Collective memory: Collaborative and individual processes in remembering.

“For example, Weldon and Bellinger (1997) compared the performance of three-person interactive and nominal groups on a free recall task. They found that interactive groups recalled fewer words (Experiment 1) and fewer propositional units from a story (Experiment 2) than did equivalent size nominal groups. They labeled…”

“…with the expected performance of nominal groups, have shown that group recollection is either at or below the level that such pooling would predict (Hinsz, 1990; Hoppe, 1962; Meudell, Hitch, & Kirby, 1992; Perlmutter & De Montmollin, 1952; Stephenson, Clark, & Wade, 1986; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“…the burgeoning experimental research on social contagion is a good example of research from this perspective (Basden, Basden, Bryner, & Thomas, 1997; Gabbert et al., 2003; Meade & Roediger, 2002; Weldon, 2001; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997; Weldon, Blair, & Huebsch, 2000; Wright, Self, & Justice, 2000).”

“However, if the performance of 2 or 3 individuals who recalled alone is compared with that of the group in terms of total items recalled, the individuals do better (e.g., Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“The superior memory performance of nominal groups relative to collaborating groups has been termed collaborative inhibition (Andersson, Hitch, & Meudell, 2006; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“The robust finding is that collaborative groups recall more than individuals alone, but less than nominal groups (Weldon and Bellinger 1997; Basden et al. 2000; Harris et al. 2008).”

“…to recall items together) are compared to those of ''nominal'' groups (formed by pooling products of the same number of individuals recalling alone, excluding duplicate items), nominal groups recall more than true groups (e.g., Lorge & Solomon, 1962; Ryack, 1965; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“In this—more appropriate—comparison, collaborative groups’ recall is significantly lower than that of nominal groups’ (B.H. Basden et al., 1997; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“…studies suggest that the collaboration process is detrimental for group-member performance even though the environment was constrained and communication and coordination were bound to rules and kept to a minimum (Andersson & Rönnberg, 1995; Meudell, Hitch, & Kirby, 1992; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“…(Andersson and Rönnberg 1995), experiment 1; stories (Andersson and Rönnberg 1995 ), experiment 1; problem scenarios (Meade et al. 2009); pictures (Weldon and Bellinger 1997); and videos (Andersson and Rönnberg 1995), experiment 2), category learning (e.g., Voiklis and Corter 2012), and video…”

“Although the collaborative recall procedure was introduced by Weldon and Bellinger (1997) as a measure of ''collective memory'' and the emergent properties of group memory—the title of their paper was ''Collective memory: Collaborative and individual processes in remembering''—the most commonly…”

“This deficit is termed collaborative inhibition, and it is a robust effect that has been reported in numerous experiments (e.g., Basden, Basden, Bryber & Thomas, 1997; Basden, Basden & Henry, 2000; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“…tasks (e.g., F. Kirschner et al., 2009b; Laughlin, Bonner, & Miner, 2002; Laughlin, Hatch, Silver, & Boh, 2006), and that individual learning is superior to group learning for relatively simple recall tasks (e.g., Andersson & Rönnberg, 1995; Meudell, Hitch, & Kirby, 1992; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“Assessing group influence in this way reliably shows that collaborative groups recall less than nominal groups: this effect is termed collaborative inhibition (Basden, Basden, Bryner, & Thomas, 1997; Basden, Basden, & Henry, 2000; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“These findings are consistent with previous research on group versus individual learning which showed that group learning is superior to individual learning for relatively complex problem-solving tasks (Laughlin et al. 2002; Laughlin et al. 2006) and that individual learning is superior to group learning for relativel…”

“Basden, Basden, Bryner, & Thomas, 1997 ; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997 ).”

“…analysis, collaborative groups remember more than individuals (e.g., Dixon, 1999), there is also evidence that at the individual level of analysis, each individual remembers less when working in a group relative to working alone, a finding termed collaborative inhibition (Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“Consequently, individual learners may have performed better than group learners because the latter could not profit from positive interdependence, but more likely suffered from working together with other group members (i.e., collaborative inhibition; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“Interestingly, narrators are often, but not always, present in group recountings (Basden, Basden, Bryner, & Thomas, 1997; Basden et al., 2000; Basden, Reysen, & Basden, 2002; Hirst & Manier, 1996; Hirst, Manier, & Apetroaia, 1997; Manier, 1997; Manier, Pinner, & Hirst, 1996; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997 ).”

“While this might be interpreted as “process loss” (Steiner, 1972; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997), that would assume that there is sufficient information contained within the dyad to ascertain the correct answer.”

“Shared remembering in experimental psychology In cognitive psychology, the collaborative recall paradigm was developed to measure the impact of remembering with others (Weldon and Bellinger, 1997).”

“We specifically focused in the present research on collaborative remembering, defined as the recall output of a group of individuals working together to remember shared information or events (see Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“For example, Weldon and Bellinger (1997) and Basden et al. (1997) have found that interactive groups perform more poorly on recall tasks than nominal groups.”

“…generally, memory must be considered within its social context; the presence, feedback, and goals of other people changes memory in numerous laboratory paradigms (e.g. Gabbert, Memon, & Allan, 2003; Loftus, 1997; Roediger, Meade, & Bergman, 2001; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997; Wells & Bradfield, 1998).”

“…recall (in which no external retrieval cue is provided to aid recall and participants are asked to reproduce all the information they studied), either working once again alone or working in groups that are typically composed of strangers (e.g., Blumen & Rajaram, 2008; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“Although one could examine how the concept of relatedness is used across experiments, we feel that it is well enough specified at present to be heuristically useful.”

“In social contexts, memory is negotiated in conversations, including agreement to hear a story as well as disputing details and interpretations (Hirst, Manier, & Apetroaia, 1997; Manier, Pinner, & Hirst, 1996; Ross, 1997; Ross & Holmberg, 1990; Weldon, 2000; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“…evidence suggesting that although collaborative groups frequently perform better than individuals, they rarely perform up to the levels of randomly pooled individual scores (Andersson & Ronnberg, 1995, 1996; Basden, Basden, Bryner, & Thomas, 1997; Lamm & Trommsdorf, 1973; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“…members of collaborative groups typically have superior subsequent individual memory than individuals who were previously members of nominal groups (e.g., Basden, Basden, & Henry, 2000; Blumen & Rajaram, 2008; Harris et al., 2012; Rajaram & Pereira-Pasarin, 2007; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“Collaborative recall benefits later individual memory, because individuals are re-exposed to study stimuli in a collaborative-recall environment (see, e.g., Weldon & Bellinger, 1997 ); however, the present findings suggest that collaborative encoding impairs later individual (and collaborative) memory because of subop…”

“…members (e.g., Finlay et al., 2000, Exp. 1 and 3; Meade & Roediger, 2009; Wright & Klumpp, 2004), several others have shown clear postcollaborative advantage effects (e.g., Barber & Rajaram, 2011a, 2011b; Blumen & Stern, 2011; Choi et al., 2014; Stephenson & Wagner, 1989; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“These previous studies demonstrate that group memory capacity correlates with the memory capacity of a specific group member (Weldon & Bellinger, 1997), individual consumer preferences correlate with collective preferences (Goel, Hofman, Lahaie, Pennock, & Watts, 2010), and American individuals’…”

“In experimental memory research, the “reductionist” outcome described by Pavitt is known as collaborative inhibition (Weldon and Bellinger 1997; Basden et al. 1997).”

“Other studies comparing recall by individuals and by groups also show that knowledge embedded in the social structures of groups is less prone to decay than knowledge embedded in individuals (Hinsz 1990, Weldon and Bellinger 1997).”

“Such an effect has previously been demonstrated in tests of joint retrieval of word lists (see, Basden, Basden, Bryner, & Thomas, 1997; Meudell, Hitch, & Boyle, 1995; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997; Wright & Klumpp, 2004).”

“Levels of false recall are then measured and compared to those of equivalent sized nominal groups (eg, Basden, Basden, Bryner, & Thomas, 1997 ; Basden, Basden, Thomas, & Souphasith, 1998 ; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997 ).”

“The first type involves presenting people with the same set of stimuli and then having them free recall the items either individually or in groups (e.g., Basden, Basden, & Henry, 2000; Clark, Hori, Putnam, & Martin, 2000; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997; Wright & Klumpp, 2004).”

“Further, talking about the past may provide more coherence and certainty in one’s stories (Pasupathi, 2001; Rimé et al., 1991; Thorne, 2000; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“The effect of expertise on collaborative problem solving”

“This is called collaborative inhibition ( Weldon & Bellinger, 1997 ) and has been shown in several papers for free recall (e.g., Andersson & Ronnberg, 1995, 1996; Meudell, Hitch, & Boyle, 1995; Weldon, Blair, & Huebsch, 2000; see Thompson, 2002, for a review).”

“…produced by a group in remembering together * though more than any one of the members could have produced alone * is typically less than the pooled sum of information produced by the same number of individuals remembering alone (Basden, Basden, Bryber, & Thomas, 1997; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“In laboratory experiments it has been shown that during initial group recall of study material, group performance is superior to individual but not to nominal group performance; however, the subsequent individual memory performance is better for those who initially recalled in a collaborative than in a nominal group (…”

“…others adopted idiosyncratic strategies, which made valid comparison of different collaboration styles difficult (see also 182 THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, 2012, 65 (1) varying results for accuracy in free-for-all groups reported by Takahashi, 2007; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“As was noted earlier, even though collaboration leads to reduction in group memory in free recall due to retrieval blocking, it nevertheless increases later individual recall (Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“As such, we predict that the more times a group of people collaborate together (Multiple Collaboration), the more likely a strong group-level organization will emerge (Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“Steiner, 1972) for individuals working in collaborative groups is referred to as collaborative inhibition (Bouchard & Hare, 1970; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997 ).”

“This is the traditional analysis used to examine collaborative inhibition (e.g., Weldon & Bellinger, 1997), and thus we replicated the standard collaborative inhibition effect.”

“…than collaborative groups due to collaborative inhibition (the effect that occurs when a group of people working together remember and recall more than any one individual but recall less than their predicted potential) (Basden, Basden, Bryner, & Thomas III, 1997; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“There is also significant research noting a consistent negative effect (termed “collaborative inhibition”; Weldon and Bellinger, 1997; Barber et al., 2015) of collaborative performance of groups over individual performance (i.e., when combining the contribution of each individual student…”

“Moreover, because the participants do not want to slow down the reconstruction of the story, they tend to report only those details that can be easily and speedily retrieved from memory (Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“Highly-cited in the WoS data, Weldon and Bellinger (1997) examined the social and cognitive mechanisms of individual and collaborative recall in the experimental tradition of Bartlett (1932). Neuroscientist Damasio (1994/2005, 1999) pioneered studies of the role of emotion in cognition. Kansteiner (2002) argues that r…”

“The most likely explanation for these discrepancies is that the past findings have been reported for different memory stimuli that were nonautobiographical in nature, such as word lists or emotional films presented by the experimenter (e.g., Weldon & Bellinger, 1997; Wessel et al., 2015).”

“…2008), with other studies finding a curvilinear effect (Tindale & Sheffey, 2002), inhibiting effects of collaboration on collective remembering (Weldon & Bellinger, 1997), reduced effort with shared responsibility (Weldon & Gargano, 1988), and that groups may leave the “burden of remembering”…”

“This finding could be explained in terms of the indirect effects of collaborative inhibition during the initial test, as suggested by the trend towards superior nominal group performance compared to collaborative group performance ( Weldon & Bellinger, 1997 ).”

“Type of recall task (word vs. story recall), and group size (dyads vs. larger groups) have also been shown, in at least some studies, to mediate process loss (e.g., Basden, Basden, & Henry, 2000; Weldon & Bellinger, 1997).”

“This phenomenon, known as collaborative inhibition (Weldon & Bellinger, 1997), occurs when collaborative groups are compared with nominal groups (i.e., groups in name only that are composed of an equal number of individuals working alone).”

“Participants in collaborative conditions were instructed to collaborate in a freeflowing form (Weldon & Bellinger, 1997) where they were free to contribute in any order, discuss their recall and settle their disagreements as they wished.”