Cited by 2,053Eating Disorders and BehaviorsBody Image and Dysmorphia StudiesNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 167 of the 168 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies

Grabe, Shelly, Ward, L. Monique, Hyde, Janet Shibley·2008·Psychological Bulletin

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Research suggests that exposure to mass media depicting the thin-ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women. This meta-analysis examined experimental and correlational studies testing the links between media exposure to women's body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes. The mean effect sizes were small to moderate (ds = -.28, -.39, and -.30, respectively). Effects for some outcome variables were moderated by publication year and study design. The findings support the notion that exposure to media images depicting the thin-ideal body is related to body image concerns for women.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460

Cites

167 of 167 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Untitled work
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
Hedges, L. V. (1981) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164588 · Cited by 5,695
The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates
Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. (1982) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700049163 · Cited by 4,902
Fixed-and random-effects models in meta-analysis.
Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.486 · Cited by 2,977
Body image: a handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-3703 · Cited by 1,834
Use of the Danish Adoption Register for the study of obesity and thinness.
Stunkard, A. J., Sørensen, T. I. A., & D, F. S. M. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 1,773
The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta‐analytic review
Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10005 · Cited by 1,772

Show all 168 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,002

“Boys Can Be Anything”: Effect of Barbie Play on Girls’ Career Cognitions
Sherman, A. M., & Zurbriggen, E. L. (2014) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0347-y · Cited by 94
“…was associated with an increased risk for depressive symptoms for their sample of women in Australia and New Zealand, while U.S. researchers have found similar patterns for the outcomes of low self-esteem (Grabe et al. 2007), and body dissatisfaction (Davison et al. 2000; Grabe et al. 2008).”
Background
Body image and internalization of appearance ideals in Black women: An update and call for culturally-sensitive research
Lowy, A. S., Rodgers, R. F., Franko, D. L., Pluhar, E., & Webb, J. B. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.10.005 · Cited by 95
Are body image issues affecting our adolescents? A cross-sectional study among college going adolescent girls
Ganesan, S., Ravishankar, S., & Ramalingam, S. (2018) · Indian Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_62_18 · Cited by 92
Reality Check: An Experimental Investigation of the Addition of Warning Labels to Fashion Magazine Images on Women's Mood and Body Dissatisfaction
Slater, A., Tiggemann, M., Firth, B., & Hawkins, K. (2012) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.2.105 · Cited by 94
“, 2002), as well as greater thin-ideal internalization and disordered eating (Grabe et al., 2008).”
Background
Do sex and violence sell? A meta-analytic review of the effects of sexual and violent media and ad content on memory, attitudes, and buying intentions.
Lull, R. B., & Bushman, B. J. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000018 · Cited by 93
The influence of Grindr, a geosocial networking application, on body image in gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men: An exploratory study
Filice, E., Raffoul, A., Meyer, S. B., & Neiterman, E. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.08.007 · Cited by 107
The effect of #enhancement-free Instagram images and hashtags on women’s body image
Tiggemann, M., & Zinoviev, K. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.09.004 · Cited by 96
“Putting on” Sexiness: A Content Analysis of the Presence of Sexualizing Characteristics in Girls’ Clothing
Goodin, S. M., Denburg, A. N. V., Murnen, S. K., & Smolak, L. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9966-8 · Cited by 90
“Accordingly, exposure to sexually-objectifying media has been linked with self-objectification, body surveillance, body shame, and anxiety over appearance (e.g., Grabe et al. 2008; Monro and Huon 2005), as well as with an acceptance of the normative belief that women are sexual objects (Peter and Valkenburg 2007; Ward…”
Background
Fighting self-objectification in prevention and intervention contexts.
Tylka, T. L., & Augustus-Horvath, C. L. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12304-009 · Cited by 89
Altered Images: Understanding the Influence of Unrealistic Images and Beauty Aspirations
MacCallum, F., & Widdows, H. (2016) · Health Care Analysis · doi:10.1007/s10728-016-0327-1 · Cited by 89
“Extensive research supports this, with exposure to visual mass media depicting idealised bodies being associated with body image disturbance in both experimental and correlational studies [9].”
Background
The Role of News Consumption and Trust in Public Health Leadership in Shaping COVID-19 Knowledge and Prejudice
Dhanani, L. Y., & Franz, B. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.560828 · Cited by 89
Problematic usage of the internet and eating disorder and related psychopathology: A multifaceted, systematic review and meta-analysis
Ioannidis, K., Taylor, C., Holt, L., Brown, K., Löchner, C., Fineberg, N. A., Corazza, O., Chamberlain, S. R., Román-Urrestarazu, A., & Czabanowska, K. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.005 · Cited by 91
Do lesbian women have a better body image? Comparisons with heterosexual women and model of lesbian-specific factors
Alvy, L. M. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.06.002 · Cited by 89
Effects of exposure to thin-ideal media images on body dissatisfaction: Testing the inclusion of a disclaimer versus warning label
Ata, R. N., Thompson, J. K., & Small, B. J. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.04.004 · Cited by 95
Show your best self(ie): An exploratory study on selfie-related motivations and behavior in emerging adulthood
de Vaate, N. A. J. D. B., Veldhuis, J., Alleva, J. M., Konijn, E. A., & van Hugten, C. H. M. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.03.010 · Cited by 94
“Such an approach seems valuable, given that they experience a normative discontent with their bodies as a consequence of being focused on meeting ideal body-standards presented by the media and reinforced by their peers (Grabe et al., 2008; Tantleff-Dunn et al., 2011; Veldhuis, Konijn, and Seidell, 2014b).”
Background
Body Image and Sociocultural Predictors of Body Image Dissatisfaction in Croatian and Chinese Women
Stojcic, I., Dong, X., & Ren, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00731 · Cited by 92
“Culture has an impact on numerous factors that contribute to body image, including the media, peers, and family socialization (Grabe et al., 2008; Bell and Dittmar, 2011; Ferguson et al., 2011; Jones, 2011; Levine and Chapman, 2011; McCabe and McGreevy, 2011; Abraczinskas et al., 2012).”
Background
A picture is worth a thousand words: The effect of viewing celebrity Instagram images with disclaimer and body positive captions on women’s body image
Brown, Z. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.003 · Cited by 88
Science mapping research on body image: A bibliometric review of publications in Body Image, 2004–2020
Andersen, N., & Swami, V. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.015 · Cited by 93
Media exposure, internalization of the thin ideal, and body dissatisfaction: Comparing Asian American and European American college females
Nouri, M., Hill, L. G., & Orrell-Valente, J. K. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.05.008 · Cited by 93
Reciprocal relations between body satisfaction and self‐esteem: A large 13‐year prospective study of adolescents☆
Wichstrøm, L., & von Soest, T. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.12.003 · Cited by 89
Social physique anxiety and physical self-esteem: Gender and age effects
Hagger, M. S., & Stevenson, A. (2010) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440903160990 · Cited by 87
“This in keeping with the previously mentioned increases in perceived social expectations and exposure to media, as well as pubertal bodily changes that are associated with health concerns in females (Leventhal, Cameron, Leventhal, & Ozakinci, 2005 ; Shelly, Ward, & Hyde, 2008 ; Stice & Shaw, 1994 ).”
Gender and Age Group Differences in Mass Media and Interpersonal Influences on Body Dissatisfaction Among Chinese Adolescents
Chen, H., & Jackson, T. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0056-8 · Cited by 94
“General reviews have also concluded that pressure communicated through exposure to mass media portrayals of physical attractiveness contributes to body dissatisfaction for Western females (Grabe et al. 2008) and males (Barlett et al. 2008).”
Background
Body image concern among Australian adolescent girls: The role of body comparisons with models and peers
Carey, R. N., Donaghue, N., & Broderick, P. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.09.006 · Cited by 88
A picture is worth a thousand words: how images influence information quality and information load in online reviews
Zinko, R., Stolk, P., Furner, Z. Z., & Almond, B. A. (2019) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-019-00345-y · Cited by 89
Examining the impact of social media on mood and body dissatisfaction using ecological momentary assessment
Bennett, B. L., Whisenhunt, B. L., Hudson, D. L., Wagner, A. F., Latner, J. D., Stefano, E. C., & Beauchamp, M. T. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1583236 · Cited by 81
Thinking meta-theoretically about the role of internalization in the development of body dissatisfaction and body change behaviors
Karazsia, B. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Wong, K., & Crowther, J. H. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.06.005 · Cited by 103
“Trait internalization may change over time as a result of future maturation or exposure to massive amounts societal influences (Grabe et al., 2008), and therefore it is important for all involved in screening processes to recognize that individuals deemed low-risk based on internalization…”
BackgroundMethod
The effect of priming materialism on women's responses to thin‐ideal media
Ashikali, E., & Dittmar, H. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02020.x · Cited by 93
Examination of a sociocultural model of excessive exercise among male and female adolescents
White, J., & Halliwell, E. (2010) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.02.002 · Cited by 90
Children's subjective well-being in relation to gender — What can we learn from dissatisfied children?
Kaye‐Tzadok, A., Kim, S. S., & Main, G. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.058 · Cited by 99
Facebook use and negative body image among u.s. college women.
Eckler, P., Kalyango, Y., & Paasch, E. (2017) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2016.1159268 · Cited by 80
“Such media messages have been consistently linked to concerns about body image (Grabe et al. 2008; Groesz, Levine, and Murnen 2002).”
Background
Adolescents’ Body Shame and Social Networking Sites: The Mediating Effect of Body Image Control in Photos
Gioia, F., Griffiths, M. D., & Boursier, V. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01142-0 · Cited by 81
Grounded Visual Pattern Analysis: Photographs in Organizational Field Studies
Shortt, H., & Warren, S. (2017) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428117742495 · Cited by 83
Virtually Perfect: Image Retouching and Adolescent Body Image
Harrison, K., & Hefner, V. (2014) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2013.770354 · Cited by 83
“Poor body-image outcomes following exposure to media images that are both thin and ideal are well documented among adolescents, especially girls (Grabe et al., 2008), and the effect sizes in that literature tend to be larger than the modest ones”
BackgroundInfluential
Body dissatisfaction assessed by the Photographic Figure Rating Scale is associated with sociocultural, personality, and media influences
Swami, V., Taylor, R., & Carvalho, C. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00836.x · Cited by 82
Straight, white teeth as a social prerogative
Khalid, A., & Quiñonez, C. (2015) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12238 · Cited by 91
Does Self-Licensing Benefit Self-Regulation Over Time? An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of Food Temptations
Prinsen, S., Evers, C., Meij, L. W., van Vliet, R., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218754509 · Cited by 82
“The study was conducted in the domain of eating behavior and among a female sample, as food temptations typically evoke self-regulatory conflict (Vohs & Baumeister, 2011), but particularly in women as they are in general more concerned about their body weight than men (Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008).”
Weighing Women Down: Messages on Weight Loss and Body Shaping in Editorial Content in Popular Women's Health and Fitness Magazines
Willis, L. E., & Knobloch‐Westerwick, S. (2013) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.755602 · Cited by 82
“As such, motivation and conduct standards for body shaping and weight portrayed in the media likely affect recipients’ standards for own body shaping (Grabe et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Internalized Sexualization and Its Relation to Sexualized Appearance, Body Surveillance, and Body Shame Among Early Adolescent Girls
McKenney, S. J., & Bigler, R. S. (2014) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431614556889 · Cited by 80
“Consistent with that notion, a meta-analysis by Grabe, Ward, and Hyde (2008) found that exposure to sexualized media positively predicted body shame among adult women.”
Result
Social media and eating disorder psychopathology: A systematic review
Padín, P. F., Rodríguez, R. G., Diego, C. V., & Vázquez-Pérez, R. (2021) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2021-3-6 · Cited by 79
“The dissemination of these extended aesthetic models on SM creates a risk for the development and maintenance of health problems, as in the case of EDs (Grabe et al., 2008).”
Background
Social media usage and body image: Examining the mediating roles of internalization of appearance ideals and social comparisons in young women
Jung, J., Barron, D. S., Lee, Y., & Swami, V. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107357 · Cited by 103
Form or function: Does focusing on body functionality protect women from body dissatisfaction when viewing media images?
Mulgrew, K. E., & Tiggemann, M. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316655471 · Cited by 81
Beauty, Body Image, and the Media
Mills, J. S., Shannon, A., & Hogue, J. V. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.68944 · Cited by 78
Are Contemporary Media Images Which Seem to Display Women as Sexually Empowered Actually Harmful to Women?
Halliwell, E., Malson, H. M., & Tischner, I. (2011) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684310385217 · Cited by 78
“Experimental studies generally report that exposure to ultrathin bodies idealized in the media leads to body dissatisfaction, weight dissatisfaction, and negative affect among many women (e.g., Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008; Groesz, Levine, & Murnen, 2002) across countries such as Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and the…”
BackgroundInfluential
Exposure to thin-ideal media affect most, but not all, women: Results from the Perceived Effects of Media Exposure Scale and open-ended responses
Frederick, D. A., Daniels, E. A., Bates, M. E., & Tylka, T. L. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.006 · Cited by 87
“More than a diet”: A qualitative investigation of young vegan Women's relationship to food
Costa, I., Gill, P. R., Morda, R., & Ali, L. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104418 · Cited by 76
GI Joe or Average Joe? The impact of average-size and muscular male fashion models on men's and women's body image and advertisement effectiveness
Diedrichs, P. C., & Lee, C. (2010) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.03.004 · Cited by 75
Perfectionism, Body Dissatisfaction, and Bulimic Symptoms: The Intervening Role of Perceived Pressure to be Thin and Thin Ideal Internalization
Boone, L., Soenens, B., & Braet, C. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.10.1043 · Cited by 87
Body Ideals in the Media: Perceived Attainability and Social Comparison Choices
Knobloch‐Westerwick, S., & Romero, J. P. (2011) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2010.547833 · Cited by 87
“Indeed, ideal body images in the media have been demonstrated to cause unrealistic body shape aspirations and body dissatisfaction, as shown in meta-analyses for women ( Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008 ) and for men ( Barlett, Vowels, & Saucier, 2008 ).”
Background
Genital Self-Image: Associations with Other Domains of Body Image and Sexual Response
Komarnicky, T., Skakoon‐Sparling, S., Milhausen, R. R., & Breuer, R. (2019) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2019.1586018 · Cited by 75
The effects of TV commercials using less thin models on young women's mood, body image and actual food intake
Anschütz, D. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Becker, E. S., & van Strien, T. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.07.007 · Cited by 73
Self-perceived effects of Internet pornography use, genital appearance satisfaction, and sexual self-esteem among young Scandinavian adults
Kvalem, I. L., Træen, B., Lewin, B., & Štulhofer, A. (2014) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2014-4-4 · Cited by 74
The Role of Body Image in the Prediction of Life Satisfaction and Flourishing in Men and Women
Davis, L. L., Fowler, S. A., Best, L. A., & Both, L. E. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00093-y · Cited by 73
Multiple exposure to appearance-focused real accounts on Instagram: Effects on body image among both genders
Casale, S., Gemelli, G., Calosi, C., Giangrasso, B., & Fioravanti, G. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00229-6 · Cited by 73
How do Norwegian adolescents experience the role of social media in relation to mental health and well-being: a qualitative study
Hjetland, G., Schønning, V., Hella, R. T., Veseth, M., & Skogen, J. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00582-x · Cited by 69
A review of sex differences in the mechanisms and drivers of overeating
Anversa, R. G., Muthmainah, M., Sketriené, D., Gogos, A., Sumithran, P., & Brown, R. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100941 · Cited by 80
Machine Learning as a Model for Cultural Learning: Teaching an Algorithm What it Means to be Fat
Arseniev‐Koehler, A., & Foster, J. G. (2022) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/00491241221122603 · Cited by 88
The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful
Northup, T., & Liebler, C. M. (2010) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2010.496917 · Cited by 73
“Indeed, Grabe, Ward, and Hyde (2008) recently concluded from their meta-analysis of seventy-seven studies that media exposure to thin beauty ideals is related to body image disturbance.”
Background
A Losing Battle
Knobloch‐Westerwick, S., & Crane, J. (2011) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650211400596 · Cited by 74
“Body dissatisfaction is fairly ubiquitous among women and has been studied extensively (e.g., see meta-analysis by Grabe et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Associations between trait emotional intelligence, actual–ideal weight discrepancy, and positive body image
Swami, V., Begum, S., & Petrides, K. V. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.009 · Cited by 80
Exploring the complexities of body image experiences in middle age and older adult women within an exercise context: The simultaneous existence of negative and positive body images
Bailey, K. A., Cline, L. E., & Gammage, K. L. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.007 · Cited by 73
The looking glass selfie: Instagram use frequency predicts visual attention to high-anxiety body regions in young women
Couture Bue, A. C. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106329 · Cited by 72
Media Exposure, Body Dissatisfaction, and Disordered Eating in Middle-aged Women
Slevec, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2011) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684311420249 · Cited by 94
“This is an important finding because it suggests that middle-aged women may indeed be vulnerable to the negative effects of media so well-documented in younger women (see Grabe et al., 2008, for a review).”
Background
Female body dissatisfaction after exposure to overweight and thin media images: The role of body mass index and neuroticism
Dalley, S. E., Buunk, A. P., & Umit, T. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.044 · Cited by 77
Sociocultural Attitudes Surrounding Menstruation and Alternative Menstrual Products: The Explanatory Role of Self-Objectification
Grose, R. G., & Grabe, S. (2014) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2014.888721 · Cited by 71
Self-citation
Attachment to God mitigates negative effect of media exposure on women's body image.
Homan, K. J. (2012) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0029230 · Cited by 69
Getting Real about body image: A qualitative investigation of the usefulness of the Aerie Real campaign.
Rodgers, R., Kruger, L., Lowy, A. S., Long, S., & Richard, C. L. (2019) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.06.002 · Cited by 38
How advertising got ‘woke’: The institutional role of advertising in the emergence of gender progressive market logics and practices
Middleton, K., & Turnbull, S. (2021) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/14705931211035163 · Cited by 85
“…body image resulting in body dissatisfaction, which represents a high risk factor for several forms of 6 Marketing Theory XX(X Middleton and Turnbull 567 psychological dysfunction, including eating disorders, dietary restraint, depressive symptoms and body-focussed anxiety (Grabe et al., 2008).”
Assessing Gender-Related Portrayals in Top-Grossing G-Rated Films
Smith, S. L., Pieper, K. M., Granados, A., & Choueiti, M. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9736-z · Cited by 71
“Studies show that attributes (e.g., perceptions, beliefs, emotional reactions, expectations, behaviors) of some females’ appearance schema, for example, can be accessed and/or altered with exposure to the mass media ( Grabe et al. 2008; Tiggemann 2005).”
Background
The real campaign: The role of authenticity in the effectiveness of advertising disclaimers in digitally enhanced images
Cornelis, E., & Peter, P. C. (2017) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.018 · Cited by 76
“Grabe et al. (2008) suggest that media literacy prevention programs are effective in teaching individuals how to be active and critical consumers.”
Background
Explaining the Relationship Between Media Exposure and Early Adolescents’ Body Image Perceptions
Eyal, K., & Te’eni-Harari, T. (2013) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000094 · Cited by 72
The Development of Ideal Body Image Perceptions in the United States
Martin, J. B. (2010) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/nt.0b013e3181dec6a2 · Cited by 70
The mediating role of rumination in the relation between attentional bias towards thin female bodies and eating disorder symptomatology
Dondzilo, L., Rieger, E., Palermo, R., Byrne, S. M., & Bell, J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177870 · Cited by 79
Disordered eating: Influence of body image, sociocultural attitudes, appearance anxiety and depression - a focus on college males and a gender comparison
Turel, T., Jameson, M. M., Gitimu, P. N., Rowlands, Z., Mincher, J. L., & Pohle-Krauza, R. J. (2018) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2018.1483062 · Cited by 67
How does stigma affect people with psoriasis?
Łakuta, P., Marcinkiewicz, K., Bergler-Czop, B. S., & Brzezińska-Wcisło, L. A. (2017) · Advances in Dermatology and Allergology · doi:10.5114/pdia.2016.62286 · Cited by 73
“It should be emphasized that women are more frequently valued and assessed by their appearance than men [38, 39].”
Background
Excessive Time on Social Networking Sites and Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Undergraduate Students: Appearance and Weight Esteem as Mediating Pathways.
Murray, M., Maras, D., & Goldfield, G. S. (2016) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0384 · Cited by 65
“Long-standing evidence links media content to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating for females 20,21 and males.”
The "Little Red Riding Hood effect:" Fitspiration is just as bad as thinspiration for women’s body satisfaction.
Dignard, N. A. L., & Jarry, J. L. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.012 · Cited by 68
Analysis of the factor structure of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3) in Spanish secondary-school students through exploratory structural equation modeling
Sánchez‐Carracedo, D., Barrada, J. R., López‐Guimerà, G., Fauquet, J., Almenara, C. A., & Trepat, E. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.10.002 · Cited by 66
“Fat is your fault”. Gatekeepers to health, attributions of responsibility and the portrayal of gender in the Irish media representation of obesity
Brún, A. D., McCarthy, M. B., McKenzie, K., & McGloin, A. F. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.005 · Cited by 66
Risk factors for disordered eating during early and middle adolescence: a two year longitudinal study of mainland Chinese boys and girls.
Jackson, T., & Chen, H. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9823-z · Cited by 64
“Media portrayals of the thin ideal have been implicated in eating disturbances of females (Grabe et al. 2008) yet over 10 % of average weight adolescent Chinese boys would prefer to lose weight (Xie et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Setting policy priorities to address eating disorders and weight stigma: views from the field of eating disorders and the US general public
Puhl, R. M., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Austin, S. B., Luedicke, J., & King, K. M. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-524 · Cited by 65
“industries, and the normalization of dieting and weightbased teasing in modern society, are also significant contributors to eating disorders [5-8].”
Background
Is the “Yoga Bod” the new skinny?
Webb, J. B., Thomas, E. V., Warren‐Findlow, J., Padro, M., Burris, E. N., & Suddreth, E. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.11.005 · Cited by 73
This girl can #jointhemovement: Effectiveness of physical functionality-focused campaigns for women’s body satisfaction and exercise intent
Mulgrew, K. E., McCulloch, K., Farren, E., Prichard, I. J., & Lim, M. S. C. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.007 · Cited by 72
Google Trends as a Resource for Informing Plastic Surgery Marketing Decisions
Ward, B., Ward, M., & Paskhover, B. (2018) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-017-1019-4 · Cited by 57
Self-compassion mindsets: The components of the self-compassion scale operate as a balanced system within individuals
Phillips, W. J. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00452-1 · Cited by 73
Effects of taking selfies on women’s self-objectification, mood, self-esteem, and social aggression toward female peers
Fox, J., Vendemia, M. A., Smith, M. A., & Brehm, N. R. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.011 · Cited by 64
“We’re Continually Comparing Ourselves to Something”: Navigating Body Image, Media, and Social Media Ideals at the Nexus of Appearance, Health, and Wellness
Monks, H., Costello, L. N., Dare, J., & Boyd, E. R. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01162-w · Cited by 67
Predicting consideration of cosmetic surgery in a college population: A continuum of body image disturbance and the importance of coping strategies
Callaghan, G. M., Lopez, A., Wong, L. R., Northcross, J., & Anderson, K. R. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.002 · Cited by 64
“Grabe, Ward, and Hyde (2008) conducted a meta-analysis on the influence of the media and found that for women, exposure to presentations of an ideal thin image is related to body image concerns.”
Background
Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Peer Competition, Television Influences, and Body Image Dissatisfaction
Ferguson, C. J., Muñoz, M. E., Contreras, S., & Velasquez, K. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.5.458 · Cited by 73
“17 across several meta-analyses (Grabe et al., 2008; Groesz, Levine, & Murnen, 2002; Holmstrom, 2004; Want, 2009). The analysis finding the smallest results (Holmstrom, 2004) concluded that media effects are trivial, whereas the others concluded effects could be important. Grabe et al. (2008) also found some evidence…”
Result
Using the Precede–Proceed Model of Health Program Planning in breast cancer nursing research
Tramm, R., McCarthy, A. L., & Yates, P. M. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05888.x · Cited by 63
The impact of disability type and visibility on self‐concept and body image: Implications for mental health nursing
Shpigelman, C., & HaGani, N. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12513 · Cited by 63
The role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between self-concealment and disordered eating symptoms
Masuda, A., Boone, M. S., & Timko, C. A. (2011) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.01.007 · Cited by 63
Disordered Eating Among Asian/Asian American Women
Cheng, H. (2014) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000014535472 · Cited by 71
“Consistent with a considerable body of research documenting media internalization as a risk factor for body image concerns (Grabe et al., 2008) and disordered eating (Stice, 2002), the present study found that Asian/Asian American women who adhered to the Western media standards of beauty were more…”
Result
Looks can be deceiving: body image dissatisfaction relates to social anxiety through fear of negative evaluation
Pawijit, Y., Likhitsuwan, W., Ludington, J., & Pisitsungkagarn, K. (2017) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2017-0031 · Cited by 66
“Adverse psychological outcomes of these conditions include depression, stress [15], lowered self-confidence [6] and self-esteem [16].”
Background
Women over 40, foreigners of color, and other missing persons in globalizing mediascapes: understanding marketing images as mirrors of intersectionality
Gopaldas, A., & Siebert, A. (2018) · Consumption Markets & Culture · doi:10.1080/10253866.2018.1462170 · Cited by 67
“…weightism in themedia demonstrate that “tall and slim” body ideals lead not only to job discrimination, but also to body dissatisfaction, lower self-esteem, and behavioral disorders such as anorexia, overeating, and excessive exercise (Barlett, Vowels, and Saucier 2008; Grabe, Ward, and Hyde 2008).”
Background
Self-concept clarity and appearance-based social comparison to idealized bodies
Carter, J. J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.001 · Cited by 78
“Importantly, experimental studies have provided causal evidence for the association between exposure to idealized imagery and body dissatisfaction (Grabe et al., 2008).”
Background
Seeing the beauty in everyday people: A qualitative study of young Australians’ opinions on body image, the mass media and models
Diedrichs, P. C., Lee, C., & Kelly, M. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.03.003 · Cited by 71
Negotiated media effects. Peer feedback modifies effects of media’s thin-body ideal on adolescent girls
Veldhuis, J., Konijn, E. A., & Seidell, J. C. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.10.023 · Cited by 69
Exposure to Barbie: Effects on thin-ideal internalisation, body esteem, and body dissatisfaction among young girls
Rice, K., Prichard, I. J., Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.09.005 · Cited by 74
Disclaimer labels on fashion magazine advertisements: Impact on visual attention and relationship with body dissatisfaction
Bury, B., Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.09.005 · Cited by 60
“This increase is consistent with the literature which has established a small-tomoderate negative effect of exposure to thin ideal imagery for most women (Grabe et al., 2008; Groesz et al., 2002; Levine & Murnen, 2009; Want, 2009).”
Result
Does exposure to sexually explicit Internet material increase body dissatisfaction? A longitudinal study
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.071 · Cited by 61
“Given the consistent evidence of media’s impact on body dissatisfaction (e.g., Grabe et al., 2008; Lopez-Guimera et al., 2010; Want, 2009), it may be that people may feel less in control of changing their bodies than assumed.”

Authors: Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Grabe, Shelly
Ward, L. Monique
Hyde, Janet Shibley
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008
Volume: 134
Issue: 3
Pages: 460-476
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
OpenAlex: W2100351233
Cited by: 2,053
References: 168
Citations by year: 2026: 81 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 163 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 109 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 86
FWCI: 9.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (F32MH7197102)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: media exposure, body image, thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, women, dietary habits, media image
MeSH terms: Adult, Body Image, Culture, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Mass Media, Self Concept, Social Behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks