadd, R., & Key, B. L. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.03.004 · Cited by 34
Do portrayals of women in action convey another ideal that women with little self-determination feel obligated to live up to? Viewing effects on body image evaluations and eating behaviors
Mask, L., Blanchard, C. M., & Baker, A. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.025 · Cited by 24
Objects of desire: Subordinate ingratiation triggers self-objectification among powerful
Inesi, M. E., Lee, S. Y., & Morrison, K. R. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.010 · Cited by 27
What’s the Best Exposure? Examining Media Representations of Female Athletes and the Impact on Collegiate Athletes’ Self-Objectification
Smith, L. R. (2016) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/2167479515577080 · Cited by 3
“Harrison and Fredrickson (2003) correlated objectification to the media effects theories of cultivation to explain trait-like behaviors (chronic focus on how the body looks) and priming theory to explain state-like behaviors (a temporary focus on how the body looks).”
Background
The Effect of Short-Term Aerobic Exercise on Depression and Body Image in Iranian Women
Zarshenas, S., Houshvar, P., & Tahmasebi, A. (2013) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2013/132684 · Cited by 25
Development of TV advertising literacy in children
Spielvogel, J., & Terlutter, R. (2013) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2501/ija-32-3-343-368 · Cited by 26
“Negative body shape perceptions are not only widespread among many adults, but even children at early ages experience negative body shape perceptions (Blyth et al. 1985; Feldman et al. 1988; Collins 1991; Grabe et al. 2008; Tremblay & Limbos 2009).”
Background
Linking Cyber Incivility With Job Performance Through Job Satisfaction: The Buffering Role of Positive Affect
Giumetti, G. W., Saunders, L., Brunette, J. P., DiFrancesco, F. M., & Graham, P. G. (2016) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn21.4.230 · Cited by 29
Dieting 2.0!: Moderating effects of Instagrammers' body image and Instafame on other Instagrammers’ dieting intention
Jin, S. A., Ryu, E., & Muqaddam, A. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.001 · Cited by 32
(Don’t) look here!: The effect of different forms of label added to fashion advertisements on women’s visual attention
Tiggemann, M., Brown, Z. A., & Thomas, N. A. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.08.011 · Cited by 29
Characterizing a body positive online forum: Resistance and pursuit of appearance-ideals
Rodgers, R. F., Meyer, C., & McCaig, D. C. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.005 · Cited by 26
Sociocultural Influences, Drive for Thinness, Drive for Muscularity, and Body Dissatisfaction among Korean Undergraduates
You, S., & Shin, K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145260 · Cited by 32
“self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction [5].”
A Spanish Version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire‐3 (SATAQ‐3): Translation and Psychometric Evaluation
Llorente, E., Warren, C. S., de Eulate, L. P., & Gleaves, D. H. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21944 · Cited by 26
The Impact of Advanced Capitalism on Well-being: an Evidence-Informed Model
Butler, S. (2018) · Human Arenas · doi:10.1007/s42087-018-0034-6 · Cited by 32
Evaluating attitudes about aging and body comparison as moderators of the relationship between menopausal status and disordered eating and body image concerns among middle-aged women
Thompson, K. A., & Bardone‐Cone, A. M. (2019) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.03.014 · Cited by 25
Can big business foster positive body image? Qualitative insights from industry leaders walking the talk
Craddock, N., Ramsey, M., Spotswood, F., Halliwell, E., & Diedrichs, P. C. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.06.004 · Cited by 27
“Finally, the advertising industry is often associated with establishing and reinforcing global beauty standards in body image research (Grabe et al., 2008).”
Background
‘Strength becomes her’ – resistance training as a route to positive body image in women
Walters, R., & Hefferon, K. (2019) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2019.1634127 · Cited by 27
“Dissatisfaction with body image is becoming the norm in western societies, and can be seen in girls from the age of 7, across a range of shapes and sizes (Rodin, Silberstein, and Strigel-Moore 1984; Grabe, Ward, and Hyde 2008), and with much higher salience for women (Sobal 2017).”
Background
Media Portrayals of Immigration and Refugees in Hard and Fake News and Their Impact on Consumer Attitudes
Wright, C. L., Brinklow-Vaughn, R., Johannes, K., & Rodriguez, F. (2020) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2020.1810180 · Cited by 25
“It should be noted that this is common in experimental designs (Cohen, 1988; Field, 2009; Grabe et al., 2008).”
Background
Is this what a female yogi looks like? A content analysis of yoga images on Instagram
Hinz, A., Mulgrew, K. E., Regt, T. D., & Lovell, G. P. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.003 · Cited by 25
Practice or performance? A content analysis of yoga-related videos on Instagram
Hinz, A., Mulgrew, K. E., Regt, T. D., & Lovell, G. P. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.08.002 · Cited by 29

Authors: Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Grabe, Shelly
Ward, L. Monique
Hyde, Janet Shibley
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008
Volume: 134
Issue: 3
Pages: 460-476
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
OpenAlex: W2100351233
Cited by: 2,053
References: 168
Citations by year: 2026: 81 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 86
FWCI: 9.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (F32MH7197102)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: media exposure, body image, thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, women, dietary habits, media image
MeSH terms: Adult, Body Image, Culture, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Mass Media, Self Concept, Social Behavior

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The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies

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