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The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies
Abstract
Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds = -.28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women.
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“These studies often revealed a relation between exposure to the thin ideal and a negative body image among young girls and women (e.g., Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008; Halliwell & Dittmar, 2004; Irving, 1990;).”
From Picture Perfect: The Direct Effect of Manipulated Instagram Photos on Body Image in Adolescent Girls (2018) · cites this paper as Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008
In the citing paper
“Media platforms have had a major impact on Body image, as there is strong evidence suggesting the negative effects of objectifying beauty standards presented on mass media such as TV and Magazines2.”
From Association between beauty standards shaped by social media and body dysmorphia among Egyptian medical students (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Several studies suggest that the media are important risk factors for adolescents' body dissatisfaction (e.g., Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008).”
From The reciprocal and indirect relationships between passive Facebook use, comparison on Facebook, and adolescents' body dissatisfaction (2017) · cites this paper as Grabe et al., 2008
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“Late adolescent girls form a particularly sensitive group to internalize the thin-body ideal (Grabe et al., 2008; Groesz, Levine, & Murnen, 2002; Veldhuis, Konijn, & Seidell, 2012), and may subsequently experience negative body affects, such as body dissatisfaction.”
Rousseau, A., Rodgers, R. F., & Eggermont, S. (2017) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650217739996 · Cited by 23
Gattino, S., Piccoli, N. D., Fedi, A., Boza, M., & Rollero, C. (2017) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0804-5 · Cited by 25
“There is abundant and convincing empirical evidence for the relationship between viewing objectified media models and self-objectification in both men and women (e.g., Grabe et al. 2008; Groesz et al. 2002; López-Guimerà et al. 2010; Rollero 2013; Tiggemann 2003; Vandenbosch and Eggermont 2014).”
BackgroundResultThe impact of advertising on women’s self-perception: a systematic review
Dai, Y., Zhu, Z., & Guo, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1430079 · Cited by 38
Wie Medienpersonen Emotionen und Selbstkonzept der Mediennutzer beeinflussen
Döring, N. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-18967-3_15 · Cited by 20
“…unerreichbare mediale Schönheitsnormen wie sie von Schauspielerinnen, Models, Charakteren in Trickfi lmen und Computerspielen usw. verkörpert werden, insbesondere das Körperbild und damit auch das Selbstwertgefühl von Mädchen und Frauen nachhaltig beeinträchtigen (Grabe et al. 2008; Reaves 2011).”
BackgroundBody size preferences among young women in five Arab countries: a cross-cultural study
Musaiger, A. O. (2013) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2013-0317 · Cited by 20
Body size and body esteem in women: The mediating role of possible self expectancy
Dalley, S. E., Pollet, T. V., & Vidal, J. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.03.002 · Cited by 20
Babes and the Woods: Women's Objectification and the Feminine Beauty Ideal as Ecological Hazards
Scott, B. A. (2010) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2010.0030 · Cited by 20
Facial Attractiveness and Self-Esteem in Adolescence
Mares, S. H. W., de Leeuw, R. N. H., Scholte, R. H. J., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.501292 · Cited by 20
“Due to a limited sample size, we were not able to investigate subgroups or interaction effects with gender (Birndorf et al, 2005 ), which could be important in a society where attractiveness is especially important to young women (Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008 ).”
Knobloch‐Westerwick, S., Kennard, A. R., Westerwick, A., Willis, L. E., & Gong, Y. (2013) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650213491113 · Cited by 20
Fawzi, M. M., Hashim, H. M., Fouad, A. A., & Abdel-Fattah, N. R. (2010) · Current psychiatry · Cited by 20
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Eating Disorders in Weight Management Centers in Tanta, Egypt
Eladawi, N., Helal, R., Niazy, N. A., & Abdelsalam, S. A. (2018) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.221270 · Cited by 20
“Researchers suggested that excessive exposure to Western mass media depicting the thin‐ideal body is the main factor that causes body image disturbance among women and plays the main role in developing EDs.[4]”
BackgroundBrichacek, A. L., Neill, J. T., & Murray, K. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2018-3-2 · Cited by 23
Prefit, A. B., Cândea, D.-M., & Szentágotai‐Tătar, A. (2019) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00691-y · Cited by 20
Consumer Response toward Plus‐Size Models Featured in the Mainstream Media
Pounders, K. R., & Mabry‐Flynn, A. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12251 · Cited by 20
Braumüller, B. (2020) · European Journal for Sport and Society · doi:10.1080/16138171.2020.1792072 · Cited by 22
Karr, T. M., Zunker, C. L., Thompson, R. A., Sherman, R. T., Erickson, A. L., Cao, L., Crosby, R. D., & Mitchell, J. E. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.09.004 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 460-476
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2100351233
- Cited by
- 2,053
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 86
- FWCI
- 9.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (F32MH7197102)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- media exposure, body image, thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, women, dietary habits, media image
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Image, Culture, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Mass Media, Self Concept, Social Behavior
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