Brain regions for perceiving and reasoning about other people in school-aged children
Open accessAbstract
Neuroimaging studies with adults have identified cortical regions recruited when people think about other people's thoughts (theory of mind): temporo-parietal junction, posterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal cortex. These same regions were recruited in 13 children aged 6-11 years when they listened to sections of a story describing a character's thoughts compared to sections of the same story that described the physical context. A distinct region in the posterior superior temporal sulcus was implicated in the perception of biological motion. Change in response selectivity with age was observed in just one region. The right temporo-parietal junction was recruited equally for mental and physical facts about people in younger children, but only for mental facts in older children.
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The TPJ is activated specifically in situations when one is inferring the mental states of others rather than just information known about another.
“It is suggested that the TPJ is activated specifically in situations when one is inferring the mental states of others rather than just information known about another (Saxe & Kanwisher 2003, Saxe et al. 2009).”
From Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? (2014) · cites this paper as Saxe et al. 2009
The paper says the right TPJ in adults responds selectively to thinking about mental states rather than other facts about people. But the Discussion reports that this selectivity emerges between ages 6 and 11; in younger children, the response extends to other social information. The claim omits that developmental qualification and refers to the TPJ generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSaxe et al. (2009) did not find any overlap between Theory of Mind and biological motion activations in the pSTS when both tasks were run in the same children.
“Saxe et al. (2009) also did not find any overlap between Theory of Mind and biological motion activations in the pSTS when both these tasks were run in the same children.”
From Functional Heterogeneity and Convergence in the Right Temporoparietal Junction (2016) · cites this paper as Saxe et al. 2009
Our finding of overlapping activations in the TPJ stands in contrast to some previous studies that did not find overlapping activations when comparing Biological Motion and Theory of Mind tasks, or Theory of Mind and Attention-Reorienting tasks.
“Our finding of overlapping activations in the TPJ stands in contrast to some previous studies that did not find overlapping activations when comparing Biological Motion and Theory of Mind tasks (Gobbini et al. 2007;Saxe et al. 2009), or Theory of Mind and Attention-Reorienting tasks (Scholz et al. 2009).”
From Functional Heterogeneity and Convergence in the Right Temporoparietal Junction (2016) · cites this paper as Saxe et al. 2009
RTPJ activity may indeed become more specialized with development, thus enabling the child to more thoroughly integrate different actors' intentions when evaluating morally relevant scenarios.
“RTPJ activity may indeed become more specialized with development, thus enabling the child to more thoroughly integrate different actors’ intentions when evaluating morally relevant scenarios (Saxe, et al., 2009).”
From The accidental transgressor: Morally-relevant theory of mind (2011) · cites this paper as Saxe, et al., 2009
Recent research suggests that the RTPJ is late maturing.
“Consistent with this idea, recent research suggests that the RTPJ is late maturing (44).”
From Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments (2010) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Saxe, R. R., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Scholz, J., & Pelphrey, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- MIT
- Corresponding author
- Saxe, Rebecca R
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-07-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1197-1209
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2003846473
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 17.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (AS1632)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH084080, K01MH071284)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- theory of mind, mentalization, school-aged children, temporoparietal junction, posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior superior temporal sulcus, biological motion perception, social cognition development
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Parietal Lobe, Semantics, Social Perception, Temporal Lobe, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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