Cited by 2,053Eating Disorders and BehaviorsBody Image and Dysmorphia StudiesNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

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The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies

Grabe, Shelly, Ward, L. Monique, Hyde, Janet Shibley·2008·Psychological Bulletin

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Abstract

Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds = -.28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women.

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DiBisceglie, S., & Arigo, D. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105319871656 · Cited by 35
“For followers, too much exposure to fitstagrammers with a focus only on their physical fitness or posts accompanied by aversive messaging may eventually discourage engagement or promote unhealthy behaviors (Grabe et al., 2008).”
Background
The effect of viewing idealised smile images versus nature images via social media on immediate facial satisfaction in young adults: A randomised controlled trial
Sampson, A., Jeremiah, H. G., Andiappan, M., & Newton, T. (2020) · Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1177/1465312519899664 · Cited by 35
“Effects are stronger in women and are inversely related to age (Grabe et al., 2008; Groesz et al., 2002; Myers and Crowther, 2009).”
Background
Globalization and eating disorder risk: Peer influence, perceived social norms, and adolescent disordered eating in Fiji
Gerbasi, M. E., Richards, L. K., Thomas, J. J., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Thompson‐Brenner, H., Gilman, S. E., & Becker, A. E. (2014) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22349 · Cited by 35
Body image perception and the risk of unhealthy behaviours among university students.
Nichols, S., Dookeran, S., Ragbir, K. K., & Dalrymple, N. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 35
The Influence of Television Programs on Appearance Satisfaction: Making and Mitigating Social Comparisons to “Friends”
Want, S. C., Vickers, K., & Amos, J. R. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9563-7 · Cited by 33
“Studies in which women have been exposed to media images of attractive and slender women in controlled laboratory conditions have demonstrated a direct causal link between exposure to those images and decreases in appearance satisfaction, at least in the short-term (see Grabe et al.2008 for a recent meta-analysis).”
Background
Changing the course of comorbid eating disorders and depression: what is the role of public health interventions in targeting shared risk factors?
Becker, C. B., Plasencia, M., Kilpela, L. S., Briggs, M., & Stewart, T. M. (2014) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/2050-2974-2-15 · Cited by 35
“fects of media exposure on body image have been well documented [59-61].”
Background
Cumulative meta‐analysis: What works
Kulinskaya, E., & Mah, E. Y. (2021) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1522 · Cited by 34
Body-image dissatisfaction is strongly associated with chronic dysphoria
Rosenström, T. H., Jokela, M. M., Hintsanen, M., Josefsson, K., Juonala, M., Mika Kivimaki, B., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Viikari, J. S. A., Hutri‐Kähönen, N., Heinonen, E. O., et al. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.003 · Cited by 36
“Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis indicated that current media coverage serves to induce dissatisfaction towards ones physical appearances (Grabe et al., 2008).”
Background
Media Exposure, Mediated Social Comparison to Idealized Images of Muscularity, and Anabolic Steroid Use
Melki, J. P., Hitti, E. A., Oghia, M. J., & Mufarrij, A. J. (2014) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.867007 · Cited by 41
“The majority of these studies have focused on females (Grabe et al., 2008; Thompson et al., 1999).”
Background
“It’s Just Not Very Realistic”: Perceptions of Media Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Liechty, T., Coyne, S. M., Collier, K. M., & Sharp, A. D. (2017) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1315680 · Cited by 44
“The more women self-objectify, the more likely they are to experience body shame and appearance anxiety, which can in turn lead to low self-esteem, depression, and unhealthy weight loss behaviors (Grabe et al., 2008; Szymanski & Henning, 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The Relationship Between Body Image and Sexual Functioning Among Gay and Bisexual Men
Levitan, J. A., Quinn‐Nilas, C., Milhausen, R. R., & Breuer, R. (2018) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1519301 · Cited by 34
“These images may be internalized, possibly resulting in lower levels of body esteem among consumers (Barlett et al., 2008; Grabe et al., 2008; Luktis, 2000).”
Background
The thinner the better: Evidence on the internalization of the slimness ideal in Chinese college students
Wang, K., Liang, R., Yu, X., Shum, D., Roalf, D. R., & Chan, R. C. K. (2020) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.346 · Cited by 34
The Relationships among Self-Worth Contingency on Others’ Approval, Appearance Comparisons on Facebook, and Adolescent Girls’ Body Esteem: A Cross-Cultural Study
Prieler, M., Choi, J., & Lee, H. E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18030901 · Cited by 51
Social Media Influencer Viewing and Intentions to Change Appearance: A Large Scale Cross-Sectional Survey on Female Social Media Users in China
Pan, W., Mu, Z., & Tang, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.846390 · Cited by 34
Missing the Bigger Picture: The Need for More Research on Visual Health Misinformation
Heley, K. M., Gaysynsky, A., & King, A. J. (2022) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/10755470221113833 · Cited by 34
“For example, the fashion industry’s extensive history of manipulating photographs of models to make them appear thinner—a practice that has now extended to social media platforms—could change viewers’ perceptions of realistic body types and affect how satisfied they are with their own bodies (Grabe et al., 2008; Kleem…”
Background
The Effect of Functionality- and Aesthetic-Focused Images on Australian Women’s Body Satisfaction
Mulgrew, K. E., & Hennes, S. M. (2014) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0440-2 · Cited by 33
The Role of Implicit Theories in Evaluations of “Plus-Size” Advertising
Cinelli, M. D., & Yang, L. (2016) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2016.1230838 · Cited by 33
Who is at risk on facebook? the effects of facebook news feed photographs on female college students’ appearance satisfaction.
Kim, M., & Park, W. (2016) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2016.08.007 · Cited by 33
Objecting to Objectification: Women’s Collective Action against Sexual Objectification on Television
Guizzo, F., Cadinu, M., Galdi, S., Maass, A., & Latrofa, M. (2017) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0725-8 · Cited by 33

Authors: Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Grabe, Shelly
Ward, L. Monique
Hyde, Janet Shibley
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008
Volume: 134
Issue: 3
Pages: 460-476
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
OpenAlex: W2100351233
Cited by: 2,053
References: 168
Citations by year: 2026: 81 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 86
FWCI: 9.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (F32MH7197102)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: media exposure, body image, thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, women, dietary habits, media image
MeSH terms: Adult, Body Image, Culture, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Mass Media, Self Concept, Social Behavior

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The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies

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