Supporting Novice to Expert Transitions in User Interfaces

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

When task demands are low, learners benefit from practice conditions that increase total cognitive load; when task demands are high, practice conditions with more manageable workload are beneficial.

“They explained this effect with reference to the learner's total cognitive load: When task demands are low, learners benefit from practice conditions that increase total load, whereas when task demands are high, practice conditions with more manageable workload are beneficial.”

• cites Wulf and Shea [2002] sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Many interfaces allow access to extensive functionality, often including hundreds or thousands of commands, yet users typically know only a small subset.

“Many interfaces allow access to extensive functionality, often including hundreds or thousands of commands [Hsi and Potts 2000;McGrenere et al. 2007], yet users typically know only a small subset.”

• cites Hsi and Potts 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites McGrenere et al. 2007 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Learning and skill acquisition have been the focus of substantial research in the psychology literature.

“Naturally, learning and skill acquisition have been the focus of substantial research in the psychology literature.”

May combine two claims.

Interfaces explicitly designed for experts, such as keyboard shortcuts or command-line interaction, allow high levels of performance but only after extensive training.

“interfaces explicitly designed for experts (e.g., keyboard shortcuts or command-line interaction) allow high levels of performance but only after extensive training”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Help and documentation is often the user's source of last resort.

“often the user's source of last resort [Randall and Pedersen 1998]”

• cites Randall and Pedersen 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Spatial and proprioceptive memory strongly influence the user's ability to rapidly acquire interface targets.

“spatial and proprioceptive memory strongly influence the user's ability to rapidly acquire interface targets”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The tendency for users to asymptote at mediocre performance has serious and enduring implications for the productivity of millions of office workers.

“The tendency for users to asymptote at mediocre performance has serious and enduring implications for the productivity of millions of office workers.”

May combine two claims.

Both production and assimilation biases lead users to continue with known methods of interaction, causing a tendency to miss opportunities for improvement.

“Both biases lead users to continue with known methods of interaction, causing an associated tendency to miss opportunities for improvement.”

• cites Carroll and Rossen 1987Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The problem of users failing to achieve expertise has been shown in many studies across a wide range of interactive tasks and contexts.

“The problem of users failing to achieve expertise has been shown in many studies across a wide range of interactive tasks and contexts.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Productivity losses from inefficient command selection are multiplied across many commands, applications, days, and years, leading to substantial total productivity loss.

“Although the productivity loss associated with each command selection is relatively small, these losses are multiplied across dozens of selections of each command per day”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Skills are developed through cognitive, associative, and autonomous phases.

“It describes how skills are developed through cognitive, associative, and autonomous phases”

• cites Fitts and Posner 1967Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During the cognitive phase, initial conceptions of the activity are formed, predominantly learning what activities are to be done.

“During the cognitive phase, initial conceptions of the activity are formed, predominantly learning what activities are to be done.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fitts and Posner's three-stage model of psychomotor skill acquisition is particularly influential.

“with Fitts and Posner's [1967] three-stage model being particularly influential”

• cites Fitts and Posner 1967Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The associative phase is enduring, with many tasks requiring years or decades of practice before transitioning to automaticity.

“The associative phase is enduring, with many tasks requiring years or decades of practice before transitioning from the associative phase to automaticity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The autonomous phase represents the ultimate level of psychomotor learning, attained after prolonged and extensive practice.

“The autonomous phase represents the ultimate level of psychomotor learning, one that is attained after prolonged and extensive practice.”

May combine two claims.

The typical design of GUIs allows users to quickly learn suboptimal methods for task completion, which users tend to maintain for months, years, and decades.

“The typical design of GUIs, therefore, allows users to quickly learn suboptimal methods for task completion (e.g., by pointing and clicking), which users tend to maintain for months, years, and decades of subsequent interaction.”

May combine two claims.

Standard GUI mechanisms such as visual search and direct manipulation are easy to understand but force experienced users into relatively slow and laborious action.

“standard GUI mechanisms such as visual search and direct manipulation, which are easy to understand but that force the experienced user into relatively slow and laborious action”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Human memory is the repository for human experiences and understanding, so anything that has been learned is encoded in some form of memory.

“human memory is the repository for human experiences and understanding, so anything that has been learned is encoded in some form of memory”

• cites Schmidt and Lee 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Controlled interaction at the cognitive phase is slow, attention-demanding, serial, and strongly volitional.

“Schneider and Shiffrin [1977] identified the following characteristics of controlled interaction: (1) It is slow; (2) it is attention-demanding, in that other similar tasks interfere with its execution; (3) it is serial in nature; and (4) it is strongly volitional, in that the activities can be avoided or immediately stopped.”

• cites Schneider and Shiffrin 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Recently, there has been an increase in literature explicitly addressing how interfaces can be designed to promote and assist expert levels of performance.

“Recently, however, there has been an increase in literature explicitly addressing the problem of how interfaces can be designed to promote and assist expert levels of performance.”

May combine two claims.

Autonomous actions are fast, not attention demanding, parallel, and not volitional.

“Schneider and Shiffrin [1977] identified the following characteristics of autonomous actions: (1) They are fast; (2) they are not attention demanding, in that other verbal or cognitive operations do not interfere with their execution; (3) they are parallel in nature, with various operations possibly occurring together; and (4) they are not volitional, in that processing is often unavoidable.”

• cites Schneider and Shiffrin 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Task performance improvements are largest during the cognitive phase.

“Despite this variance, task performance improvements are largest during the cognitive phase.”

May combine two claims.

Once a suboptimal strategy has been learned and reproduced several times, it is likely to become habit, further reducing the likelihood of changing to faster alternative methods.

“once a suboptimal strategy has been learned and reproduced several times, it is likely to become habit, further reducing the likelihood of changing to faster alternative methods”

May combine two claims.

The need for different movements to a target dependent on varied initial cursor location may impair the ultimate performance ceiling and ability to attain autonomous levels of performance with mouse and cursor interaction.

“the need for different movements to a target dependent on varied initial cursor location may impair the ultimate performance ceiling and ability to attain autonomous levels of performance with mouse and cursor interaction”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The guidance hypothesis suggests that augmented feedback that improves early performance through guidance may impair retention of the performed skills once the guidance is removed.

“the guidance hypothesis [Schmidt 1991] suggests that augmented feedback that improves early performance through guidance may impair retention of the performed skills once the guidance is removed.”

• cites Schmidt 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The efficacy of certain training interventions interacts with individual and environmental factors, complicating determination of which training methods are most effective for different people in different settings.

“The efficacy of certain training interventions has been demonstrated to interact with individual and environmental factors, which greatly complicates the process of determining which training methods are likely to be most effective for different people in different settings.”

May combine two claims.

In an experiment on learning letter locations, the frost brushing condition was rated as more engaging and less frustrating than the normal interface; in an experiment on learning gesture shapes for entire words, it was less engaging and more frustrating than normal.

“In an experiment on learning letter locations, the frost brushing condition was rated as more engaging and less frustrating than the normal interface; but an experiment involving the harder task of learning gesture shapes for entire words showed the frost brushing interface to be less engaging and more frustrating than normal.”

• cites Cockburn et al. [2007]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Personality differences such as introversion and extroversion result in different baselines of arousal, so the same stimulus effect may increase performance for an extrovert while decreasing performance for an introvert.

“there is evidence that personality differences such as introversion and extroversion result in different baselines of arousal, and, consequently, the same stimulus effect may increase performance for an extrovert while decreasing performance for an introvert [Revelle et al. 1980;Bullock and Gilliland 1993].”

• cites Revelle et al. 1980 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bullock and Gilliland 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Making novice functionality visible often suppresses expert functions, reducing the likelihood that they will be discovered.

“The notion that controls should be visible to be learned is also well expressed in most usability guidelines, but the corollary of making novice functionality visible is that expert functions are often suppressed, thus reducing the likelihood that they will be discovered.”

May combine two claims.

Two key strategies for improving motivation are to make the task seem important and to use goal setting.

“Two key strategies for improving motivation are to make the task seem important and to use goal setting [Schmidt and Lee 2011].”

• cites Schmidt and Lee 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Each method has associated performance characteristics, including a performance floor and ceiling, and each user will have attained performance ability somewhere between the floor and ceiling.

“Each method has associated performance characteristics, including a performance floor and ceiling, and each user will have attained performance ability somewhere between the floor and ceiling.”

May combine two claims.

Deliberate practice facilitates improving skills already attained and extending the reach and range of skills, and is further assisted through expert mediation such as skilled coaching.

“Deliberate practice facilitates two kinds of learning: improving skills already attained and extending the reach and range of skills; it is further assisted through expert mediation, such as skilled coaching.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Appropriate interface controls should be 'ready to hand': controls and feedback should be available for use but not obstruct task completion.

“A related concept is that appropriate interface controls should be”

• cites Karat et al. 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Positive motivation to learn and improve is a key determinant in whether a learner chooses to participate in practice.

“Positive motivation to learn and improve is a key determinant in whether a learner chooses to participate in practice.”

May combine two claims.

Low-skill golfers benefited more from instruction focused on internal motor aspects of actions than from instruction focused on external effects on the ball; highly skilled golfers benefited more from externally focused instructions.

“Perkins-Ceccato et al. [2003] showed that low-skill golfers benefited more from instruction that focused attention on internal motor aspects of actions when compared to instructions that focused on external effects on the ball; conversely, highly skilled golfers benefited more from externally focused instructions.”

• cites Perkins-Ceccato et al. [2003] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

When an interface is spatially stable, users can make rapid decisions about the location of target items, but when stability is compromised users must resort to comparatively slow visual search.

“When an interface is spatially stable, users can make rapid decisions about the location of target items, but when stability is compromised users must resort to comparatively slow visual search [Cockburn et al. 2007;Cockburn and Gutwin 2009].”

• cites Cockburn et al. 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Cockburn and Gutwin 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Without prior experience, novice users are heavily reliant on visual search, and visual search time is a linear function of the number of candidate items that must be considered.

“Without prior experience to draw on, novice users are heavily reliant on visual search, and the time for visual search is a linear function of the number of candidate items that must be considered [Hornof and Kieras 1997;Wolfe 1998;Cockburn et al. 2007;Cockburn and Gutwin 2009].”

• cites Hornof and Kieras 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wolfe 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Cockburn et al. 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many computer games achieve availability without obstruction through 'calm messaging' using nonabrupt and nonintrusive means such as transient text, animation, and audio.

“Dyck et al. [2003] observe that many computer games achieve the dual objectives of availability without obstruction through”

• cites Dyck et al. [2003] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Rest periods between training sessions improve learning, with longer rest periods being more beneficial than short ones.

“rest periods between sessions improve learning, with longer rest periods being more beneficial than short ones”

• cites Bourne and Archer 1956 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Baddeley and Longman 1978 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Performance generally follows an inverted U shape with level of arousal, deteriorating when a person is under- or overexcited.

“although it is known that performance generally follows an inverted U shape with level of arousal (i.e., performance deteriorates when a person is under-or overexcited)”

• cites Revelle et al. 1980 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bullock and Gilliland 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

There is a fine balance between engaging and frustrating users, and training interfaces should be neither too mundane nor too difficult.

“The results suggest that there is a fine balance between engaging and frustrating users and that training interfaces should be neither too mundane nor too difficult.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Automaticity allows the performer to think about higher level tasks during execution of the skill.

“Importantly, automaticity allows the performer to think about higher level tasks during the execution of the skill.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Highly skilled task performance is characterized by automaticity, where physical actions are executed quickly, efficiently, and with minimal conscious deliberation.

“Highly skilled task performance is characterized by automaticity, where the physical actions required for the task are executed quickly, efficiently, and with minimal conscious deliberation.”

May combine two claims.

Elite performance requires deliberate practice to counteract automaticity during practice, with performers using mental representations to maintain the cognitive and associative phases.

“he contends that elite performance require deliberate practice to counteract automaticity during practice, with performers using various forms of mental representations to maintain the cognitive and associative phases [Ericsson 2004]”

• cites Ericsson 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Some factors assisting performance at one stage can impair performance at another.

“including the observation that some factors assisting performance at one stage can impair performance at another.”

May combine two claims.

For learning complex elbow movements, mechanical limb control resulted in precise movements during training but inaccurate reproduction once the controls were released.

“Armstrong [1970] showed that for learning complex elbow movements, mechanical limb control resulted in precise movements during training but inaccurate reproduction once the controls were released.”

• cites Armstrong 1970 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The strength of a memory is a positive function of the depth to which the stimulus is analyzed.

“They postulated that the strength of a memory is a positive function of the depth to which the stimulus is analyzed.”

• cites Craik and Lockhart 1972 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Several factors influence the rate at which performance increases after initial familiarization, including effort required during training and use of guidance to assist performance.

“Several factors influence the rate at which performance increases after initial familiarization, including the effort required during training and the use of guidance to assist performance.”

May combine two claims.

Presenting different interfaces to novice and expert users risks confusing users when making a transition to the more advanced UI, introducing a performance dip.

“However, by presenting different interfaces to novice and expert users, there are risks of confusing users when making a transition to the more advanced UI (introducing a”

May combine two claims.

The frost brushing condition improved users' memory of letter locations and of gesture shapes better compared to the traditional keyboard display.

“brushing condition improved users' memory of letter locations and of gesture shapes better compared to the traditional keyboard display (memory for gesture shapes was measured by asking users to create word gestures on a blank keyboard, with gesture quality reported by a recognition engine score function).”

• cites Cockburn et al. [2007]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Gamification is typically used to increase the user's motivation to engage in an activity and to improve his or her performance at it, although other benefits such as increased collaboration and creative leadership may also occur.

“Typically, gamification is used to increase the user's motivation to engage in an activity and to improve his or her performance at it, although other benefits such as increased collaboration and creative leadership may also occur [Reeves and Read 2009].”

• cites Reeves and Read 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Users could locate unfamiliar commands in an interface much faster when using ShowMeHow.

“An initial user study showed that users could locate unfamiliar commands in an interface much faster when using ShowMeHow”

• cites Ramesh et al. 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Users found gamified calibration procedures to be significantly more enjoyable without compromising the calibration outcomes.

“their lab studies showed that users found gamified calibration procedures to be significantly more enjoyable without compromising the calibration outcomes.”

• cites Flatla et al. 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marking menus were designed to adhere to design guidelines including revelation, guidance, and rehearsal.

“Marking menus were designed to adhere to a set of design guidelines, including revelation, guidance, and rehearsal [Kurtenbach et al. 1994], as follows:”

• cites Kurtenbach et al. 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Users are biased toward procedures that are well-practiced and generic and composed of interactive components that are fast and incremental.

“Their findings showed that users are biased toward procedures that are (1) well-practiced and generic and (2) composed of interactive components that are fast and incremental.”

• cites Fu and Gray [2004]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The methods used for explicit task instruction could also be used to extend the user's vocabulary.

“Similarly, the methods used for explicit task instruction (described in Section 7) could also be used to extend the user's vocabulary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

These results have important implications for the design of training systems because designers must understand whether their goal is to assist users in rapidly attaining high performance or whether learned outcomes and transfer are primary objectives.

“These results have important implications for the design of training systems because designers must understand whether their goal is to assist users in rapidly attaining high performance or whether learned outcomes and the ability to transfer the learning to related interactions are primary objectives.”

May combine two claims.

The conceptual deterrents and barriers to vocabulary extension are similar to those described for intermodal improvement: users need to be aware of commands before using them, and they need to understand the magnitude of improvement that they will enable.

“The conceptual deterrents and barriers to vocabulary extension are similar to those described for intermodal improvement: Users need to be aware of commands before using them, and they need to understand the magnitude of improvement that they will enable.”

May combine two claims.

Keyboard shortcuts offer a higher performance ceiling than mouse selection, yet some participants did not use known hotkeys because they believed toolbar selections were faster.

“Similarly, studies have consistently shown that keyboard shortcuts offer a higher performance ceiling than does mouse selection [Odell et al. 2004;Lane et al. 2005;Malacria et al. 2013], yet Tak et al. [2013] found that some participants did not use known hotkeys because they believed toolbar selections were faster.”

• cites Odell et al. 2004Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lane et al. 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Malacria et al. 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

OctoPocus was evaluated in comparison to traditional Help menus and marking menus and showed positive results.

“OctoPocus was evaluated in comparison to traditional Help menus and marking menus and showed positive results.”

• cites Bau and Mackay 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Grossman et al.'s results showed that forced use and audio feedback worked well, with 72.8% and 66.6% respectively of experimental selections completed with hotkeys, and no adverse subjective response.

“Their results showed that forced use and audio feedback worked well, with 72.8% and 66.6% respectively of experimental selections completed with hotkeys, and no adverse subjective response.”

• cites Grossman et al. [2007] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

If deception is obvious, users will distrust the system and stop using it.

“Adar et al. [2013] provide a general discussion of the role of”

• cites Adar et al. [2013] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Task completion rates were higher and frustration lower when using FollowUs.

“Task completion rates were higher and frustration lower when using FollowUs.”

• cites Lafreniere et al. 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Several studies have demonstrated that predicted and actual experience differ and that users can mistrust their abilities, leading to underestimates of potential benefit with the new modality.

“Importantly, though, several studies have demonstrated that predicted and actual experience differ (e.g., Czerwinski et al. [2001]) and that users can mistrust their abilities, leading to underestimates of potential benefit with the new modality.”

• cites Czerwinski et al. [2001]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Although experiments showed forced use and audio feedback to be successful in increasing hotkey use, forced use of hotkeys and audio feedback may be unacceptable to users outside lab settings.

“Although experiments showed these methods to be successful in increasing hotkey use, forced use of hotkeys and audio feedback may be unacceptable to users outside lab settings.”

May combine two claims.

Although empirical results for CLI benefits over GUIs have been mixed, it is widely accepted that CLIs enable higher efficiency, and power users are strong advocates.

“Although empirical results for CLI benefits over GUIs have been mixed (e.g., Whiteside et al. [1985]), it is widely accepted that CLIs enable higher efficiency, and power users are strong advocates (e.g., Barrett et al. [2004]).”

• cites Whiteside et al. [1985]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Barrett et al. [2004] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The conditions that maximized performance during training (static- and dynamic-tracing conditions) performed worst in retention tests and vice versa.

“Their results confirmed the guidance hypothesis: The conditions that maximized performance during training (static-and dynamic-tracing conditions) performed the worst in the retention tests and vice versa.”

• cites Anderson and Bischof [2013] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Navigating through interface partitions takes time, and there are potential performance benefits in flattening the command structure to make more items accessible at once.

“Navigating through these partitions takes time, and, consequently, there are potential performance benefits in flattening the command structure to make more items accessible at once [Scarr et al. 2012].”

• cites Scarr et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The existence of this performance dip is likely to deter users from switching to new methods for interaction, even though doing so may offer long-term productivity gains.

“The existence of this performance dip is likely to deter users from switching to new methods for interaction, even though doing so may offer long-term productivity gains-the prospect of encountering a short-term productivity loss may cause users to postpone switching to the new method, possibly forever.”

May combine two claims.

Users' interactive behavior is often repetitive, and interfaces can aid efficiency by explicitly supporting command repetition.

“Users' interactive behavior is often repetitive (e.g., command use [Greenberg and Witten 1993] and web navigation [Tauscher and Greenberg 1997]), and interfaces can aid efficiency by explicitly supporting command repetition.”

• cites Greenberg and Witten 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Tauscher and Greenberg 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The quote only partly states this claim.

Tan et al.'s InfoCockpit results showed a 56% increase in object memory compared to standard desktop systems when items were displayed on multiple monitors wrapping around the user with spatial audio.

“Spatial audio was included to assist memorization of place, and their results showed a 56% increase in object memory compared to standard desktop systems.”

• cites Tan et al. [2001] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

These results reflect those generated by Cockburn et al.'s frost-brushing experiments, in which the frost-brushing condition slowed user performance during training but resulted in better results during subsequent testing conditions.

“These results reflect those generated by Cockburn et al.'s [2007] frost-brushing experiments, in which the frost-brushing condition slowed user performance during training but resulted in better results during subsequent testing conditions.”

• cites Cockburn et al. [2007]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Evaluation results of the CommunityCommands system suggest that an item-based collaborative filtering algorithm performs best, generating the highest number of useful recommendations, as well as the fewest number of unuseful ones.

“Evaluation results of their Com-munityCommands system suggest that an item-based collaborative filtering algorithm performs best, generating the highest number of useful recommendations, as well as the fewest number of unuseful ones.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many factors influence skill acquisition.

“Human factors literature, summarized in Section 2, shows that many factors influence skill acquisition.”

May combine two claims.

Open source systems permit modifications that enable the longitudinal analysis of expert use, but for productivity applications, the user base is often smaller than for major commercial systems.

“Open source systems permit modifications that enable the longitudinal analysis of expert use (e.g., Murphy et al.'s [2006] analysis of Java developers using the Eclipse IDE), but, for productivity applications, the user base is often smaller than for major commercial systems.”

• cites Murphy et al. 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Interaction with computing systems introduces new and important factors that have not been extensively studied.

“Interaction with computing systems introduces new and important factors that have not been extensively studied.”

May combine two claims.

Focus-shifts cause only a brief attention switch and cause less disruption.

“Focus-shifts cause only a brief attention switch and cause less disruption.”

• cites Bødker 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These techniques have several limitations, including access to only a subset of controls, reduced system responsiveness, and increased frequency of software crashes, which make them impractical for studies of real use.

“However, these techniques have several limitations, including access to only a subset of controls, reduced system responsiveness, and increased frequency of software crashes, which make them impractical for studies of real use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are two types of task interruption: breakdowns and focus-shifts.

“Research by Bødker [1995] suggests that there are two types of task interruption: breakdowns and focus-shifts.”

• cites Bødker 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These APIs typically form part of the accessibility framework that assists development of software for users with special needs.

“Typically, these APIs form part of the accessibility framework that assists development of software for users with special needs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Unlike buttons, scrollbars, and other graphical widgets that afford a particular method for activation, gestural interactions need not be conducted with reference to specific graphical entities.

“Unlike buttons, scrollbars, and other graphical widgets that afford a particular method for activation (clicking, dragging, etc.), gestural interactions need not be conducted with reference to specific graphical entities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Generation mechanisms should produce recommendations that are both new to the user and useful given his or her current context and task.

“Generation mechanisms should produce recommendations that are both new to the user and useful given his or her current context and task.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marking menus were designed to adhere to a set of design guidelines, including revelation, guidance, and rehearsal.

“Marking menus were designed to adhere to a set of design guidelines, including revelation, guidance, and rehearsal[Kurtenbach et al. 1994], as follows:”

• cites Kurtenbach et al. 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Encouraging users to reflect on their performance may assist in reducing the tendency to persistently maintain suboptimal methods.

“Encouraging users to reflect on their performance may assist in reducing the tendency to persistently maintain suboptimal methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Current interface guidelines attempt to account for novice learning and expertise by advocating for shortcut facilities, but this strategy is known to fail because few users make the transition to expert methods-instead, users maintain the adequate but inefficient strategies they learned first.

“Current interface guidelines attempt to account for novice learning and expertise by advocating for shortcut facilities, but this strategy is known to fail because few users make the transition to expert methods-instead, users maintain the adequate but inefficient strategies they learned first.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The novice's motor actions should rehearse the expert's motor actions to assist the development of automaticity and muscle memory.

“In other words, the novice's motor actions should rehearse the expert's motor actions to assist the development of automaticity and muscle memory.”

• cites Kurtenbach et al. 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Accuracy and the cost of errors are often critical to successful interaction, and they can vary substantially between interaction techniques.

“Most of this review has focused on task performance time, but accuracy and the cost of errors are often critical to successful interaction, and they can vary substantially between interaction techniques.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

GUIs have become the primary medium through which office work is conducted.

“GUIs have become the primary medium through which office work is conducted.”

May combine two claims.

Users who knew two methods for entering formulae into a spreadsheet were significantly slower than users who knew only one, and the time cost was attributed to the additional cognition required to plan and decide between methods.

“For example, Olson and Nilsen [1988] showed that users who knew two methods for entering formulae into a spreadsheet were significantly slower than users who knew only one, and they attributed the time cost to the additional cognition required to plan and decide between methods.”

• cites Olson and Nilsen 1988Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kurtenbach et al.'s marking menu research was conducted in the early 1990s, with a focus on stylusbased input.

“Kurtenbach et al.'s marking menu research was conducted in the early 1990s, with a focus on stylusbased input.”

• cites Kurtenbach 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Developing systems that can be used in field studies of real work is extremely difficult.

“However, developing systems that can be used in field studies of real work is extremely difficult.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The presentation of training information should fit within the user's current context and should avoid interruptions that break the flow of work.

“The presentation of training information should fit within the user's current context and should avoid interruptions that break the flow of work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Methods for intermodal improvement, such as keyboard accelerators, are already commonly used in state-of-the-art interfaces.

“Methods for intermodal improvement, such as keyboard accelerators, are already commonly used in state-of-the-art interfaces.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In OctoPocus, as the user gestures upward and rightward, guidance for Paste is removed and Cut fades, leaving only the remaining guidance for Copy.

“Initially (left), three alternative gesture commands are possible, but as the user gestures upward and rightward, guidance for Paste is removed and Cut fades, leaving only the remaining guidance for Copy.”

• cites Bau and Mackay 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Gamification can increase engagement and performance.

“gamification can increase engagement and performance”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A primary factor contributing to the success of GUIs is the ease with which they can be learned-newcomers can quickly attain sufficient competence to adequately complete their work.

“A primary factor contributing to their success is the ease with which they can be learnednewcomers can quickly attain sufficient competence to adequately complete their work.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The software that people use for everyday office work is often proprietary, and the lack of access to source code constrains researchers' ability to modify system behavior and monitor its use.

“The software that people use for everyday office work is often proprietary, and the lack of access to source code constrains researchers' ability to modify system behavior and monitor its use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Presentation should be dynamically updated to the user's context, should be continuously available to the user, and should be presented in an ambient manner that allows quick access without interrupting task execution.

“Presentation should be dynamically updated to the user's context, should be continuously available to the user, and should be presented in an ambient manner that allows quick access without interrupting task execution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When source code is unavailable, there are often Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that allow limited control of software systems running on a particular platform.

“When source code is unavailable, there are often Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that allow limited control of software systems running on a particular platform.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Patina uses a colored heatmap to recommend commands to users.

“Patina uses a colored heatmap to recommend commands to users.”

• cites Matejka et al. 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

It is common for office workers to continue using substantially similar interfaces for months, years, and decades, so that optimizing designs for initial learnability rather than long-term efficiency can be counterproductive.

“Although ease of learning is highly desirable, it is common for office workers to continue using substantially similar interfaces for months, years, and decades, so that optimizing designs for initial learnability rather than long-term efficiency can be counterproductive.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Two important parts of vocabulary extension are the generation of good recommendations and the presentation of those recommendations in the interface.

“Two important parts of vocabulary extension are the generation of good recommendations and the presentation of those recommendations in the interface.”