Environments as cues to smoke: Implications for human extinction-based research and treatment.
Abstract
Animal research has shown that the environments, or contexts, in which drug use occurs can play a key role in how animals respond to drug-related cues. Less is known about the role of environmental contexts in human drug-dependence research. Traditionally, cue-based studies and treatments focus on conditioned cues most proximal to drug administration (e.g., lit cigarettes, pictorial stimuli of drug paraphernalia). However, there is reason to believe that more distal cues, such as the environments in which drugs were previously used, might similarly gain associative control over human responding. This article describes a body of systematic research aimed at identifying and studying the impact of environmental contexts on smokers' cue reactivity in the laboratory. Overall, results of this program of research demonstrate that exposure to environments associated with smoking, but completely devoid of proximal smoking cues, can function as conditioned stimuli capable of evoking strong subjective responding from abstinent smokers. Furthermore, more robust reactivity can be achieved if environmental context cues are personalized using novel techniques described in this article.
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Objects or situations associated in the addict's memory with the object of addiction will arouse the desires and cravings that originally accompanied the addiction, even years after the addict was presumed to have overcome the addiction.
“Several studies have shown that objects or situations that are associated in the addict ' s memory with the object of his or her addiction will arouse the desires and cravings that originally accompanied the addiction, even years after the addict was presumed to have overcome the addiction”
From Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Conklin, 2006
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- Authors
- Conklin, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Conklin, Cynthia A.
- ORCID
- Conklin, Cynthia A.
- Venue
- Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-19
- ISSN
- 1064-1297 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-2293
- OpenAlex
- W1999038462
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (#HL07560)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA019269, DA019269, R21DA017582, DA017582)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- smoking cues, cue reactivity, conditioned stimulus, abstinence, drug addiction, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Cues, Environment, Extinction, Psychological, Humans, Smoking
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