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The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies
Abstract
Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds = -.28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women.
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“These studies often revealed a relation between exposure to the thin ideal and a negative body image among young girls and women (e.g., Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008; Halliwell & Dittmar, 2004; Irving, 1990;).”
From Picture Perfect: The Direct Effect of Manipulated Instagram Photos on Body Image in Adolescent Girls (2018) · cites this paper as Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008
In the citing paper
“Media platforms have had a major impact on Body image, as there is strong evidence suggesting the negative effects of objectifying beauty standards presented on mass media such as TV and Magazines2.”
From Association between beauty standards shaped by social media and body dysmorphia among Egyptian medical students (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Several studies suggest that the media are important risk factors for adolescents' body dissatisfaction (e.g., Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008).”
From The reciprocal and indirect relationships between passive Facebook use, comparison on Facebook, and adolescents' body dissatisfaction (2017) · cites this paper as Grabe et al., 2008
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“Curvaceously Thin Women and V-Shaped Men in the Media Since the 1960s, media portrayals of women have increasingly become thinner and taller (e.g., Calogero and Thompson 2010; Garner et al. 1980; Grabe et al. 2008; Silverstein et al. 1986).”
BackgroundA Longitudinal Investigation of Gender Role and Muscle Building in Adolescent Boys
Smolak, L., & Stein, J. A. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9819-x · Cited by 48
“Media have been of special interest, partly because of their clear relationship to body image and the use of body changing techniques by girls ( Grabe et al. 2008 ).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Media on Body Image in Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Coyne, S. M., Liechty, T., Collier, K. M., Sharp, A. D., Davis, E. J., & Kroff, S. L. (2017) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1314853 · Cited by 44
“Multiple meta-analyses have found that exposure to thin-ideal media was associated with poor body image, poor self-esteem, depression, and increased dieting and propensity toward eating disorders (e.g., Grabe et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThaler, A., Piryankova, I. V., Stefanucci, J. K., Pujades, S., de la Rosa, S., Streuber, S., Romero, J., Black, M. J., & Mohler, B. J. (2018) · Frontiers in ICT · doi:10.3389/fict.2018.00018 · Cited by 50
“This finding is in line with previous research showing that females wish for a significantly thinner body (Grabe et al., 2008).”
ResultDanthinne, E. S., Giorgianni, F. E., & Rodgers, R. F. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23242 · Cited by 44
Explaining rigid dieting in normal-weight women: the key role of body image inflexibility
Ferreira, C., Trindade, I. A., & Martinho, A. (2015) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-015-0188-x · Cited by 43
Use of social networking sites and perception and intentions regarding body weight among adolescents
Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Chaput, J., & Hamilton, H. A. (2016) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.26 · Cited by 43
The relationship between objectification theory and muscle dysmorphia characteristics in men.
Heath, B., Tod, D., Kannis‐Dymand, L., & Lovell, G. P. (2015) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000022 · Cited by 56
Trekels, J., & Eggermont, S. (2016) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12100 · Cited by 42
Metadata
- Authors
- Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 460-476
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2100351233
- Cited by
- 2,053
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 86
- FWCI
- 9.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (F32MH7197102)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- media exposure, body image, thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, women, dietary habits, media image
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Image, Culture, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Mass Media, Self Concept, Social Behavior
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