Human Functional Neuroimaging of Brain Changes Associated with Practice
Open accessAbstract
The discovery that experience-driven changes in the human brain can occur from a neural to a cortical level throughout the lifespan has stimulated a proliferation of research into how neural function changes in response to experience, enabled by neuroimaging methods such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Studies attempt to characterize these changes by examining how practice on a task affects the functional anatomy underlying performance. Results are incongruous, including patterns of increases, decreases and functional reorganization of regional activations. Following an extensive review of the practice-effects literature, we distinguish a number of factors affecting the pattern of practice effects observed, including the effects of task domain, changes at the level of behavioural and cognitive processes, the time-window of imaging and practice, and of a number of other influences and miscellaneous confounding factors. We make a novel distinction between patterns of reorganization and redistribution as effects of task practice on brain activation, and emphasize the need for careful attention to practice-related changes occurring on the behavioural, cognitive and neural levels of analysis. Finally, we suggest that functional and effective connectivity analyses may make important contributions to our understanding of changes in functional anatomy occurring as a result of practice on tasks.
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Reduced activation in SFG and R-MFG may indicate diminished control demands with training or shifts in processing mode.
“Similarly, reduced activation in the SFG and R–MFG—prefrontal nodes involved in sustained attention, updating, and interference control—may indicate diminished control demands with training or shifts in processing mode67,75,76.”
From Meta-analysis of computerised working memory training: behavioural gains, training parameters, transfer mechanisms, and neural correlates (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
Kelly and Garavan noted that decreases are often observed in prefrontal and parietal areas associated with attentional control, increases have generally been seen in premotor and motor areas during motor tasks, and a redistribution is often found in tasks where different cognitive processes operate during early and late training.
“Kelly and Garavan [51] noted that decreases are often observed in prefrontal and parietal areas associated with attentional control, increases have generally been seen in premotor and motor areas during motor tasks, and a redistribution is often found in tasks where different cognitive processes operate during early and late training [61, 63].”
From Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and automaticity (2010) · cites this paper as [51]
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“Some of these effects are similar to what has often been found in adults with practice, with practice reducing the number and size of brain activations (see Kelly & Garavan, 2005, for a review).”
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- Authors
- Kelly, A. M. C., & Garavan, H.
- Affiliations
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- ORCID
- Garavan, Hugh
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-12-22
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1089-1102
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2118789511
- Cited by
- 752
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- practice effects, functional reorganization, task practice, functional connectivity, effective connectivity, task domain, cognitive processes, behavioural processes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Neuronal Plasticity, Practice, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance
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