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The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review
Abstract
The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary perspective and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies. Emotion regulation is defined and distinguished from coping, mood regulation, defense, and affect regulation. In the increasingly specialized discipline of psychology, the field of emotion regulation cuts across traditional boundaries and provides common ground. According to a process model of emotion regulation, emotion may be regulated at five points in the emotion generative process: (a) selection of the situation, (b) modification of the situation, (c) deployment of attention, (d) change of cognitions, and (e) modulation of responses. The field of emotion regulation promises new insights into age-old questions about how people manage their emotions.
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In the citing paper
“suppressing the outward expression of emotions are considered ineffective emotion regulation strategies because they are often unsuccessful at reducing negative emotions (Gross, 1998)”
From Relationships among adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology during the treatment of comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
In the citing paper
“This companion role can offer emotional support, alleviating users’ fear and sadness through emotional resonance and psychological support, and enhancing feelings of security and well-being [23].”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“By adding emotional value to products, anthropomorphic design becomes an effective tool for emotional regulation, particularly in handling complex emotions like death anxiety, showcasing its unique and significant role [23].”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“In conclusion, anthropomorphic design not only directly reduces negative emotions but also indirectly enhances personal preferences for products through an increase in positive emotions.”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Anthropomorphic products offer an effective means of alleviating these negative emotions by providing channels for emotional regulation [23].”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Anthropomorphic products psychologically provide users with a virtual “companion”, especially in facing death anxiety.”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation theory explores how individuals manage and adjust their emotional experiences [23].”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“It usually occurs at the earlier stage of the emotion regulation process and plays a role prior to full arousal of emotional response tendencies (Gross, 1998; Gross and John, 2003).”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
In the citing paper
“In the meantime, the Emotion Regulation Process (Gross, 1998) is another common theory in the field of emotion regulation which emphasizes antecedent-focused and response-focused strategies of emotion regulation process.”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation refers to the ability to effectively manage the affective states whereas the lack of which is identified as a critical factor in many psychological problems (Gross, 1998; Zeman et al., 2006).”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
In the citing paper
“Converging evidence from several studies has shown that reappraisal effectively diminishes negative affect as measured by self-reported emotional experience (Gross, 1998), the affectively-modulated startle response (Jackson, Malmstadt, Larson, & Davidson, 2000), and other peripheral physiological measures (Eippert, Viet, Weiskopf, Birbaumer, & Anders, 2007).”
From Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal (2008) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
In the citing paper
“ER is a dynamic process that every person implements with the aim of downregulating or upregulating positive and negative emotions in order to reach desirable states (Gross, 1998, 2015a).”
From New Technologies for the Understanding, Assessment, and Intervention of Emotion Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
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“Ultimately, ER is far from being a unitary process (Gross, 1998, 2014), but reflects different types of neural (Morawetz et al., 2020), cognitive and behavioral processes (i.e., ER strategies; Gross and John, 2003), and ER stra- tegies’ use and their effectiveness can differ depending upon specific…”
BackgroundToward a personalized science of emotion regulation
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“Nearly two decades ago, James Gross developed a process model of emotion regulation that has been tremendously inf luential for the growth of this field (Gross, 1998a).”
InfluentialIdentifying differences in biased affective information processing in major depression
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Review of General Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1998-09
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 271-299
- ISSN
- 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1552
- OpenAlex
- W2096423181
- Cited by
- 9,916
- References
- 409
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1064 · 2025: 877 · 2024: 761 · 2023: 673 · 2022: 762 · 2021: 671 · 2020: 661 · 2019: 595 · 2018: 513 · 2017: 436 · 2016: 403 · 2015: 394 · 2014: 352 · 2013: 355 · 2012: 292
- FWCI
- 31.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, coping, mood regulation, defense mechanisms, response tendencies, process model of emotion regulation, attentional deployment, cognitive change, emotional expression
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