Finding the self: A behavioral measure and its clinical implications.
Abstract
We present a clinical model of the development of self . The model focuses on the early learning responsible for linguistic self-referents such as I and me. This model offers an account for why some patients, such as those with borderline personality disorder (BPD), feel that they do not know who they are or that their sense of self is controlled by other people, while other patients have a sense of a secure, stable self that is not prey to the whims of others. We administered a new self-report instrument, the Experiencing of Self Scale, which measures the degree to which other people influence the experience of self, along with the SelfEsteem Scale and the Dissociative Experiences Scale to 284 undergraduate students and 14 BPD patients. We found that the degree to which other people influence the experience of self depended on the nature and closeness of the people involved, that those in our BPD sample suffered from excessive influence of other people over the experience of self relative to the undergraduates, and that the degree of influence correlated
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Clinical samples show higher public control of the self than control samples.
“clinical samples show higher public control of the self than control samples (Kanter et al., 2001; Valero-Aguayo et al., 2014).”
From Psychological variables implied in the therapeutic effect of ayahuasca: A contextual approach (2018) · cites this paper as Kanter et al., 2001
There is a relationship between the public control of the self and variables such as low self-esteem or high dissociation.
“There is a relationship between the public control of the self and variables such as low self-esteem or high dissociation (Kanter et al., 2001).”
From Psychological variables implied in the therapeutic effect of ayahuasca: A contextual approach (2018) · cites this paper as Kanter et al., 2001
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Modelo conductal contextual de la etiología y mantenimiento del transtorno límite de la personalidad
Ortega, M. A. R., Salinas, A. N. V., & Suck, A. T. (2015) · Psicología Iberoamericana · doi:10.48102/pi.v23i2.119 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Broekhuijse, A., Muñoz-Martínez, A., García, Y., & Skinta, M. D. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100928 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Palma, A. M. G., Sánchez-Sánchez, L. C., & García‐Montes, J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.671223 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fundamentos, características y eficacia de la Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional
Ferro-García, R., Aguayo, L. V., & Bermúdez, M. Á. L. (2016) · Análisis y Modificación de Conducta · doi:10.33776/amc.v42i165-66.2794 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Estimating and learning personality traits of and from women with borderline personality disorder
Doppelhofer, L. M., Perla, R., Frolichs, K., Rosenblau, G., Herpertz, S. C., & Korn, C. W. (2026) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-025-00320-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Avances en la Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional
Ferro, G. R. R., & Valero, A. L. L. (2015) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/apl33.01.2015.02 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kohlenberg, R. J., Tsai, M., Kanter, J. W., & Parker, C. R. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09787-9_5
Self-citationFunctional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP)
Hafkenscheid, A. (2013) · Tijdschrift voor Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s12485-013-0043-3
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression: A Learning Theory
Dygdon, C., & Dienes, K. (2014)
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy: A Portuguese Pilot Program
Sousa-Ferreira, T., Moreira, T. A., Meireles, L., Ferreira, M. D. C., Cardoso, M., Mendes, M., Ferreira, S., & Silva, J. P. M. P. E. (2017) · Journal of Psychology Research · doi:10.17265/2159-5542/2017.08.001
(2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-71087-2.00033-5
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Vila, M. M., Ortiz-Fune, C., & Kanter, J. W. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27003-1_22
Self-citationA functional approach to borderline personality disorder
Echevarría‐Escalante, D., Pereira, G.-L., Estal-Muñoz, V., & Parga, M. X. F. (2023) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1962
- Authors
- Kanter, J. W., Parker, C. R., & Kohlenberg, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- ORCID
- Kanter, Jonathan W.
- Venue
- Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 198-211
- ISSN
- 0033-3204 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1536
- OpenAlex
- W2101094181
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- self-development, selfhood, borderline personality disorder, self-esteem, dissociation, self-referential language
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