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A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface.

Wood, Wendy, Neal, David T.·2007·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.843

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Abstract

The present model outlines the mechanisms underlying habitual control of responding and the ways in which habits interface with goals. Habits emerge from the gradual learning of associations between responses and the features of performance contexts that have historically covaried with them (e.g., physical settings, preceding actions). Once a habit is formed, perception of contexts triggers the associated response without a mediating goal. Nonetheless, habits interface with goals. Constraining this interface, habit associations accrue slowly and do not shift appreciably with current goal states or infrequent counterhabitual responses. Given these constraints, goals can (a) direct habits by motivating repetition that leads to habit formation and by promoting exposure to cues that trigger habits, (b) be inferred from habits, and (c) interact with habits in ways that preserve the learned habit associations. Finally, the authors outline the implications of the model for habit change, especially for the self-regulation of habit cuing.

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Self-citation

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“One interpretation of these findings might be that people find it easier to regulate amusement or sadness than other forms of emotion, perhaps because these emotions are more frequently encountered and regulated (see Wood & Neal, 2007, for a review on the development of habitual responding).”
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See all 1,470

Authors: Wood, W., & Neal, D. T.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
ORCID: Wood, Wendy
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 114
Issue: 4
Pages: 843-863
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.843
OpenAlex: W2103676101
Cited by: 1,470
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 141 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 72
FWCI: 36.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Duke University
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: habit, habit formation, goal-directed behavior, habit change
MeSH terms: Automatism, Cues, Goals, Habits, Humans, Motivation, Social Control, Informal

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A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface.

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