Cited by 362Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesEmbodied and Extended CognitionMotor Control and Adaptation

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The soft constraints hypothesis: A rational analysis approach to resource allocation for interactive behavior.

Gray, Wayne D., Sims, Chris R., Fu, Wai-Tat, Schoelles, Michael J.·2006·Psychological Review

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Abstract

Soft constraints hypothesis (SCH) is a rational analysis approach that holds that the mixture of perceptual-motor and cognitive resources allocated for interactive behavior is adjusted based on temporal cost-benefit tradeoffs. Alternative approaches maintain that cognitive resources are in some sense protected or conserved in that greater amounts of perceptual-motor effort will be expended to conserve lesser amounts of cognitive effort. One alternative, the minimum memory hypothesis (MMH), holds that people favor strategies that minimize the use of memory. SCH is compared with MMH across 3 experiments and with predictions of an Ideal Performer Model that uses ACT-R's memory system in a reinforcement learning approach that maximizes expected utility by minimizing time. Model and data support the SCH view of resource allocation; at the under 1000-ms level of analysis, mixtures of cognitive and perceptual-motor resources are adjusted based on their cost-benefit tradeoffs for interactive behavior.

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Self-citation

Authors: Gray, W. D., Sims, C. R., Fu, W.-T., & Schoelles, M. J.
Affiliations: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Gray, Wayne D.
Sims, Chris R.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 113
Issue: 3
Pages: 461-482
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.113.3.461
OpenAlex: W2104514002
Cited by: 360
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 13.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Office of Naval Research (N000140310046)
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-03-1-0143)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords: resource allocation, cognitive effort, ACT-R, reinforcement learning, expected utility, interactive behavior
MeSH terms: Cognition, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Reinforcement, Psychology, Social Behavior

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The soft constraints hypothesis: A rational analysis approach to resource allocation for interactive behavior.

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