Relations between emotion regulation strategies and affect in daily life: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessments
Open accessAbstract
Emotion regulation (ER) is a central target in the study of psychological and neurobiological processes of emotions for numerous psychological disorders. Ecological momentary assessments, overcoming retrospective self-reports, allow a better understanding of the relation between the use of ER strategies and daily life affective experiences. A systematic review and meta-analyses of studies testing these relations through experience sampling methods (ESM) and daily diaries were conducted. ESM studies showed significant large effect sizes in contemporaneous relations between negative affect (NA) and rumination, suppression, and worry, and in both contemporaneous and prospective relations between positive affect (PA) and reappraisal; medium effect sizes in prospective relations between NA and rumination, and PA and distraction; and a small effect size in the prospective relation between NA and suppression. Daily diary studies showed significant large effect sizes in contemporaneous relations between NA and rumination and suppression, and in both contemporaneous and prospective relations between PA and reappraisal; medium effect sizes in contemporaneous relations between PA and acceptance, and problem-solving; and a small effect size in the prospective relation between NA and reappraisal. These findings shed light on the temporal relations between the use of ER strategies and affective experiences and highlight conceptual and methodological limitations in the field.
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Extensive research links difficulties in emotion regulation with greater occurrence of negative emotions and symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders.
“Extensive research links difficulties in emotion regulation with greater occurrence of negative emotions (53) and symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders (54–56).”
From Pilot outcomes and exploration of treatment mechanisms using a culturally adapted version of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders to improve mental health symptoms, alcohol misuse, functional outcomes, and sleep quality in emergency responders (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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“However, in line with the original conceptualization of ER and contemporary ER models (e.g., Aldao et al., 2015; Gross et al., 2019), there is no clear correspondence between the use of specific strategies and”
BackgroundMethodFixed-effect versus random-effects models
(2009) · Introduction to Meta‐Analysis · doi:10.1002/9780470743386.ch13 · Cited by 247 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, the categorization of I2 values is established as follows: 0 % = no heterogeneity; equal to or higher than 25 % = low heterogeneity; equal to or higher than 50 % = moderate heterogeneity; and equal to or higher than 75 % = high heterogeneity (Borenstein et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe Problems in Using Fixed-Effects Models of Meta-Analysis on Real-World Data
Field, A. P. (2003) · Understanding Statistics · doi:10.1207/s15328031us0202_02 · Cited by 237 · cited 2× · see citing works
“variability, which reduces the risk of type I errors (Field, 2003).”
BackgroundBen-Zur, H. (2009) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0015731 · Cited by 235 · cited 7× · see citing works
“(Kirkegaard Thomsen, 2006), and avoidance (Ben-Zur, 2009), but negatively associated with the habitual use of reappraisal (Gross and John, 2003), acceptance (Shallcross et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialMultiple large-scale neural networks underlying emotion regulation
Morawetz, C., Riedel, M. C., Salo, T., Berboth, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., & Kohn, N. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.001 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Publication bias as a threat to the validity of meta-analytic results
Rothstein, H. R. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-007-9046-9 · Cited by 216 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Whenever studies are asymmetrically represented around the pooled effect size, it suggests the presence of publication bias (Rothstein, 2008).”
BackgroundBroadening Our Field of View: The Role of Emotion Polyregulation
Ford, B. Q., Gross, J. J., & Gruber, J. (2019) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919850314 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Rumination, mood and social problem-solving in major depression
Donaldson, C., & Lam, D. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704001904 · Cited by 209 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Hoeksema and Morrow, 1993) and maintains (Donaldson and Lam, 2004) negative affect.”
BackgroundExperience Sampling: Promises and Pitfalls, Strength and Weaknesses
Scollon, C. N., Prieto, C. K., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_8 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The depressed brain: an evolutionary systems theory
Badcock, P. B., Davey, C. G., Whittle, S., Allen, N. B., & Friston, K. J. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.005 · Cited by 190 · cited 1× · see citing works
“assumed to elicit sympathy in others and motivate people to seek comfort and social connectedness (Badcock et al., 2017), thus facilitating resources from within the social group (e.”
BackgroundInitial elevation bias in subjective reports
Shrout, P. E., Stadler, G., Lane, S. P., McClure, M. J., Jackson, G. L., Clavél, F. D., Iida, M., Gleason, M. E. J., Xu, J. H., & Bolger, N. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1712277115 · Cited by 190 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Paying attention to one‟s emotions by itself has a regulatory effect that may attenuate the intensity of emotions (Shrout et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEditorial overview: New directions in the science of emotion regulation
Tull, M. T., & Aldao, A. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.009 · Cited by 189 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, ER strategies; Gross, 2002), and ER strategies‟ use and their effectiveness can differ depending upon specific contexts (Tull and Aldao, 2015).”
BackgroundInflexibility as a Vulnerability to Depression: A Systematic Qualitative Review
Stange, J. P., Alloy, L. B., & Fresco, D. M. (2017) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12201 · Cited by 179 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2014), and to be attenuated in participants with MDD, with inflexibility being associated with greater depression severity (Stange et al., 2017).”
BackgroundShallcross, A. J., Troy, A. S., Boland, M., & Mauss, I. B. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.025 · Cited by 177 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(Kirkegaard Thomsen, 2006), and avoidance (Ben-Zur, 2009), but negatively associated with the habitual use of reappraisal (Gross and John, 2003), acceptance (Shallcross et al., 2010) and problem-solving (Ben-Zur, 2009).”
BackgroundLlera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.12.011 · Cited by 163 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Based on the reviewed literature, regarding the momentary relations of different ER strategies and mood changes (e.g., Ehring et al., 2010; Llera and Newman, 2014; Peasley-Miklus and Vrana, 2000), we broadly expected to find the same patterns of associations as for studies analyzing contemporary…”
BackgroundResultSad as a Matter of Choice? Emotion-Regulation Goals in Depression
Millgram, Y., Joormann, J., Huppert, J. D., & Tamir, M. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615583295 · Cited by 161 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In experimental research, where negative affect is induced and participants are instructed to use reappraisal in controlled conditions, this ER strategy is related to a reduction of negative affect (Ellis et al., 2013; Millgram et al., 2015).”
BackgroundKahn, J. H., & Garrison, A. M. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016574 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Evoked facial emotional expression and emotional experience in people with anorexia nervosa
Davies, H. A., Schmidt, U. H., Stahl, D. R., & Tchanturia, K. (2010) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20852 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Emotion regulation in everyday life: Mapping global self-reports to daily processes.
Koval, P., Kalokerinos, E. K., Greenaway, K. H., Medland, H., Kuppens, P., Nezlek, J. B., Hinton, J. D. X., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001097 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Meta‐Analysis: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Sund, R. (2016) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/insr.12174 · Cited by 137 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In these cases, when counting with multiple effect sizes per study, it would also be advisable to use multilevel structure meta-analytic models (Cheung, 2015).”
MethodAlcohol and Affect Regulation.
Sher, K. J., & Grekin, E. R. (2007) · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Getting Over It: Long-Lasting Effects of Emotion Regulation on Amygdala Response
Denny, B. T., Inhoff, M. C., Zerubavel, N., Davachi, L., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615578863 · Cited by 128 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Improving deficient ER capacities is thus seen as a central aspect, not only in many current psychological interventions but also in other fields, such as neuropsychology, even showing training-induced long-term changes in neural correlates (Denny et al., 2015).”
BackgroundThe Role of Intention in Self-Regulation
Shapiro, S. L., & SCHWARTZ, G. E. R. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50037-8 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Sharpe, J. P., & Gilbert, D. G. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00193-1 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Bos, F. M., Snippe, E., Bruggeman, R., Wichers, M., & van der Krieke, L. (2019) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900050 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Pathological worry in depressed and anxious patients
Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00246-3 · Cited by 112 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…psychopathology, for instance, disorders such as depression and anxiety have been related to a high frequency of use of ER strategies like worry (Chelminski and Zimmerman, 2003), avoidance (Barlow, 2004), suppression (Aldao et al., 2010), or rumination (Donaldson and Lam, 2004) and less use of…”
Mixed Emotions Viewed from the Psychological Constructionist Perspective
Russell, J. A. (2017) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073916639658 · Cited by 111 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Furthermore, having mixed emotions (i.e., the simultaneous appearance of different emotions at a given episode) is not an uncommon experience and poses some theoretical challenges to the field of emotion research (Russell, 2017; Zaborowski, 2019).”
BackgroundHoorelbeke, K., Koster, E. H. W., Demeyer, I., Loeys, T., & Vanderhasselt, M. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000169 · Cited by 107 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, it has been shown that negative affect is prospectively and positively related to rumination at the subsequent time point, while positive affect is negatively related to subsequent rumination in healthy adults (Borders and Lu, 2017; Hoorelbeke et al., 2016; Jones et al., 2017), and in individuals with bip…”
BackgroundA qualitative approach to guide choices for designing a diary study
Janssens, K. A. M., Bos, E. H., Rosmalen, J. G. M., Wichers, M. C., & Riese, H. (2018) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-018-0579-6 · Cited by 105 · cited 1× · see citing works
“specific duration and signal frequency protocols based on specific research and application purposes (Janssens et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMutual Fund Tournaments: The Sorting Bias and New Evidence
Schwarz, C. G. (2011) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhr091 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Emotions and Emotion Regulation in Breast Cancer Survivorship
Conley, C. C., Bishop, B., & Andersen, B. (2016) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare4030056 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Psychological treatment of depressive rumination
Watkins, E. R. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.020 · Cited by 99 · cited 1× · see citing works
“On the other hand, evidence from ESM studies also seems to support the importance of considering specific therapeutic strategies aimed specifically at reducing rumination or suppression (e.g., Watkins, 2015; Wells, 2011).”
BackgroundEnhanced Anger Reactivity and Reduced Distress Tolerance in Major Depressive Disorder
Ellis, A. J., Vanderlind, W. M., & Beevers, C. G. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9494-z · Cited by 99 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In experimental research, where negative affect is induced and participants are instructed to use reappraisal in controlled conditions, this ER strategy is related to a reduction of negative affect (Ellis et al., 2013; Millgram et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGruber, J., Kogan, A., Mennin, D. S., & Murray, G. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034425 · Cited by 98 · cited 4× · see citing works
“However, two of them showed non-significant results (Gruber et al., 2013; Yeung and Fung, 2012), and only one showed a significant relation (Silva et al., 2018).”
InfluentialVillalobos, D., Pacios, J., & Vázquez, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.628416 · Cited by 97 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2012) and psychological processes (Joormann and Vanderlind, 2014; Villalobos et al., 2021) that ultimately”
BackgroundDunkley, D. M., Mandel, T., & Ma, D. (2014) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000036 · Cited by 96 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A second study found significant positive relations (Dunkley et al., 2014), whereas a third study reported no significant relations (Cardona et al., 2020).”
(2010) · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Emodiversity and biomarkers of inflammation.
Ong, A. D., Benson, L., Zautra, A., & Ram, N. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000343 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Wang, Y., & Yip, T. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13324 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Thinking mindfully: How mindfulness relates to rumination and reflection in daily life.
Blanke, E. S., Schmidt, M. J., Riediger, M., & Brose, A. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000659 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
An experience sampling study of learning, affect, and the demands control support model.
Daniels, K., Boocock, G., Glover, J. L., Hartley, R., & Holland, J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015517 · Cited by 84 · cited 2× · see citing works
“One study found a non-significant relation between the use of problem-solving and negative affect (Daniels et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBittersweet: The Neuroscience of Ambivalent Affect
Vaccaro, A. G., Kaplan, J., & Damásio, A. R. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620927708 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, nostalgia) are rare, there is a growing interest in ambivalent emotional states or blended emotions that combine simultaneous positive and negative valenced states (Vaccaro et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe role of hedonics in the Human Affectome
Becker, S., Bräscher, A., Bannister, S., Bensafi, M., Calma‐Birling, D., Chan, R. C. K., Eerola, T., Ellingsen, D., Ferdenzi, C., Hanson, J. L., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.003 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder
Tait, A. (1997) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(97)90059-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kuß, O., & Koch, A. (1996) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/0167-9473(96)81456-3 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These analyses were run using the SPSS macros MeanES and MetaF (Wilson, 2005).”
MethodLe, B. M., & Impett, E. A. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216629122 · Cited by 77 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For suppression, three studies analyzed the prospective relation of its use and positive affect, and all studies found a non-significant positive relation (Le and Impett, 2016, Study 2; Troy et al., 2019, Study 1 and 2).”
Messina, I., Sambin, M., Beschoner, P., & Viviani, R. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0440-5 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The everyday dynamics of rumination and worry: Precipitant events and affective consequences
Kircanski, K., Thompson, R. J., Sorenson, J., Sherdell, L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1278679 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
A Daily Diary Study of Co-Rumination, Stressful Life Events, and Depressed Mood in Late Adolescents
White, M. E., & Shih, J. H. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.706518 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The two studies analyzing the prospective relation between rumination and negative affect found a significant positive association (Massey et al., 2011; White and Shih, 2012).”
BackgroundEffect of worrisome and relaxing thinking on fearful emotional processing
Peasley-Miklus, C., & Vrana, S. R. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00025-x · Cited by 70 · cited 2× · see citing works
“different ER strategies and mood changes (e.g., Ehring et al., 2010; Llera and Newman, 2014; Peasley-Miklus and Vrana, 2000), we broadly expected to find the same patterns of associations as for studies analyzing contemporary relations.”
BackgroundStone, L. B., Mennies, R. J., Waller, J. M., Ladouceur, C. D., Forbes, E. E., Ryan, N. D., Dahl, R. E., & Silk, J. S. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0454-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Lopez, R. B., Denny, B. T., & Fagundes, C. P. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.019 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Yeung, D. Y.-L., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr159 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, two of them showed non-significant results (Gruber et al., 2013; Yeung and Fung, 2012), and only one showed a significant relation (Silva et al., 2018).”
(2006) · Primary psychiatry · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Relative Effectiveness of Reappraisal and Distraction in Regulating Emotion in Late-Life Depression
Smoski, M. J., LaBar, K. S., & Steffens, D. C. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.070 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The science of cognitive behavioral therapy.
Hofmann, S. G., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2017) · Cited by 55 · see citing works
What else do you feel when you feel sad? Emotional overproduction, neuroticism and rumination.
Hervás, G., & Vázquez, C. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021770 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In these situations of „emotional overproduction‟ (Hervas and Vazquez, 2011), ER strategies can consist of”
BackgroundPavlickova, H., Varese, F., Smith, A., Myin‐Germeys, I., Turnbull, O. H., Emsley, R., & Bentall, R. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062514 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ludwig, L., Mehl, S., Krkovic, K., & Lincoln, T. M. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000505 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Daily Stress Processes in a Pandemic: The Effects of Worry, Age, and Affect
Nelson, N. A., & Bergeman, C. S. (2020) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnaa187 · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the qualitative review, only one study evaluated the contemporaneous relationship between negative affect and worry (Nelson and Bergeman, 2021) and behavioral avoidance (Doorley and Kashdan, 2021) at the daily level, both showing a positive significant relation.”
BackgroundHughes, A. M., Hirsch, C. R., Chalder, T., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2016) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12207 · Cited by 49 · cited 1× · see citing works
“1998), previously adapted for meta-analytic research (Everaert et al., 2017; Hughes et al., 2016).”
Pasyugina, I., Koval, P., Leersnyder, J. D., Mesquita, B., & Kuppens, P. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.932755 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(Leung et al., 2019; Pasyugina et al., 2015; Pavlickova et al., 2013) and their adolescent offspring (Pavlickova et al.”
BackgroundThe regulation of negative and positive affect in response to daily stressors.
Troy, A. S., Saquib, S., Thal, J., & Ciuk, D. J. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000486 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Is the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) appropriate for studying pre-competitive emotions?
Cerin, E., Szabó, A., & Williams, C. (2001) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(00)00009-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The bidirectional associations between state anger and rumination and the role of trait mindfulness
Borders, A., & Lu, S. (2016) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21693 · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, it has been shown that negative affect is prospectively and positively related to rumination at the subsequent time point, while positive affect is negatively related to subsequent rumination in healthy adults (Borders and Lu, 2017; Hoorelbeke et al., 2016; Jones et al., 2017), and in individuals with bip…”
BackgroundChaudhury, S. R., Galfalvy, H., Biggs, E. A., Choo, T.-H. J., Mann, J. J., & Stanley, B. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0059-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Emotional Intelligence Relates to Emotions, Emotion Dynamics, and Emotion Complexity
MacCann, C., Erbaş, Y., Dejonckheere, E., Minbashian, A., Kuppens, P., & Fayn, K. (2020) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000588 · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Unfortunately, while extensive meta-analytic work has been conducted on the use of EMA methods to study related affective constructs such as emotional intelligence dimensions (MacCann et al., 2020), there are no metaanalytic reviews of studies using EMA methods on the use of ER strategies, related to negative or posit…”
BackgroundSolving Tomorrow’s Problems Today? Daily Anticipatory Coping and Reactivity to Daily Stressors
Neupert, S. D., Ennis, G. E., Ramsey, J. L., & Gall, A. A. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv003 · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One study found no significant prospective relations between problem-solving and negative affect (Neupert et al., 2016).”
BackgroundDoorley, J. D., & Kashdan, T. B. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10202-4 · Cited by 38 · cited 2× · see citing works
“relation between behavioral avoidance (Doorley and Kashdan, 2021) and daily positive affect.”
BackgroundAffective models of depression and anxiety: Extension to within-person processes in daily life
Naragon-Gainey, K. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.061 · Cited by 37 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The same type of relations have been found with suppression (Keller et al., 2014) and worry (Naragon-Gainey, 2019).”
BackgroundLeMoult, J., Yoon, K. L., & Joormann, J. (2015) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9510-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Maternal emotion, motivation, and regulation during real-world parenting challenges.
Hajal, N. J., Teti, D. M., Cole, P. M., & Ram, N. (2019) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000475 · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For avoidance, in the only study included in the review (Hajal et al., 2019), the authors found a significant negative contemporaneous relation between behavioral avoidance and positive affect.”
BackgroundRumbold, J. L., Fletcher, D., & Daniels, K. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1717302 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“studies evaluating the use of problem-solving and positive affect were included, and they found non-significant relations (Daniels et al., 2009; Rumbold et al., 2020).”
BackgroundUnderstanding and taking stock of positive emotion disturbance
Gruber, J., Villanueva, C. M., Burr, E. K., Purcell, J. R., & Karoly, H. C. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12515 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Exploring temporal relationships among worrying, anxiety, and somatic symptoms
Groen, R. N., van Gils, A., Emerencia, A. C., Bos, E. H., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110293 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Iida, M., Gleason, M. E. J., Green, A. S., Bolger, N. P., & Shrout, P. E. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217700605 · Cited by 28 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The second study (Iida et al., 2017) found negative relations that differed in the level of significance when considering differences in stress intensity.”
BackgroundResultThe Role of Co-occurring Emotions and Personality Traits in Anger Expression
Mill, A., Kööts‐Ausmees, L., Allïk, J., & Realo, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00123 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A fourth study found a contemporaneous positive, but not significant, relation with positive affect (Mill et al., 2018).”
BackgroundLeertouwer, I., Cramer, A. O. J., Vermunt, J. K., & Schuurman, N. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.764526 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ruminative self-focus in daily life: Associations with daily activities and depressive symptoms.
Takano, K., Sakamoto, S., & Tanno, Y. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0031867 · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the case of rumination, studies consistently found significant and negative relations with positive affect (Blanke et al., 2020, Study 1 and 2; Takano et al., 2013).”
Pavlickova, H., Turnbull, O. H., Myin‐Germeys, I., & Bentall, R. P. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.046 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A process-oriented perspective examining the relationships among daily coping, stress, and affect
Blaxton, J. M., & Bergeman, C. S. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.041 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Weiss, N. H., Risi, M. M., Sullivan, T. P., Armeli, S., & Tennen, H. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.015 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The use of behavioral avoidance was significantly and positively related to the next day‟s negative affect (Weiss et al., 2019).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Plate, A. J., & Aldao, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803457-6.00005-2 · Cited by 16 · cited 2× · see citing works
“regulation, like training the use of strategies of reappraisal or problem-solving in cognitive-behavioral therapy (Plate and Aldao, 2017), or exercising acceptance and reducing rumination and/or worry in mindfulness training (Guendelman et al.”
MethodPessimism moderates negative emotional responses to naturally occurring stress
Jones, D. R., Lehman, B. J., Kirsch, J. A., & Hennessy, K. G. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.007 · Cited by 15 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, it has been shown that negative affect is prospectively and positively related to rumination at the subsequent time point, while positive affect is negatively related to subsequent rumination in healthy adults (Borders and Lu, 2017; Hoorelbeke et al., 2016; Jones et al., 2017), and in individuals with bip…”
BackgroundMassey, E. K., Garnefski, N., Gebhardt, W. A., & van der Leeden, R. (2010) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910710x500828 · Cited by 12 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The two studies analyzing the prospective relation between rumination and negative affect found a significant positive association (Massey et al., 2011; White and Shih, 2012).”
Nomothetic and idiographic patterns of responses to emotions in borderline personality disorder.
Cardona, N. D., Southward, M. W., Furbish, K., Comeau, A., & Sauer-Zavala, S. E. (2020) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000465 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Leung, M. H.-T., So, S. H., Kwok, N. T.-K., Ng, I. H.-C., Chan, P.-S., Lo, C. C.-W., Na, S., Mak, A. D. P., & Lee, S. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.35 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Concurrent and Lagged Relations between Emotion Regulation and Affect in Adolescents’ Daily Life
Silva, E., Freire, T., & Faria, S. (2018) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2018.61 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Self-Contaminating Nature of Repeated Reports of Negative Emotions
Johar, O., & Sackett, A. M. (2018) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2018.1496336 · Cited by 6 · cited 1× · see citing works
“intensity of negative emotions compared to a single measurement (Johar and Sackett, 2018), or even provokes negative reactions in participants (Bos et al.”
BackgroundAcceptance & Commitment Therapy
A-Tjak, J. (2015) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-0497-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Acting as we feel: Which emotional responses to the climate crisis motivate climate action
Kovács, L. N., Jordan, G., Berglund, F., Holden, B., Niehoff, E., Pohl, F., Younssi, M., Zevallos, I., Ágoston, C., Varga, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102327 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Tsujimoto, M., Saito, T., Matsuzaki, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00714-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation Predicts Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: A Prospective Study
Kökönyei, G., Kovács, L. N., Szabó, J., & Urbán, R. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01894-4 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“As reappraisal is related to increased positive affect concurrently and prospectively (lagged-effect) in ESM and daily diary studies (Boemo et al., 2022), a relative lack of reappraisal in everyday life may lead to decreased positive emotions, which in turn could contribute to depressive symptoms.”
BackgroundPrisco, M. D., Oliva, V., Fico, G., Fornaro, M., de Bartolomeis, A., Serretti, A., Vieta, E., & Murru, A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104914 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) through daily diaries or experience sampling methods (ESM), are useful techniques for measuring the complexity of the ER in its natural environment by longitudinally assessing these strategies over several days (Boemo et al., 2022).”
The role of nature in emotion regulation processes: An evidence-based rapid review
Vitale, V., & Bonaiuto, M. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102325 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Stress and Epilepsy: Towards Understanding of Neurobiological Mechanisms for Better Management
Jhaveri, D. J., McGonigal, A., Becker, C., Benoliel, J. J., Nandam, L. S., Soncin, L., Kotwas, I., Bernard, C., & Bartoloméi, F. (2023) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0200-23.2023 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Pilkington, P. D., Karantzas, G. C., Faustino, B., & Pizarro‐Campagna, E. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2914 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Coping and emotion regulation: A conceptual and measurement scoping review.
Trudel-Fitzgerald, C., Boucher, G., Morin, C., Mondragon, P., Guimond, A.-J., Nishimi, K., Choi, K. W., & Denckla, C. (2024) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000377 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cui, X., Zhang, S., Yu, S., Ding, Q., & Li, X. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104549 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Rammensee, R. A., Morawetz, C., & Basten, U. (2023) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001234 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Strategies and goals in Emotion Regulation models: a systematic review
Priego, C. M., García-Noblejas, B. P., & Roca, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1425465 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Lu, K., Hao, N., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0954-23.2023 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Specifically, the CR strategy more consistently predicted the increase in positive affect and reduction in negative affect relative to the suppression strategy (Boemo et al., 2022).”
BackgroundResultEasdale-Cheele, T., Parlatini, V., Cortese, S., & Bellato, A. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14050453 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Conversely, emotional avoidance (ignoring the source of stress) and suppression of facial expressions and emotional behaviors have been found to lead to increased depression and anxiety, negative mood, lower social functioning, and reduced psychological well-being [6].”
BackgroundDyar, C. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000882 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kovács, L. N., Kocsel, N., Tóth, Z., Smahajcsik‐Szabó, T., Karsai, S., & Kökönyei, G. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12897 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Romo, J., Pérez, J. C., Cumsille, P. E., Hollenstein, T., Torres, A. J. O., Rodríguez‐Rivas, M. E., & Melero, J. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10054-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Although cognitive-reappraisal has been associated with emotional well-being and adaptive functioning (e.g., Boemo et al., 2022; Schäfer et al., 2017), its effect on academic achievement may depend on task characteristics, emotional demands (e.g., stress levels), or methodological design (e.g.,…”
InfluentialThe effect of fragmented sleep on emotion regulation ability and usage
Boon, M. E., van Hooff, M. L. M., Vink, J. M., & Geurts, S. A. E. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2224957 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“These results suggested that self-criticism and rumination can prolong and intensify negative emotional processing and without cognitive reappraisal or acceptance that help to see negative events and feelings in a more positive light, there is additionally a lack of positive affect (Boemo et al., 2022).”
BackgroundMueller, I., Pruessner, L., Holt, D. V., Zimmermann, V., Schulze, K., Strakosch, A.-M., & Barnow, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.037 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Reciprocal effects between negative affect and emotion regulation in daily life
Wang, X., Shao, S., Cai, Z., Ma, C., Jia, L., Blain, S. D., & Tan, Y. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104518 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Emotion regulation promotes forgetting of negative social feedback: Behavioral and EEG evidence
Hui, X. I. E., Xuanyi, L. I. N., Wanrou, H. U., & Xiaoqing, H. U. (2023) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2023.00905 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“00 03 9v 1 两种情绪调节策略如何影响情绪记忆。结果一致地发现表达抑制降低了被试对情绪材料的 回忆正确率，说明对情绪表达的监控和抑制会损害被试对情绪材料的编码，从而导致随后 的记忆下降 (Binder et al., 2012; Dillon et al., 2007; Katsumi & Dolcos, 2020; Richards & Gross, 2000)。然而，认知重评对情绪记忆的影响尚存争议(Davis & Levine, 2013; Egloff et al., 2006; Hayes et al., 2010; Richards et al., 2003; Richards & Gross, 2000; S…”
Minihan, S., Songco, A., Fox, E., Ladouceur, C. D., Mewton, L. R., Moulds, M. L., Pfeifer, J. H., van Harmelen, A., & Schweizer, S. (2023) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001238 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zangri, R. M., Andreu, C. I., Nieto, I., González-Garzón, A. M., & Vázquez, C. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104957 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…example, experience sampling methodology studies are an important source of insight into relationships between ER strategies and mood states in natural contexts (see a review in Boemo et al., 2022) and these methodologies could also be relevant in the context of MPI studies (Diener et al., 2022).”
Backgroundde la Barrera, U., Arrigoni, F., Monserrat, C., Montoya-Castilla, I., & Gil-Gómez, J. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115710 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Scholten, S., Schemer, L., Herzog, P., Haas, J. W., Heider, J., Winter, D., Reis, D., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2024) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-024-01363-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation refers to the ‘ability to modulate the intensity, frequency, and duration of positive and/or negative emotions’ (Boemo et al., 2022, p. 1).”
Dyar, C., Herry, E., & Pirog, S. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117261 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Wang, T., Wang, J.-S., Zeng, L.-Y., Li, G.-H., Li, J.-C., Zhou, Y.-J., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3506 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wu, C., Tan, Y., Blain, S. D., Shao, S., Jia, L., & Wang, X. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100781 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Regulatory Issues of Depollution in Kazakhstan
Bizhanova, A., Koshkinbayeva, A. S., Zhunisova, G. A., Osmanova, G. Z., Belkhozhayeva, D., & Байсымакова, Д. С. (2022) · Evergreen · doi:10.5109/6622877 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Huang, Q., Kim, D., Liu, J., Lin, S. L.-C., Zhang, Y., Toro, J. D., & Civitillo, S. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.06.007 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rodríguez‐Rey, R., Corral, M. G., Collazo‐Castiñeira, P., Collado, S., Carretero, R. C., Cantizano, A., & Garrido‐Hernansaiz, H. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16122 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and self‐control: Same same but different… and even incompatible?
Wenzel, M., Rowland, Z., Bürgler, S., & Hennecke, M. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12965 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhu, Z., Aitken, J. A., Kim, J., Baines, J. I., Kaplan, S. A., Dalal, R., & Hassani, J. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.70020 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psychological interventions for depression in children and adolescents: A bibliometric analysis
Wang, N., Kong, J.-Q., Bai, N., Zhang, H.-Y., & Yin, M. (2024) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v14.i3.467 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Further advanced understanding of the ER process can provide a basis for refining ER models and intervention methods[50].”
Roles of recalled parenting experiences and effortful control in adult daily emotion regulation
Tammilehto, J., Flykt, M. S., Peltonen, K., Kuppens, P., Bosmans, G., & Lindblom, J. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2209711 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Moeck, E. K., Greenaway, K. H., Bianchi, V., Gross, J. J., Koval, P., & Kalokerinos, E. K. (2024) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001407 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bakkum, L., Paalman, C., Müller, A. R., van Eeghen, A. M., & Schuengel, C. (2024) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.13190 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nezhad, M. S., & Delroba, M. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00238-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…for regulating negative emotion such as rumination, suppression, and avoidance are associated with more symptoms of psychopathologies and ongoing and next-time negative affect; whereas adaptive strategies such as reappraisal, acceptance, and problem-solving show an inverse association [11].”
ÖZTÜRK, C., & Güzel, H. Ş. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06841-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The moderator analyses were not performed because of the small number of effect sizes (Boemo et al., 2022 ; Jefferson et al., 2020).”
Cognitive Reappraisal is More Effective for Regulating Emotions than Moods
Meyers, S., Hu, D., & Tamir, M. (2025) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-025-00310-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Face your feelings, save the planet: How we regulate emotions affects pro-environmental behavior
Abbas, M., & Iftikhar, H. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102687 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Int-Veen, I., Volz, M., Kroczek, A., Fallgatter, A. J., Ehlis, A., Rubel, J., & Rosenbaum, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1400223 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lafit, G., Revol, J., Cloos, L., Kuppens, P., & Ceulemans, E. (2024) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911241286868 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Another source of heterogeneity in results from previous studies is related to differences in the total number of assessments and participants between studies (Boemo et al., 2022).”
Ma, X., Xiao, Z., Chen, W., & Zhao, S. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21205-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Previous research has confirmed that ES is associated with fewer positive emotional experiences and expressions, more negative emotional experiences, poorer interpersonal functioning, and lower levels of happiness in adults [26].”
InfluentialThe Role of Emotion Regulation in Distinct Measures of Emotional Resilience
Razak, H. A., MacLeod, C. M., Rudaizky, D., & Notebaert, L. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10581-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Future studies aiming to enhance ecological validity may benefit from examining emotion regulation choice tendencies in more naturalistic settings such as through ecological momentary assessments (see Boemo et al., 2022).”
Autonomous Regulation of Social Media Use: Implications for Self-control, Well-Being, and UX
Bennett, D., Feng, F., & Mekler, E. D. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713094 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Clayton, M., Renna, M. E., Klemanski, D. H., Kerns, C. E., McLaughlin, K. A., & Mennin, D. S. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10339-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Trautmann, S., Muehlhan, M., Berking, M., Miethe, S., Wigger, J., & Dragan, M. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12493 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Braet, J., Volkaert, B., Braet, C., & Wante, L. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02116-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Independent of stressor intensity, the use of more distraction was related with more positive affect, whereas greater use of rumination was associated with decreased positive affect, which is in line with prior work (Boemo et al., 2022).”
Emotion Regulation and Mental Health in Young Elite Athletes
Regborn, F., Holmström, S., Svensson, M., & Sjögren, M. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13090284 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This harmonizes with a meta-analysis of daily diary and experience sampling studies that found that ES was related to increased negative affect [52].”
Liu, P., Cheng, X., Fan, M., Huang, Z., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091294 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the use of cognitive reappraisal and distraction strategies in daily life can predict an increase in positive emotions (Boemo et al., 2022).”
Zangri, R. M., Blanco, I., Pascual, T., & Vázquez, C. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2337132 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Benefit-focus is one of the most researched reap-praisal strategies individuals use to regulate negative affect (Boemo et al., 2022).”
Boemo, T., Martín-García, Ó., Pacheco-Romero, A. M., Blanco, I., Lafit, G., Myin-Germeys, I., & Sánchez-López, Á. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104550 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Daily emotion regulation and emotional well-being: A replication and extension in Egypt
Eldesouky, L., Ellis, K., Goodman, F. R., & Khadr, Z. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100106 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Marple, C. A., Jeffrey, A., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2024.2307991 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…momentary assessments (experience sampling methodology and daily diaries) of emotion regulation in daily life show it is the particular strategies employed rather than the mere activation of emotion regulation that predict affect and symptoms of affective disorders (e.g., Boemo et al., 2022).”
Aggarwal, A., Chen, S.-T., Lee, J., Tracy, A., Qiao, S., Li, X.-M., & Yang, C.-H. (2024) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.55 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Improving adaptive response to negative stimuli through non-emotional working memory training
Long, Q., Yu, L., Tang, Y., Li, Q., Hu, N., Gu, Y., & Chen, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1058866 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For instance, using the experience sampling methodology to assess the affective states or psychopathological symptoms in daily life may elucidate transfer effects (Hoorelbeke et al., 2016; Boemo et al., 2022).”
MethodGender Differences in Suppression Based on Type of Emotion
Martin, R. M. (2024) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2024.156052 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Malamud, J., Gülöksüz, S., van Winkel, R., Delespaul, P., Binder, M. D., Derom, C. A., Thiery, E. W., Jacobs, N., Rutten, B. P. F., & Huys, Q. J. M. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012457 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Finally, and maybe most critically, prior research has primarily concentrated on affective self-reports in isolation and frequently disregarded the influence of the environmental context [49].”
BackgroundPacheco-Romero, A. M., Martín-García, Ó., Rey-Sáez, R., Boemo, T., Blanco, I., Vázquez, C., & Sánchez-López, Á. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2314066 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…to the e ff ectiveness of these strategies in regulating momentary PA. Notwithstanding these fi ndings, empirical evidence on the dynamic relationship between PA and ER strategy use in depression remains scarce, evincing the pressing need to advance research in this fi eld (see Boemo et al., 2022).”
BackgroundWatanabe, D. K., Kitayama, S., Williams, D. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100555 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…seems plausible that there may also be cultural differences in the relationships between stress, emotion regulation (e.g., suppression), and CVD risk (Boemo et al., 2022; Curhan et al., 2014; Gross & John, 2003; Kitayama et al., 2015; Miyamoto et al., 2013; Park et al., 2020; Turin et al., 2016).”
InfluentialQiu, L. S., Liddell, B. J., Wong, J., Li, J. H., Lies, J., Lau, W., Bryant, R. A., & Jobson, L. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.160 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Virtual reality interventions to reduce psychological distress during colonoscopy: a rapid review
Shamali, M., Vilmann, P., Johansen, N. R., & Konradsen, H. (2023) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2023.2279177 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“We used the adapted version by Boemo et al [17] and added one more item (assessing randomization) from the original scale [16].”
MethodMineva, K. (2023) · Journal of Educational Sciences & Psychology · doi:10.51865/jesp.2023.2.14 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The daily relations of co-rumination and perseverative cognition
Kovács, L. N., Kocsel, N., Tóth, Z., Smahajcsik‐Szabó, T., Karsai, S., & Kökönyei, G. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87335-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rhodes, R. E., & KWAN, M. Y. W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1547090 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lafit, G., Revol, J., Cloos, L., Kuppens, P., & Ceulemans, E. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7msh6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wenzel, M., Philippi, P., & Kaurin, A. (2025) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070251332665 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…that is, the extent to which a strategy leads to a change in affect across participants, both in laboratory settings (e.g., Webb et al., 2012) and in daily life (e.g., Boemo et al., 2022; Brans et al., 2013), or on trait self-reports of speci fi c strategies (e.g., Garnefski & Kraaij, 2007).”
Differential explanations of psychological well-being according to clinical personality patterns
Ciofu, V., Marian, A.-L., Apostol, M.-M., & Chiriac, L.-E. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06897-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Similarly, daily use of these strategies is associated with higher levels of daily positive affect (Boemo et al., 2022).”
Altweck, L., & Tomczyk, S. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/67451 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The minimum sample size (ie, 64 participants) for the intervention group was calculated using G*Power (version 3.1.9.6; Erdfelder, Faul, and Buchner; ANOVA, repeated measures, within a group, α =.05, power=0.8, correlation among repeated measures=0.5, and effect size [well-being]=0.25 [39]).”
InfluentialBorghesi, F., Simoncini, G., Cremascoli, R., Bianchi, L., Mendolicchio, L., Cappelli, S., Brusa, F., Cattaldo, S., Prina, E., Chirico, A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1502217 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Johnson, N. J., Kil, H., Pauly, T., Ashe, M. C., Madden, K. M., Murphy, R. A., Linden, W., Gerstorf, D., & Hoppmann, C. A. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117635 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Minihan, S., Songco, A., Fox, E., Ladouceur, C. D., Mewton, L. R., Moulds, M. L., Pfeifer, J. H., van Harmelen, A., & Schweizer, S. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jtsw4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Meyer, E. C., Roth, S. G., Coe, E., Taylor, D. J., & Gulliver, S. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2025.1452976 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Imajo, N., Matsuzaki, Y., Kobayashi, A., Sakaki, K., Nouchi, R., & Kawashima, R. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14111077 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“We found a significant negative correlation between stress reduction and the IFG during self-choice ER, suggesting an important role of the opercular part of the left IFG in self-choice ER.”
Bortolon, C., & Nardelli, C. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wenzel, M., & Rowland, Z. (2025) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-024-10104-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This is consistent with previous research that has consistently found these two ER strategies to be detrimental to individuals' affective well-being (Boemo et al., 2022) and mental health (Aldao et al., 2010) in daily life.”
Affective Trajectories of Binge Eating, Purging, and Exercise Among Sexual Minority Men
Harris, E. A., Moeck, E. K., & Griffiths, S. (2025) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24406 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…various strategies effectively downregulate negative and upregulate positive affect in daily life, including reappraisal (i.e., seeing a situation from a different perspective), acceptance (i.e., noticing emotions without judging or trying to change them), and distraction (Boemo et al. 2022).”
Longitudinal Associations Between Resilience, Emotion Regulation and Mental Health in Adolescents
Öztürk, S., Sevgican, Ş., Demirgül, S. A., & Dinç, M. (2025) · Psychiatric quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10182-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Considering that adaptive strategies are associated with fewer psychopathological and emotional problems [62–65], individuals with high psychological resilience may experience positive emotions more frequently [66] and show fewer mental health problems during challenging times, such as the COVID-19…”
Lazović, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2025.1657464 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Luna, C. M., Dai, S., Pagán, C. R., Liu, C., & Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M. (2025) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2025.2592660 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…EMA literature in a specific field, such as physical activity (Zapata-Lamana et al., 2020), mindfulness (Enkema et al., 2020) or emotion regulation (Boemo et al., 2022). one broader review addressed EMA use across all studies conducted with pediatric populations (Russell & gajos, 2020).”
Kresznerits, S., Zinner-Gérecz, Á., Miklósi, M., Szekeres, T., & Perczel-Forintos, D. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07740-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“There is also growing evidence of polyregulation and the dynamic use of complex strategies during emotional regulation [85, 86].”
Eghosa, E., & Bukola, S. T. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1830779 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The analysis helped establish statistical relationships between TAEs and therapeutic outcomes, offering insight into their effectiveness across diverse contexts (Boemo et al., 2022).”
Lee, Y., Foster, E. R., Baum, C. M., & Connor, L. T. (2024) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2024.050742 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Although previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between emotion regulation and depressive symptoms (Boemo et al., 2022) or participation in daily activities (Cooper et al., 2015; Suchy et al., 2019), none of these studies have investigated the moderating role of difficulties in emotion…”
Klinge, J. L., Warschburger, P., & Klein, A. M. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001937 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Emotion Crafting and Daily Psychological Functioning: A 7-Day Diary Study
Hernandez, M. E. H., Taşkesen, N., & van der Kaap‐Deeder, J. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00876-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“We selected affect as a mediator between EC and wellbeing/illbeing due to its long-studied role in ER research, where positive affect has been consistently linked to adaptive ER, and negative affect to maladaptive ER strategies (e.g., Boemo et al., 2022).”
Influentialvan der Mee, D. J., de Vries, L. P., & A, L. K. M. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08991-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
de la Fuente, D., Könen, T., In‐Albon, T., Schemer, L., & Karbach, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100812 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Smith, J. E., Brinkman, H. R., DiBello, A. M., Hamilton, J. L., Leyro, T. M., Altman, B. R., & Farris, S. G. (2024) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-024-10135-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Ecological momentary assessment data has further found that youth exhibiting greater emotional intensity, lability, and difficulty regulating negative affect in response to real time events report greater depressive symptoms and behavioral problems (Boemo et al., 2022; Silk et al., 2003 ).”
Validation and Application of Functions of Future Thinking Scale in Chinese Adults
Liu, L., Dai, L., & Wang, Y. (2024) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.819 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Guo, S., Yang, J., Lipp, O. V., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2459149 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“It also should be noted that EMB may influence other emotion regulation strategies (Boemo et al., 2022).”
Basińska, B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Gruszczyńska, E. (2025) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2025.2471325 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This was also evident in the results of the meta-analysis by Boemo et al. (2022), which revealed a large effect size in the contemporaneous relationship between negative affect and rumination but no significant prospective relationships in daily diary studies.”
Associations between emotion malleability beliefs and emotion regulation processes in daily life
Xie, T., Zhu, X., Qian, W., Liu, X., Wang, J., & Murray, A. L. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2502807 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“To address these limitations, daily life methods including ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and daily diaries have increasingly been used to study emotion regulation dynamics in real life (Boemo et al., 2022; Colombo et al., 2020).”
InfluentialAitken, J. A., Zhu, Z., Baines, J. I., Kim, J., Kaplan, S. A., Dalal, R. S., Hassani, J., & Gibson, J. L. (2025) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-025-00232-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…seems especially important, given that some research indicates that reappraisal may be much less effective in daily life (i.e., outside the lab; Boemo et al., 2022), perhaps due to either the cognitive burden of reap-praisal at work (Beal et al., 2005) or the challenges of deriving alternative…”
InfluentialEmotion Regulation in Daily Life Among Adults With Suicidal Thoughts
Millgram, Y., Coppersmith, D. D. L., Sheppes, G., Fortgang, R. G., Goldenberg, A., & Nock, M. K. (2025) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251349809 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Indeed, global self-report measures of emotion regulation are primarily designed and validated to capture habitual or trait-level use of strategies, making them less suitable for evaluating state emotion regulation (Boemo et al., 2022; Medland et al., 2020).”
Expressive suppression moderates the relationship between brain volume and mental health
Delgado-Herrera, M., Arce, B. I., Olalde-Mathieu, V. E., Licea-Haquet, G., & Reyes-Aguilar, A. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.040 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Torunsky, N. T., Vilares, I., & Koutstaal, W. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106447 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Laughter regulation in solitary and social contexts varies across emotion regulation strategies
Mitschke, V., Ziereis, A. C., Manivasagam, S., & Schacht, A. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00368-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“It seems problematic that these have not been considered at all.”
Link, E. (2025) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502251395835 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This conceptualization of emotions and emotion regulation indicates that information behaviors are not only motivated by emotions but can impact a shift or redirection of the flow of emotional experience (Boemo et al., 2022; Kuppens & Verduyn, 2017; Kuppens et al., 2010; see also Brashers, 2001).”
Flanagan, J. C., Giff, S. T., Forkus, S. R., Crasta, D. J., & Miles, S. R. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251399682 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation in child- and adolescent ADHD
Astenvald, R., Frick, M. A., Kleberg, J., & Isaksson, J. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100660
“Previous research suggest that acceptance is frequently used during adolescence in the general population and has been shown to be an effective regulation strategy (Lennarz et al., 2019), linked to less psychopathology (Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012) and daily positive affect (Boemo et al., 2022).”
- Authors
- Boemo, T., Nieto, I., Vazquez, C., & Sanchez-Lopez, A.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Boemo, Teresa
- ORCID
- Boemo, Teresa
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 139
- Pages
- 104747
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4282973758
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 4.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Docta Complutense (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- BURJC Digital (King Juan Carlos University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Comunidad de Madrid (2017-T1 / SOC-5359)
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (CT17/17-CT18/17, PID2019, PID2019-108711GB-I00)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- emotion regulation strategies, daily affect, negative affect, positive affect, rumination, emotional suppression, worry, cognitive reappraisal, distraction, acceptance, problem solving, ecological momentary assessment, daily diary
- MeSH terms
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Emotional Regulation, Affect, Emotions, Humans, Problem Solving, Retrospective Studies
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