Toward a personalized science of emotion regulation
Open accessAbstract
The ability to successfully regulate emotion plays a key role in healthy development and the maintenance of psychological well‐being. Although great strides have been made in understanding the nature of regulatory processes and the consequences of deploying them, a comprehensive understanding of emotion regulation that can specify what strategies are most beneficial for a given person in a given situation is still a far‐off goal. In this review, we argue that moving toward this goal represents a central challenge for the future of the field. As an initial step, we propose a concrete framework that (i) explicitly considers emotion regulation as an interaction of person, situation, and strategy, (ii) assumes that regulatory effects vary according to these factors, and (iii) sets as a primary scientific goal the identification of person‐, situation‐, and strategy‐based contingencies for successful emotion regulation. Guided by this framework, we review current questions facing the field, discuss examples of contextual variation in emotion regulation success, and offer practical suggestions for continued progress in this area.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 87 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingcitation
Relative to a control platform facilitating expressive writing, Panoply produced larger increases in reappraisal use among people who were higher in depression at baseline.
“Relative to a control platform that facilitated expressive writing, Panoply led to larger increases in reappraisal use for people who were higher in depression at baseline”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Morris, Schueller, & Picard, 2015
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- Findingcitation
Increased feelings of anxiety were driven by perceptions that the causes of the event are unresolved.
“Moreover, increased feelings of anxiety were driven by perceptions that the causes of this event are unresolved (Doré et al., 2015).”
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- Findingcitation
In a between-person analysis, people with lower average levels of negative affect more strongly recruited ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC).
“In a between-person analysis, we found that people with lower average levels of negative affect more strongly recruited ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Silvers, Wager, Weber, & Ochsner, 2015
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- Premisecitation
Reappraisal, when used to down-regulate emotion, can diminish behavioral, experiential, and autonomic measures of emotional response.
“Reappraisal is often seen as the preferred strategy because (when used to down-regulate emotion) it can diminish behavioral, experiential, and autonomic measures of emotional response (Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
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- Premisecitation
The predictive value of delay behavior is attenuated by factors including gender, age, tendency to anxiously expect rejection, and whether a cognitive strategy was supplied.
“careful assessment of the relevant data shows that the predictive value of delay behavior is attenuated by a host of other factors, including gender (Francis & Sussman, 2009; Shoda et al., 1990), age (Francis & Sussman, 2009), tendency to anxiously expect rejection (Ayduk et al., 2000), and whether, in the delay task, a cognitive strategy for waiting was supplied or not (Shoda et al., 1990).”
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- cites Shoda et al., 1990
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- cites Ayduk et al., 2000
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- Interpretationreasoning
Failure or success in emotion regulation may emerge not from a context-free continuum of person-level regulatory ability but from person by situation by strategy interactions.
“failure or success in emotion regulation may be characterized as emerging not from a context-free continuum of person-level regulatory ability but from a set of person by situation by strategy interactions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Regulatory effects vary according to person, situation, and strategy factors.
- Interpretationnone given
Emotion regulation is inherently an interaction of person, situation, and strategy factors.
“Although emotion regulation is inherently an interaction of person, situation, and strategy factors, past research has focused more on main effects of each of these influences”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Regulatory effects vary according to person, situation, and strategy factors.
- Interpretationreasoning
The emotion generation process reflects a person by situation interaction via appraisal systems driven by past experiences and current and chronic goals and knowledge.
“Thus, the emotion generation process reflects a particular form of person by situation interaction brought about via the operation of appraisal systems that are driven by past experiences as well as current and chronic goals and knowledge.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Sources of variability in emotion regulation success consist of main effects of person, situation, and strategy, as well as their interactions.
“sources of variability in emotion regulation success consist of main effects of person, situation, and strategy, as well as their interactions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Regulatory effects vary according to person, situation, and strategy factors.
- Interpretationnone given
The impact of a given variable, such as age, on emotion response channels depends on other variables, including situation and strategy.
“the impact of a given variable, like age (a person variable), on emotion response channels will depend on the other variables (in this case, situation and strategy).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Regulatory effects vary according to person, situation, and strategy factors.
- Premisecitation
Three distinct temporal stages where person, situation, and strategy variables may exert additive and interactive influence are identification, selection, and implementation.
“we represent three distinct temporal stages where person, situation, and strategy variables may exert additive and interactive influence (Table 1): first, when identifying an opportunity to regulate; second, when selecting a particular regulation strategy; and, third, when implementing a selected strategy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gross, 2015
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- Premisecitation
The basic model guiding much contemporary emotion regulation research has received strong support.
“the basic model that guides much contemporary emotion regulation research has now received strong support (Gross, 2015; Ochsner et al., 2012; Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012)”
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- cites Ochsner et al., 2012
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- cites Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012
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- Interpretationreasoning
A personalized science of emotion regulation may make better contact with regulatory attempts in real-world contexts for healthy and clinical populations.
“a personalized science of emotion regulation may be able to make better contact with regulatory attempts in real-world contexts, for both healthy and clinical populations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Person and situation factors exert both additive and interactive influences on emotion generation.
“person and situation factors exert both additive (i.e., main effect) and interactive influences on emotion generation.”
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Costs of expressive suppression are diminished or reversed for people whose cultural background values emotional restraint.
“several studies suggest that the costs of expressive suppression are diminished or reversed for people whose cultural background values emotional restraint (Butler, Lee, & Gross, 2009; Soto, Perez, Kim, Lee, & Minnick, 2011).”
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- cites Soto, Perez, Kim, Lee, & Minnick, 2011
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- Interpretationcitation
There are cases in which self-control capacities are leveraged toward goals detrimental to overall well-being, such as using drugs or committing crime for social reward or avoiding food in eating disorders.
“there must also be cases in which self-control capacities are leveraged toward goals that are detrimental to overall well-being, like using drugs or committing crime in order to gain a social reward (see Rawn & Vohs, 2011) or avoiding the consumption of food in eating disorders (Steinglass et al., 2012).”
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- cites Steinglass et al., 2012
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- Premisecitation
Children are more successful when reappraising appetitive food stimuli than when reappraising aversive social stimuli.
“children are more successful when reappraising appetitive food stimuli than when reappraising aversive social stimuli (Silvers, Shu, Hubbard, Weber, & Ochsner, 2015; Silvers, Wager, Weber, & Ochsner, 2014; Silvers et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Silvers, Shu, Hubbard, Weber, & Ochsner, 2015
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- cites Silvers, Wager, Weber, & Ochsner, 2014
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- cites Silvers et al., 2012
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- Interpretationreasoning
Emotion regulation brings a third component, the regulation strategy, into play.
“if emotion generation is a person–situation interaction, then emotion regulation brings a third component into play – the regulation strategy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Benefits of reappraisal may be attenuated or reversed for particular people or situations.
“the benefits of reappraisal may be attenuated or reversed for particular people, or in particular situations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Whether reappraisal is adaptive depends on the controllability of the situation it is used against.
“This pattern suggests that whether reappraisal is adaptive depends on the controllability of the situation it is being leveraged against”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The effects of regulation strategies identified by Gross (1998a) depend on measurable characteristics of the persons using them and the situations they are used against.
“the effects of the regulation strategies identified by Gross (1998a) depend on measurable characteristics of the persons leveraging them and the situation(s) they are being leveraged against.”
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- Premisecitation
A recent investigation showed a pattern consistent with acute stress impairing participants' ability to deploy cognitive resources to reappraise aversive stimuli.
“a recent investigation showed a pattern of results consistent with the idea that acute stress impairs participants’ ability to deploy cognitive resources to reappraise aversive stimuli (Raio et al., 2013).”
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- Interpretationcitation
Whether older adults are successful or struggle when attempting to regulate may depend on the strategy they deploy and their goals for regulation.
“Together, these data suggest that whether older adults are successful or struggle when attempting to regulate may depend upon the strategy they deploy and their goals for regulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The Panoply application administers emotion regulation training and social support by crowdsourcing reappraisals and empathic responses from other trained users.
“A recent project from Morris and Picard (2014) combined translation and field experimentation to develop and evaluate of a novel online intervention – the Panoply application – which administers emotion regulation training and social support by crowdsourcing reappraisals and empathic responses from other trained users of the application.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Morris & Picard, 2014
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- Interpretationnone given
Whether an evocative stimulus will be encountered once or re-encountered in the future is an important but understudied situational factor.
“Another important but understudied situational factor is whether the evocative stimulus will be encountered only once or if it will be re-encountered in the future.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
There is some evidence that regulatory capacity can precede tendency.
“there is some evidence to suggest capacity can precede tendency.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Socially oriented forms of emotion regulation training may be particularly beneficial for people with higher levels of depression.
“indicating an interaction such that socially oriented forms of emotion regulation training may be particularly beneficial for people with higher levels of depression”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Within reappraisal of negative experiences, positive reappraisal tactics (enhancing positive feelings by finding positive aspects or implications of negative situations) can be distinguished from neutralizing reappraisal tactics (dampening negative feelings by focusing on neutral aspects or implications).
“within the context of reappraising negative experiences, we can distinguish positive reappraisal tactics, used to enhance positive feelings by finding positive aspects or implications of negative situations, and neutralizing reappraisal tactics, used to dampen negative feelings by focusing on neutral aspects or implications of negative situations”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites McRae, Ciesielski, & Gross, 2012
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- cites Mauss & McRae, in press
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- Interpretationnone given
Within-strategy differences in the tactics used in the service of a given strategy may be as important as between-strategy differences.
“Although between-strategy differences are clearly important, it may be just as important to consider within-strategy differences in the tactics that are used in the service of a given strategy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The emergence of Internet-based sampling has facilitated efficient access to large and diverse samples of participants.
“the emergence of Internet-based sampling has facilitated efficient access to large and diverse samples of participants.”
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- Premisecitation
As people's interactions with the world become increasingly intertwined with Internet use, new opportunities will emerge for collecting psychologically relevant records of actual behavior across life contexts.
“as people’s interactions with the world become increasingly intertwined with their use of the Internet, new opportunities will emerge for the collection of psychologically relevant records of actual behavior across life contexts (Gosling & Mason, 2015).”
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- Premisecitation
Multilevel approaches to data analysis are particularly well-suited to estimating context-varying effects because they can incorporate random effect terms allowing effects of interest to vary from person to person.
“Multilevel approaches to data analysis are particularly well-suited to the estimation of context-varying effects, because they can incorporate random effect terms allowing effects of interest to vary from person to person (Bolger & Laurenceau, 2013; Gelman & Hill, 2006).”
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- cites Gelman & Hill, 2006
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- Premisecitation
Reappraisal can lead to decreases in brain measures of emotional responding across short-term (30 minutes) and longer-term (one week) delays.
“the existing literature indicates that reappraisal can lead to decreases in brain measures of emotional responding across both short-term (e.g., 30 minutes) and longer-term (e.g., one week) delays (Denny et al., 2015; Erk et al., 2010; Silvers et al., 2014).”
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- cites Erk et al., 2010
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- cites Silvers et al., 2014
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- Premisecitation
Person-level variables such as gender, personality, cultural background, and emotional awareness may influence the success or failure of particular instances of emotion regulation.
“many other person-level variables may influence the success or failure of particular instances of emotion regulation, including gender (e.g., McRae, Ochsner, Mauss, Gabrieli, & Gross, 2008), personality (e.g., Widiger, 2011; Wilkowski & Robinson, 2010), cultural background (e.g., Soto et al., 2011), and emotional awareness (e.g., Hill & Updegraff, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites McRae, Ochsner, Mauss, Gabrieli, & Gross, 2008
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- cites Widiger, 2011
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- cites Wilkowski & Robinson, 2010
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- Interpretationown data
The modulation of emotion over time and space can be attributed in part to top-down cognitive processes (abstract causal thinking) that diminish sadness while increasing other emotions such as anxiety.
“This pattern suggests that the modulation of emotion that occurs over time and space can be attributed in part to top-down cognitive processes (i.e. abstract causal thinking) that diminish sadness while simultaneously increasing other emotions, like anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Multilevel models can identify which documented emotion regulation effects are true for nearly everyone and which are characterized by more variability, even before the factors generating that variability are identified.
“With these models, we can ask which documented emotion regulation effects are true for nearly everyone and which are characterized by more variability, even before we have identified the factors that generate this variability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premiseown data
Multilevel modeling can reveal that relationships of interest differ at between-person and within-person levels.
“Another strength of multilevel modeling is that it can reveal that relationships of interest are different at between- and within-person levels.”
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- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21
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FindingcitationPositive and neutralizing reappraisal evoke long-term change in fundamentally different ways: positive reappraisal adds new positively valenced information to memories, whereas neutralizing reappraisal takes a more distant perspective to decouple emotional response from comparatively unchanged memory content.
“In this article, we found that positive and neutralizing reappraisal evoke long-term change in fundamentally different ways – positive reappraisal entails imbuing memories with a “silver lining” via the sustained addition of new positively valenced information, whereas neutralizing reappraisal entails taking a more distant psychological perspective on the events of a memory in order to decouple”
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Findingown dataIn a Twitter dataset on the Sandy Hook shooting, sadness words decreased with time and spatial distance while anxiety words showed the opposite pattern, associated with increases in causal-thinking words.
“Although sadness words decreased with time and spatial distance, anxiety words showed the opposite pattern, associated with increases in words reflecting causal thinking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn a within-person analysis, lower negative affect on a given trial was associated with lateral and medial prefrontal activity, whereas higher negative affect ratings were associated with amygdala activity.
“In a within-person analysis, we found that lower levels of negative affect on a given trial were associated with lateral and medial prefrontal activity, whereas higher negative affect ratings were associated with amygdala activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
FindingcitationElevated use of regulation strategies overall, and elevated use of avoidance and rumination strategies in particular, was associated with psychopathology symptoms.
“finding that elevated use of regulation strategies overall, and elevated use of avoidance and rumination strategies in particular, was associated with psychopathology symptoms (Dixon-Gordon, Aldao, & De Los Reyes, 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dixon-Gordon, Aldao, & De Los Reyes, 2014
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PremisecitationOchsner and Gross (2014) and Gross (2015) proposed an extension delineating nested valuation cycles in the generation and regulation of emotion.
“Ochsner and Gross (2014) and Gross (2015) have proposed an extension to this model that delineates the role of nested valuation cycles in the generation and regulation of emotion.”
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- cites Gross (2015)
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Interpretationnone givenAn emotion represents the interaction of a person with an emotionally evocative situation.
“Fundamentally, an emotion represents the interaction of a person (or another organism) with an emotionally evocative situation.”
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InterpretationcitationThe interactionist approach in its extreme form entails shelving questions like which regulation strategy is best in favor of assuming context-varying regulatory effects and aiming to identify person, situation, and strategy contingencies.
“In its extreme form, the interactionist approach entails shelving questions like, “Which regulation strategy is best?” in favor of a theoretical stance that assumes context-varying regulatory effects as a basic tenet and holds as a primary scientific goal the identification of the person, situation, and strategy contingencies for this variation (see Gross, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gross, 2015
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- The authors state this as an assumption: Regulatory effects vary according to person, situation, and strategy factors.
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PremisecitationPast research has focused more on main effects of person, situation, and strategy, and dominant models have not foregrounded interactions.
“past research has focused more on main effects of each of these influences (e.g., benefits of a particular strategy as compared with others), and dominant models of emotion regulation have not foregrounded such interactions (see Aldao, 2013; Koole & Veenstra, 2015)”
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- cites Koole & Veenstra, 2015
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PremisecitationEmotion regulation unfolds iteratively over time but can be broken into discrete temporal stages including identification, selection, and implementation.
“emotion regulation unfolds iteratively over time but can be broken up into discrete temporal stages, including identification (of an opportunity to regulate emotion), selection (of a particular regulation strategy), and implementation (of a selected strategy) (see Gross, 2015).”
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PremisecitationExisting emotion regulation research has predominantly studied a particular population, a particular situation, and particular strategies.
“Existing research has built a model of emotion regulation predominantly by studying a particular population (e.g., healthy young adults) and a particular situation (e.g., normatively aversive films or images), via the use of particular strategies (e.g., reinterpreting the meaning of a film in order to feel less negative) (see Aldao, 2013; Gross, 2015).”
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- cites Gross, 2015
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Premisenone givenScientific knowledge about emotion regulation comes from observation in daily life and observation in lab studies.
“Scientific knowledge about emotion regulation comes from two sources – observation of emotion regulation in daily life and observation of emotion regulation in lab studies in which we manipulate and measure particular variables.”
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PremisecitationEmotion generation is driven by appraisal of a situation's relevance to goals, and variability in emotional responding is driven by the interaction of situational features and appraisal tendencies.
“emotion generation is driven by an appraisal of the relevance of a situation to goals, and variability in emotional responding is driven by the interaction of situational features and appraisal tendencies (Barrett, Mesquita, Ochsner, & Gross, 2007; Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003; Lazarus, 1993).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Barrett, Mesquita, Ochsner, & Gross, 2007
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- cites Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003
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- cites Lazarus, 1993
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PremisecitationChildren's ability to delay gratification at about four years prospectively predicted later outcomes including body mass in childhood, SAT scores in adolescence, and drug use in adulthood.
“children’s ability to delay gratification (i.e., to forgo a small immediate reward and wait for a larger one) at about four years of age prospectively predicted important outcomes later in life, like body mass in childhood (Francis & Sussman, 2009), SAT scores in adolescence (Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, 1990), and drug use in adulthood (Ayduk et al., 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Francis & Sussman, 2009
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- cites Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, 1990
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- cites Ayduk et al., 2000
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PremisecitationGross's process model describes categories of emotion regulation strategies organized by the temporal stage of emotion generation they target.
“the process model of emotion regulation is a description of categories or groups of emotion regulation strategies – situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response suppression – that are organized by the temporal stage of the emotion generation process that they target.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gross, 1998a
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PremisecitationAn instance of regulation is successful in the short term if it brings about a desired emotional outcome and more broadly if it brings about longer-term well-being.
“An instance of regulation is successful, in the short term, if it brings about a desired emotional outcome and, more broadly, if it brings about longer-term well-being (McRae, 2013; Tamir, 2009).”
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- cites Tamir, 2009
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InterpretationreasoningWhether an attempt to regulate succeeds depends on characteristics of the strategy, which may have additive impact or interact with person and situation influences.
“In addition to person and situation variables, whether an attempt to regulate succeeds depends on the characteristics of the strategy, which may have additive impact or may interact with person and situation influences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigher reappraisal ability predicted lower depressive symptoms for participants experiencing uncontrollable stressors, but predicted greater depressive symptoms for participants experiencing controllable stressors.
“a recent study found that higher reappraisal ability predicted lower depressive symptoms for participants experiencing uncontrollable stressors, but, strikingly, actually predicted greater depressive symptoms for participants experiencing controllable stressors (Troy, Shallcross, & Mauss 2013).”
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Premisenone givenMost existing studies have focused on main effects.
“Although most existing studies have focused on main effects, in Table 2, we provide illustrative examples of studies that have looked at main effects and interactions of person, situation, and strategy factors”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningA person-centered science of emotion regulation will benefit from the application of modern tools for data collection and analysis.
“A person-centered science of emotion regulation, even more so than the group-average centered approach dominant in the past, will benefit from the application of modern tools for data collection and analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAcute exposure to stress impacts prefrontal cortex function and disrupts performance in cognitive control tasks.
“Acute exposure to stress is known to impact prefrontal cortex function and to disrupt performance in cognitive control tasks (Alexander, Hillier, Smith, Tivarus, & Beversdorf, 2007; Arnsten, 2009)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Alexander, Hillier, Smith, Tivarus, & Beversdorf, 2007
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- cites Arnsten, 2009
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PremisecitationIt is not clear whether stress increased the strength of emotional reactions, impaired regulatory ability, or both.
“it didn’t make clear whether stress increased the strength of emotional reactions, impaired regulatory ability, or some combination of both.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationBecause distraction and expressive suppression are unlikely to cause long-term change in affective representations, reappraisal is preferable for situations where lasting change is desired.
“Because strategies like distraction and expressive suppression are unlikely to cause long-term change in affective representations, this suggests that reappraisal is preferable for situations where lasting change is desired (see Denny et al., 2015; Kross & Ayduk, 2008; Sheppes et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Denny et al., 2015
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- cites Kross & Ayduk, 2008
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- cites Sheppes et al., 2014
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- Rests on an assumption: Distraction and expressive suppression are unlikely to cause long-term change in affective representations.
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PremisecitationSituational differences such as the valence, intensity, and category of the emotion elicited, along with social content, controllability, and time and distance from the evocative event, could prove important for emotion regulation.
“Among other fundamental situational differences that could prove important are the valence (e.g., Quoidbach, Berry, Hansenne, & Mikolajczak, 2010), intensity (e.g., Sheppes, Catran, & Meiran, 2009), and category of emotion elicited (e.g., Rivers, Brackett, Katulak, & Salovey, 2007)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Quoidbach, Berry, Hansenne, & Mikolajczak, 2010
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- cites Sheppes, Catran, & Meiran, 2009
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- cites Rivers, Brackett, Katulak, & Salovey, 2007
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PremisecitationFrom young to older adulthood, there is decline in prefrontal regions and associated cognitive abilities, but older age is associated with reliable increases in positive emotion and well-being.
“From young to older adulthood, a paradox has been noted: although there is decline in prefrontal regions and the cognitive abilities associated with them, older age is associated with reliable increases in positive emotion and well-being (Carstensen et al., 2011; Mather, 2012).”
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- cites Mather, 2012
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Interpretationnone givenPeople may vary appreciably in their knowledge of, motivation for, and skill with emotion regulation.
“people may also vary appreciably in their knowledge of, motivation for, and skill with emotion regulation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationOlder adults have spared capacity to redirect and/or control attention to regulate emotion and may tend to spontaneously use this strategy to look away from unpleasant and toward pleasant stimuli.
“older adults have both spared capacity to redirect and/or control the focus of their attention to regulate their emotion and may tend to spontaneously use this strategy to look away from unpleasant and toward pleasant stimuli (Isaacowitz, Wadlinger, Goren, & Wilson, 2006; Mather, 2012; Tucker, Feuerstein, Mende-Siedlecki, Ochsner, & Stern, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Isaacowitz, Wadlinger, Goren, & Wilson, 2006
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- cites Mather, 2012
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- cites Tucker, Feuerstein, Mende-Siedlecki, Ochsner, & Stern, 2012
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Interpretationown dataPositive and neutralizing reappraisal operate via distinct mechanisms and have distinct effects.
“This pattern of results suggests that these two strategies operate via distinct mechanisms and have distinct effects”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThis variable is relevant for understanding whether a given regulation strategy can have durable effects and whether the ability to deploy a strategy effectively can be trained via practice.
“This variable is relevant for understanding whether a given regulation strategy can have durable effects (e.g., Denny, Inhoff, Zerubavel, Davachi, & Ochsner, 2015) and whether the ability to deploy a given regulation strategy effectively can be trained via practice (e.g., Denny & Ochsner, 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Denny, Inhoff, Zerubavel, Davachi, & Ochsner, 2015
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- cites Denny & Ochsner, 2014
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PremisecitationAn interactive approach to person, situation, and strategy sources of variability in emotion regulation aligns with recent recommendations for statistical practice in psychology.
“An interactive approach to person, situation, and strategy sources of variability in emotion regulation aligns well with recent examinations of and recommendations for statistical practice in psychology (Cumming, 2013; Gelman & Carlin, 2014; Simmons, Nelson, & Simonsohn, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Cumming, 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Gelman & Carlin, 2014
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- cites Simmons, Nelson, & Simonsohn, 2011
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAny article relating lab-based behavioral or brain results to retrospective questionnaires enhances knowledge of lab-life associations, but combining lab measures with EMA or other ambulatory assessments is particularly promising.
“In principle, any article relating lab-based behavioral or brain results to retrospective questionnaires enhances our knowledge of such associations, but the combination of lab measures with EMA methods or other ambulatory assessments show particular promise in this regard.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationQuestionnaire and behavioral measures show greater meta-cognitive awareness of regulatory strategies, greater tendency to use cognitive strategies, and greater emotion regulatory capacity from childhood to adolescence and adulthood.
“Questionnaire and behavioral measures have revealed that individuals exhibit greater meta-cognitive awareness of regulatory strategies (Mischel & Mischel, 1987), greater tendency to use cognitive strategies (Garnefski, Legerstee, Kraaij, van den Kommer, & Teerds, 2002; Williams & McGillicuddy-De Lisi, 1999), and greater emotion regulatory capacity on lab-based cognitive regulation paradigms (Silv”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Mischel & Mischel, 1987
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- cites Garnefski, Legerstee, Kraaij, van den Kommer, & Teerds, 2002
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- cites Williams & McGillicuddy-De Lisi, 1999
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InterpretationcitationEMA can be used to ask individual difference questions by collapsing across measurements for particular persons, and situation-focused questions by considering each person's deflection from baseline across situations, more directly than questionnaire or lab studies.
“By collapsing across measurements collected for particular persons, EMA can be used to ask individual difference questions, adding to and validating the extant questionnaire-based literature, and by considering each person’s deflection from baseline across different situations, these methods can also be used to ask situation-focused questions more directly than questionnaire or lab studies”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bolger, Davis, & Rafaeli, 2003
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- cites Brans, Koval, Verduyn, Lim, & Kuppens, 2013
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- cites Nezlek & Kuppens, 2008
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe importance of relating lab-based and daily-life processes has been pointed out by other theorists.
“The importance of this kind of work has been pointed out by other theorists (Aldao, Sheppes, & Gross, 2014; Berkman & Falk, 2013)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Aldao, Sheppes, & Gross, 2014
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- cites Berkman & Falk, 2013
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren as young as 4 can cognitively transform a tempting treat when instructed and can wait longer when it is out of sight, yet do not endorse such strategies as useful until years later.
“children as young as 4 years can cognitively transform a tempting treat when instructed to do so and can wait longer for the said treat when it is out of sight, yet children do not endorse such strategies as being useful until years later (Mischel & Mischel, 1987; Moore, Mischel, & Zeiss, 1976; Yates & Mischel, 1979).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Mischel & Mischel, 1987
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- cites Moore, Mischel, & Zeiss, 1976
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- cites Yates & Mischel, 1979
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PremisecitationExpressive suppression targets the behavioral display of emotion, whereas reappraisal targets evaluations of the meaning of negative stimuli.
“one well-developed body of work has contrasted expressive suppression, which targets the behavioral display of emotion, to reappraisal, which targets evaluations of the meaning of negative stimuli.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationOlder adults show lesser ability to down-regulate negative emotion but spared ability to enhance positive emotion via reappraisal.
“Older adults show lesser ability to down-regulate negative emotion (e.g., Shiota & Levenson, 2009; Winecoff, LaBar, Madden, Cabeza, & Huettel, 2011) but spared ability to enhance positive emotion via reappraisal (Shiota & Levenson, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Shiota & Levenson, 2009
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- cites Winecoff, LaBar, Madden, Cabeza, & Huettel, 2011
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PremisecitationSocial stress impairs prefrontal function and a measure of cognitive control that may depend on some of the same mechanisms as reappraisal.
“an imaging study showing that social stress impairs prefrontal function and a measure of cognitive control (van Ast et al., 2014) that may depend upon some of the same mechanisms as reappraisal (Ochsner et al., 2012)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites van Ast et al., 2014
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- cites Ochsner et al., 2012
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Premisenone givenDetecting context-varying effects (interactions) typically requires more statistical power than detecting main effects.
“Because detecting context-varying effects (i.e., interactions) typically requires more statistical power than detecting main effects”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenWhen children display less regulated emotional behavior than adults, this could be due to being less inclined to regulate, less capable, or both.
“when children display less regulated emotional behavior than adults, this could be due to them being less inclined to less regulate, less capable of regulating, or both.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe theoretical distinction between regulatory capacities and tendencies is linked to person by situation interactions, because tendencies are governed by situational contingencies that specify when capacities are deployed.
“The theoretical distinction between regulatory capacities and tendencies is inherently linked to the idea of person by situation interactions, in that regulatory tendencies are governed by situational contingencies that specify when particular strategic capacities are deployed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningAn overarching scientific framework that foregrounds contextual dependencies can serve to integrate basic and translational approaches to studying emotion regulation.
“We suggest that an overarching scientific framework in which these contextual dependencies are foregrounded can serve to integrate basic and translational approaches to studying emotion regulation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe within-person effects closely resemble brain activity associated with instructed reappraisal, suggesting that phasic changes in these regions may reflect spontaneous engagement of cognitive emotion regulation resources.
“These within-person effects closely resemble the brain activity associated with instructed reappraisal – suggesting that phasic changes in these regions may reflect spontaneous engagement of resources for cognitive emotion regulation (Buhle et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Buhle et al., 2014
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May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataParceling out within-person and between-person sources of variability can lead to new scientific insights and avoid the erroneous assumption that person-to-person variation follows the same rules as situation-to-situation variation.
“In this and other cases, parceling out within- and between-person sources of variability can lead to new scientific insights, avoid the erroneous assumption that variation from person to person follows the same rules as variation from situation to situation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe utility of any given regulation strategy depends on the characteristics of the person using it and the evocative situation it is used against.
“it is becoming clear that the utility of any given regulation strategy will depend on the characteristics of the person leveraging it and the evocative situation it is being leveraged against.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Regulatory effects vary according to person, situation, and strategy factors.
“assumes that regulatory effects vary according to these factors”
The paper relies on this without support.
People vary in emotional reactivity along a continuum from unreactive to hyper-reactive.
“people may vary in emotional reactivity (the intensity of their initial emotional reactions to the world) on a continuum from unreactive to hyper-reactive.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Situations vary in their potential to evoke intense responses.
“situations might vary in their potential to evoke intense responses, from mildly evocative (a shoelace becomes untied while walking) to extremely intense (you trip on the shoelace into oncoming traffic).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Distraction and expressive suppression are unlikely to cause long-term change in affective representations.
“strategies like distraction and expressive suppression are unlikely to cause long-term change in affective representations”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many theoretically meaningful strategy-related differences have received little empirical attention.
“Many theoretically meaningful strategy-related differences have received little empirical attention, including whether application of a strategy is intrinsically or extrinsically motivated, whether it is cued and implemented by the self or by another person”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Emotion regulation is a dynamic process affected by situational, contextual, and momentary factors.
“ER is indeed a dynamic process affected by situational, contextual, and momentary factors (Aldao, 2013; Doré et al., 2016)”
From New Technologies for the Understanding, Assessment, and Intervention of Emotion Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Doré et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
One cited article has conflicting publication details
MinorThese references give the same title and DOI but assign the article different publication years and journal issues.
“78. Silvers JA Wager TD Weber J Ochsner KN 2014 The neural bases of uninstructed negative emotion modulation Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10 1 10 18 24493847 10.1093/scan/nsu016 PMC4994839”
“79. Silvers JA Wager TD Weber J Ochsner KN 2015 The neural bases of uninstructed negative emotion modulation Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 10 10 18 24493847 10.1093/scan/nsu016 PMC4994839”
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InfluentialEmotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review
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InfluentialEmotion regulation: current status and future prospects
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“Building from the extended process model (Gross, 2015), we represent three distinct temporal stages where person, situation, and strategy variables may exert additive and interactive influence (Table 1): first, when identifying an opportunity to regulate; second, when selecting a particular regulation”
InfluentialHandbook of Affective Sciences
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Self-citationOchsner, K. N., Silvers, J. A., & Buhle, J. T. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06751.x · Cited by 1,879 · cited 4× · see citing works
“That said, the basic model that guides much contemporary emotion regulation research has now received strong support (Gross, 2015; Ochsner et al., 2012; Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012), and researchers are beginning to move beyond it to formulate the next iteration of emotion regulation research.”
InfluentialSelf-citationHiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion.
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.1.95 · Cited by 1,843 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Reappraisal is often seen as the preferred strategy because (when used to down-regulate emotion) it can diminish behavioral, experiential, and autonomic measures of emotional response (Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.95 · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works
Regulatory Flexibility: An Individual Differences Perspective on Coping and Emotion Regulation
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Emotion regulation and memory: the cognitive costs of keeping one's cool
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“…lect the complexity of the natural world and for translational research, which by its nature is deeply concerned with identifying appropriate interventions for individuals who suffer emotion dysregulation in specific situations or in response to particular cues (Silvers, Buhle, & Ochsner, 2013).”
Self-citationBeyond Power Calculations: Assessing Type S (Sign) and Type M (Magnitude) Errors
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Interpersonal emotion regulation.
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Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal
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Self-citationVentromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning
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“, is consistent) with their chronic ways of regulating (Higgins, 2005).”
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“…control tasks (Alexander, Hillier, Smith, Tivarus, & Beversdorf, 2007; Arnsten, 2009), and a recent investigation showed a pattern of results consistent with the idea that acute stress impairs participants’ ability to deploy cognitive resources to reappraise aversive stimuli (Raio et al., 2013).”
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“…& Meiran, 2009), and category of emotion elicited (e.g., Rivers, Brackett, Katulak, & Salovey, 2007), as well as the social content (e.g., Silvers et al., 2012), controllability (e.g., Troy et al., 2013), and time and distance from the evocative event (e.g., Doré, Ort, Braverman, & Ochsner, 2015).”
InfluentialEmotion regulation choice: a conceptual framework and supporting evidence.
Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., Radu, P. T., Blechert, J., & Gross, J. (2014) · Journal of experimental psychology. General · doi:10.1037/a0030831 · Cited by 628 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Because strategies like distraction and expressive suppression are unlikely to cause long-term change in affective representations, this suggests that reappraisal is preferable for situations where lasting change is desired (seeDenny et al., 2015; Kross & Ayduk, 2008; Sheppes et al., 2014).”
Mindfulness and its relationship to emotional regulation
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“…or failure of particular instances of emotion regulation, including gender (e.g., McRae, Ochsner, Mauss, Gabrieli, & Gross, 2008), personality (e.g., Widiger, 2011; Wilkowski & Robinson, 2010), cultural background (e.g., Soto et al., 2011), and emotional awareness (e.g., Hill & Updegraff, 2012).”
Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms?
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“A recent project from Morris and Picard (2014) combined translation and field experimentation to develop and evaluate of a novel online intervention – the Panoply application –which administers emotion regulation training and social support by crowdsourcing reappraisals and empathic responses from…”
The regulation of negative and positive affect in daily life.
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What Do People Want to Feel and Why?: Pleasure and Utility in Emotion Regulation
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“…to field and lab research, aid in the development of a comprehensive model of emotion regulation with transportable relevance, and eventually give rise to a nuanced understanding of the factors that set the stage for emotion regulation success or failure. rm s and C onditions (https://online”
InfluentialSelf-citationSoto, J. A., Perez, C. R., Kim, Y.-H., Lee, E. A., & Minnick, M. R. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023340 · Cited by 519 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…can lead to new scientific insights, avoid the erroneous assumption that variation from person to person follows the same rules as variation from situation to situation, and serve theoretical movement toward person-centered paradigms in the neuroscience and psychology of emotion regulation.”
Unpacking cognitive reappraisal: Goals, tactics, and outcomes.
Kateri Mcrae, A., Ciesielski, B. G., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026351 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Internet Research in Psychology
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“Using a combination of behavioral and neuroimaging approaches, Jennifer Silvers’ research focuses on how cognitive strategies and social inf luences regulate emotion across the lifespan.”
Regulating Positive and Negative Emotions in Daily Life
Nezlek, J. B., & Kuppens, P. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00496.x · Cited by 441 · cited 2× · see citing works
“That said, the basic model that guides much contemporary emotion regulation research has now received strong support (Gross, 2015; Ochsner et al., 2012; Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012), and researchers are beginning to move beyond it to formulate the next iteration of emotion regulation research.”
The Development of Children’s Knowledge of Self-Control Strategies
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“Because strategies like distraction and expressive suppression are unlikely to cause long-term change in affective representations, this suggests that reappraisal is preferable for situations where lasting change is desired (seeDenny et al., 2015; Kross & Ayduk, 2008; Sheppes et al., 2014).”
Shiota, M. N., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017896 · Cited by 383 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Older adults show lesser ability to down-regulate negative emotion (e.g., Shiota & Levenson, 2009; Winecoff, LaBar, Madden, Cabeza, & Huettel, 2011) but spared ability to enhance positive emotion via reappraisal (Shiota & Levenson, 2009).”
Self-regulation and Rapid Weight Gain in Children From Age 3 to 12 Years
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“…predictive value of delay behavior is attenuated by a host of other factors, including gender (Francis & Sussman, 2009; Shoda et al., 1990), age (Francis & Sussman, 2009), tendency to anxiously expect rejection (Ayduk et al., 2000), and whether, in the delay task, a cognitive strategy for…”
InfluentialGabard-Durnam, L. J., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E., Hare, T., & Tottenham, N. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.038 · Cited by 372 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One explanation is that developing neurobiology allows for prefrontal regulation of subcortical structures involved in generating appetitive responses before regulation of regions involved in generating aversive responses (see Fareri et al., in press; Gabard-Durnam et al., 2014).”
The Anatomy of Anger: An Integrative Cognitive Model of Trait Anger and Reactive Aggression
Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00607.x · Cited by 357 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…or failure of particular instances of emotion regulation, including gender (e.g., McRae, Ochsner, Mauss, Gabrieli, & Gross, 2008), personality (e.g., Widiger, 2011; Wilkowski & Robinson, 2010), cultural background (e.g., Soto et al., 2011), and emotional awareness (e.g., Hill & Updegraff, 2012).”
The emotion paradox in the aging brain
Mather, M. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06471.x · Cited by 349 · see citing works
The Social Regulation of Emotion: An Integrative, Cross-Disciplinary Model
Reeck, C., Ames, D. R., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.003 · Cited by 318 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…expressive suppression impacts behavior and can also impact experience (albeit to lesser extent than reappraisal) but does so at the cost of increasing autonomic arousal and impairing memory (Davis, Senghas, Brandt, & Ochsner, 2010; Davis, Senghas, & Ochsner, 2009; Richards & Gross, 2000).”
Self-citationAcute and sustained effects of cognitive emotion regulation in major depression
Erk, S., Mikschl, A., Stier, S., Ciaramidaro, A., Gapp, V., Weber, B., & Walter, H. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1856-10.2010 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Beta-adrenergic Modulation of Cognitive Flexibility during Stress
Alexander, J. K., Hillier, A., Smith, R. M., Tivarus, M. E., & Beversdorf, D. Q. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.3.468 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Is there an age-related positivity effect in visual attention? A comparison of two methodologies.
Isaacowitz, D. M., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.511 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Cognitive emotion regulation fails the stress test
Raio, C. M., Orederu, T. A., Palazzolo, L., Shurick, A. A., & Phelps, E. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1305706110 · Cited by 302 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…must also be cases in which self-control capacities are leveraged toward goals that are detrimental to overall well-being, like using drugs or committing crime in order to gain a social reward (see Rawn & Vohs, 2011) or avoiding the consumption of food in eating disorders (Steinglass et al., 2012).”
Overlapping neural systems mediating extinction, reversal and regulation of fear
Schiller, D., & Delgado, M. R. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.002 · Cited by 294 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…lower average levels of negative affect more strongly recruited ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a region known to support contextual updating of affective value (Roy, Shohamy, &Wager, 2012), including signaling a state of safety and extinguishing conditioned fear (Schiller & Delgado, 2010).”
Berkman, E. T., & Falk, E. B. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412469394 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Behavioral effects of longitudinal training in cognitive reappraisal.
Denny, B. T., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035276 · Cited by 269 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This variable is relevant for understanding whether a given regulation strategy can have durable effects (e.g., Denny, Inhoff, Zerubavel, Davachi, & Ochsner, 2015) and whether the ability to deploy a given regulation strategy effectively can be trained via practice (e.g., Denny & Ochsner, 2014).”
Self-citationThe Effects of BOTOX Injections on Emotional Experience
Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., Brandt, F., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018690 · Cited by 258 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A long-term goal of such an approach is the development of a family of models that can be applied to describe and explain the tremendous variability seen in instances of emotion regulation across different people, evocative situations, and regulatory strategies. and C onditions…”
Self-citationSheppes, G., Catran, E., & Meiran, N. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.06.006 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Coping Strategies in Adolescents
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Cognitive and neural contributors to emotion regulation in aging
Winecoff, A., LaBar, K. S., Madden, D. J., Cabeza, R., & Huettel, S. A. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq030 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Comparative effects of the reward stimulus and its cognitive representation in voluntary delay.
Moore, B. S., Mischel, W., & Zeiss, A. M. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.3.419 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Increased Capacity to Delay Reward in Anorexia Nervosa
STEINGLASS, J. E., Figner, B., Berkowitz, S. A., Simpson, H. B., Weber, E. U., & Walsh, B. T. (2012) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617712000446 · Cited by 169 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…must also be cases in which self-control capacities are leveraged toward goals that are detrimental to overall well-being, like using drugs or committing crime in order to gain a social reward (see Rawn & Vohs, 2011) or avoiding the consumption of food in eating disorders (Steinglass et al., 2012).”
Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Aldao, A., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.983046 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Silvers, J. A., Shu, J., Hubbard, A. D., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12260 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes Expressing Your Emotions Raise or Lower Your Blood Pressure?
Butler, E. A., Lee, T. L., & Gross, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022109332845 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Getting Over It: Long-Lasting Effects of Emotion Regulation on Amygdala Response
Denny, B. T., Inhoff, M. C., Zerubavel, N., Davachi, L., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615578863 · Cited by 128 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…& Meiran, 2009), and category of emotion elicited (e.g., Rivers, Brackett, Katulak, & Salovey, 2007), as well as the social content (e.g., Silvers et al., 2012), controllability (e.g., Troy et al., 2013), and time and distance from the evocative event (e.g., Doré, Ort, Braverman, & Ochsner, 2015).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe Connection Between Varying Treatment Effects and the Crisis of Unreplicable Research
Gelman, A. (2015) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314525208 · Cited by 125 · cited 1× · see citing works
“An interactive approach to person, situation, and strategy sources of variability in emotion regulation aligns well with recent examinations of and recommendations for statistical practice in psychology (Cumming, 2013; Gelman& Carlin, 2014; Simmons, Nelson, & Simonsohn, 2011).”
How does facial feedback modulate emotional experience?
Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.06.005 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulating anger and sadness: an exploration of discrete emotions in emotion regulation
Rivers, S. E., Brackett, M. A., Katulak, N. A., & Salovey, P. (2006) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9017-2 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Young children's preferred attentional strategies for delaying gratification.
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“…lower average levels of negative affect more strongly recruited ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a region known to support contextual updating of affective value (Roy, Shohamy, &Wager, 2012), including signaling a state of safety and extinguishing conditioned fear (Schiller & Delgado, 2010).”
Yarkoni, T. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412457362 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Sadness Shifts to Anxiety Over Time and Distance From the National Tragedy in Newtown, Connecticut
Doré, B., Ort, L., Braverman, O., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614562218 · Cited by 97 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, increased feelings of anxiety were driven by perceptions that the causes of this event are unresolved (Doré et al., 2015).”
Self-citationThe neural bases of uninstructed negative emotion modulation
Silvers, J. A., Wager, T. D., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu016 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationNormative development of ventral striatal resting state connectivity in humans
Fareri, D. S., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Goff, B., Flannery, J., Gee, D. G., Lumian, D. S., Caldera, C., & Tottenham, N. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.022 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
People Use Self-Control to Risk Personal Harm: An Intra-Interpersonal Dilemma
Rawn, C. D., & Vohs, K. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310381084 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation Frequency and Success: Separating Constructs from Methods and Time Scale
McRae, K. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12027 · Cited by 67 · cited 2× · see citing works
“An instance of regulation is successful, in the short term, if it brings about a desired emotional outcome and, more broadly, if it brings about longerterm well-being (McRae, 2013; Tamir, 2009).”
Koole, S. L., & Veenstra, L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.964657 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…and strategy factors, past research has focused more on main effects of each of these inf luences (e.g., benefits of a particular strategy as compared with others), and dominant models of emotion regulation have not foregrounded such interactions (see Aldao, 2013; Koole & Veenstra, 2015).”
Brain Mechanisms of Social Threat Effects on Working Memory
van Ast, V. A., Spicer, J., Smith, E. E., Schmer-Galunder, S., Liberzon, I., Abelson, J. L., & Wager, T. D. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu206 · Cited by 56 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While this result fits with those of an imaging study showing that social stress impairs prefrontal function and a measure of cognitive control (van Ast et al., 2014) that may depend upon some of the same mechanisms as reappraisal (Ochsner et al., 2012), it didn’t make clear whether stress…”
Tucker, A. M., Feuerstein, R., Mende‐Siedlecki, P., Ochsner, K. N., & Stern, Y. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0028207 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrating Normal and Abnormal Personality Structure: A Proposal for DSM-V
Widiger, T. A. (2011) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.3.338 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…or failure of particular instances of emotion regulation, including gender (e.g., McRae, Ochsner, Mauss, Gabrieli, & Gross, 2008), personality (e.g., Widiger, 2011; Wilkowski & Robinson, 2010), cultural background (e.g., Soto et al., 2011), and emotional awareness (e.g., Hill & Updegraff, 2012).”
Silvers, J. A., Buhle, J. T., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation(2016) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977925.001.0001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Increasing Positive Emotion in Negative Contexts
McRae, K., & Mauss, I. B. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977925.003.0011 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“An instance of regulation is successful, in the short term, if it brings about a desired emotional outcome and, more broadly, if it brings about longerterm well-being (McRae, 2013; Tamir, 2009).”
Crowd-powered positive psychological interventions
Morris, R. R., & Picard, R. W. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.913671 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A recent project from Morris and Picard (2014) combined translation and field experimentation to develop and evaluate of a novel online intervention – the Panoply application –which administers emotion regulation training and social support by crowdsourcing reappraisals and empathic responses from…”
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- Doré B. P.&Ochsner K. N.(under review).Reappraisal evokes lasting change in the content and emotional impact of negative autobiographical memories.
- Ochsner K. N., 2014, Handbook of Emotional Regulation, 23
- 10.1093/scan/nsu016 · DOI
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Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework
Braunstein, L. M., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx096 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
“Different situational and contextual factors also influence regulation success (Doré et al., 2016), and future work could probe how the four classes of regulatory strategies are affected”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychological Resilience: An Affect-Regulation Framework
Troy, A. S., Willroth, E. C., Shallcross, A. J., Giuliani, N. R., Gross, J. J., & Mauss, I. B. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020122-041854 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Kobylińska, D., & Kusev, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00072 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Mental illness and well‐being: an affect regulation perspective
Gross, J. J., Uusberg, H., & Uusberg, A. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20618 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation Flexibility: Gender Differences in Context Sensitivity and Repertoire
Goubet, K. E., & Chrysikou, E. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00935 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Allen, V. C., & Windsor, T. D. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1396575 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Dor e, Silvers, and Ochsner (2016) suggest that to understand contingencies for ER success, researchers need to move beyond examination of how a single variable in isolation, such as age, shapes ER, and consider how individual difference variables, situational factors, and specific ER strategies…”
BackgroundDoré, B. P., Morris, R. R., Burr, D. A., Picard, R. W., & Ochsner, K. N. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217695558 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationWeilenmann, S., Schnyder, U., Parkinson, B., Corda, C., von Känel, R., & Pfaltz, M. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00389 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses
Katana, M., Röcke, C., Spain, S. M., & Allemand, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01097 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life: The Role of Goals and Situational Factors
Wilms, R., Lanwehr, R., & Kastenmüller, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00877 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Situations, in which individuals regulate their emotions, may differ dramatically from each other (Bonanno and Burton, 2013; Aldao et al., 2015; Doré et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCapacity and tendency: A neuroscientific framework for the study of emotion regulation
Silvers, J. A., & Moreira, J. F. G. (2017) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.017 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“plicit and explicit forms of emotion regulation [11,32], prevailing models have not yet taken into account the complementary significance of regulatory capacity and tendency [25,78,82,93].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcMahon, T. P., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618807408 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kökönyei, G., Kocsel, N., Király, O., Griffiths, M. D., Galambos, A., Mägi, A., Paksi, B., & Demetrovics, Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00273 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“(125) proposed a personalized investigation of ER via understanding how the individual, the situation, and strategies interact with each other and thus contribute to successful or unsuccessful regulation of emotion.”
BackgroundNew Technologies for the Understanding, Assessment, and Intervention of Emotion Regulation
Colombo, D., Fernández-Álvarez, J., García Palacios, A., Cipresso, P., Botella, C., & Riva, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01261 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“ER is indeed a dynamic process affected by situational, contextual, and momentary factors (Aldao, 2013; Doré et al., 2016), and strategy implementation in daily life only moderately correlates with ER trait measures (Brockman et al., 2017).”
BackgroundIs it me or the music? Stress reduction and the role of regulation strategies and music
Baltazar, M., Västfjäll, D., Asutay, E., Koppel, L., & Saarikallio, S. H. (2019) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/2059204319844161 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The neural bases of cognitive emotion regulation: The roles of strategy and intensity
Moodie, C. A., Suri, G., Goerlitz, D. S., Mateen, M. A., Sheppes, G., Kateri Mcrae, A., Lakhan-Pal, S., Thiruchselvam, R., & Gross, J. J. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00775-8 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cohen, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2018) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.08.007 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Direct training: enhancing adaptive responding by practicing the implementation of specific emotion regulation strategies Studies of this type are informed by models of emotion and emotion regulation [4,5 ,6] that differentiate classes of regulation strategies in terms of the stage of a putative emotion generation seq…”
Self-citationBridging gaps and moving forward: Building a new model for socioemotional formation and regulation
Lobczowski, N. G. (2020) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2019.1670064 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Neural Predictors of Decisions to Cognitively Control Emotion
Doré, B., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2526-16.2016 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Future work could investigate whether particular clinical disorders are associated with disproportionate disruption in the capacity to deploy processes for emotion regulation when instructed versus the tendency to use them without being instructed to do so (Doré et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNeural underpinnings of individual differences in emotion regulation: A systematic review
Morawetz, C., & Basten, U. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105727 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“During this time, the field of research in emotion regulation started to move from describing population averages to describing and understanding person-specific processes (Dore et al., 2016).”
BackgroundRossi, A. A., Panzeri, A., & Mannarini, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-10006-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Given its transdiagnostic nature, in recent decades, the focus on emotional dysregulation has become progressively more important (Doré et al., 2016; Sloan et al., 2017).”
BackgroundLawlor, C., Hepworth, C., Smallwood, J., Carter, B., & Jolley, S. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2408 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation Strategy Use and Success During Adolescence: Assessing the Role of Context
France, K. D., & Hollenstein, T. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12672 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Why Do People With Depression Use Faulty Emotion Regulation Strategies?
Yoon, S., & Rottenberg, J. A. (2019) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919890670 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Preston, T. J., Carr, D. C., Hajcak, G., Sheffler, J., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1998350 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Shahane, A. D., Lopez, R. B., & Denny, B. T. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00676-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sachs‐Ericsson, N., Carr, D. C., Sheffler, J., Preston, T. J., Kiosses, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1698516 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Halperin, E., & Schori‐Eyal, N. (2020) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12527 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Jiang, X., Moreno, J., & Ng, Z. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111255 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lopez, R. B., Brown, R. L., Wu, E.-L. L., Murdock, K. W., Denny, B. T., Heijnen, C., & Fagundes, C. (2020) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000755 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Kökönyei, G., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Király, O. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/21115 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Understanding why a given individual uses specific affect regulation strategies in a given situation or across situations and the emotional or behavioral consequences of the ways of affect regulation [57] could be an essential component of personalized treatments targeting mental health problems including GD.”
BackgroundAmeko, M. K., Beltzer, M. L., Cai, L., Boukhechba, M., Teachman, B. A., & Barnes, L. E. (2020) · ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys) · doi:10.1145/3383313.3412244 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“people based on different contexts is urgently desired but remains a far-off goal [13].”
BackgroundHow People Emotionally Respond to the News on COVID-19: An Online Survey
Hamidein, Z., Hatami, J., & Rezapour, T. (2020) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.11.covid19.809.2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cohen, N., & Arbel, R. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.05.011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Establishment and replication of emotion regulation profiles: implications for psychological health
Chesney, S. A., Timmer‐Murillo, S. C., & Gordon, N. S. (2019) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1573990 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“These methods attend to the individual as the unit of study and create “personalized” models of emotion regulation (Aldao, 2013; Aldao & Tull, 2015; Doré et al., 2016), which identify the outcomes of regulation by taking into account the dynamic interactions between the person and the wide array of regulatory strategi…”
MethodDesdentado, L., Miragall, M., Lloréns, R., & Baños, R. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03153-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Azevedo, R., Taub, M., Mudrick, N. V., Millar, G. C., Bradbury, A. E., & Price, M. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64274-1_10 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Unpacking reappraisal: a systematic review of fMRI studies of distancing and reinterpretation
Denny, B. T., Jungles, M. L., Goodson, P. N., Dicker, E. E., Chavez, J., Jones, J. S., & Lopez, R. B. (2023) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsad050 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…any emotion regulation strategy are ultimately driven by factors related to the person and situation involved in addition to the strategy utilized (Dore et al. , 2016), reappraisal has frequently been shown to be adaptive in a variety of contexts and when compared to other regulation strategies,…”
The emotional brain: Fundamental questions and strategies for future research
Shackman, A. J., & Wager, T. D. (2018) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.012 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“We humans frequently regulate our emotions, and we do so using a variety of increasingly well understood strategies [118,123,18,33,56,57].”
BackgroundMethodSpringstein, T., & English, T. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683231199140 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, recent shifts in emotion regulation research have emphasized the importance of not simply relying on ideas about the proposed effectiveness of strategies in isolation, but also acknowledging their dependence on the situation and the regulator (Doré et al., 2016; Greenaway et al., 2018).”
BackgroundLawlor, C., Vitoratou, S., Duffy, J., Cooper, B., Souza, T. D., Boutillier, C. L., Carter, B., Hepworth, C., & Jolley, S. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12359 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Scheffel, C., Diers, K., Schönfeld, S., Brocke, B., Strobel, A., & Dörfel, D. (2019) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2019.11 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cortical associates of emotional reactivity and regulation in childhood stuttering
Zengin‐Bolatkale, H., Conture, E. G., Key, A. P. F., Walden, T. A., & Jones, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.04.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Moderating Role of Emotion Regulation in the Recall of Negative Autobiographical Memories
Colombo, D., Serino, S., Suso‐Ribera, C., Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Cipresso, P., García‐Palacios, A., Riva, G., & Botella, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137122 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“There is evidence, however, that ER is a situated process shaped by momentary situational and contextual factors, which are difficult to capture through trait-based questionnaires [47,48].”
BackgroundShu, J., Ochsner, K. N., & Phelps, E. A. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00115-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“That said, context determines whether reappraisal and suppression are adaptive or maladaptive (Butler et al., 2007; Doré et al., 2016; Ford & Troy, 2019; Troy et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPauw, L. S., Medland, H., Paling, S. J., Moeck, E. K., Greenaway, K. H., Kalokerinos, E. K., Hinton, J. D. X., Hollenstein, T., & Koval, P. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00123-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…vary as a function of changes in perceived social support, a key feature of social contexts, which we define as a person’s subjective evaluation of the degree to which others are available to support them in a given situation (see Eagle et al., 2019) and refer to as ‘social support’ henceforth.”
BackgroundPredicting emotional health indicators from linguistic evidence of psychological distancing
Shahane, A. D., & Denny, B. T. (2019) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2855 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Turner, M. J., Wood, A. G., Boatwright, D., Chadha, N. J., Jones, J. K., & Bennett, R. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1871524 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Even within uncontrollable situations, evidence indicates that cognitive change is a superior emotion regulation strategy (Doré et al., 2016).”
For Whom and What Does Cognitive Reappraisal Help? A Prospective Study
Dawel, A., Mewton, P., Gulliver, A., Farrer, L. M., Calear, A. L., Newman, E. J., & Cherbuin, N. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10407-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…findings aligns with recent arguments that no emotion regulation strategy is universally helpful (or harmful), highlighting interactions between person-level and situation-level factors within the context of any given regulation strategy (Doré et al., 2016 ; Ford & Troy, 2019 ; Sahi et al., 2022).”
Parkinson, B. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108696234 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Burr, D. A., d’Arbeloff, T. C., Elliott, M. L., Knodt, A. R., Brigidi, B. D., & Hariri, A. R. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1493 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Thus, the use of suppression is likely not categorically maladaptive and, indeed, may be adaptive in particularly stressful situations (Doré et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialKeleynikov, M., Benatov, J., & Cohen, N. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02530-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“ER strategies differ in terms of their implications for well-being as a function of personal and situational factors (Doré et al., 2016; Sheppes et al., 2011), yet certain strategies are often linked to good mental health, whereas others are often linked to unfavorable outcomes (see Aldao et al.,…”
BackgroundStartup, H. M., Franklin‐Smith, M., Barber, W. H., Gilbert, N., Brown, Y., Glennon, D., Fukutomi, A., & Schmidt, U. H. (2021) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-021-00424-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lawlor, C., Vitoratou, S., Hepworth, C., & Jolley, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23164 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Recent accounts of ER suggest these approaches are complementary and that strategies and abilities will both contribute to how adaptively emotions are regulated (Doré et al., 2016; Gratz et al., 2018; Gross, 2015; Naragon‐Gainey et al., 2017; Tull & Aldao, 2015).”
BackgroundNg, Z., Willner, C. J., Mannweiler, M. D., Hoffmann, J. D., Bailey, C. S., & Cipriano, C. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09691-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“, 2007), the characteristics of people managing those emotions (Doré et al., 2016), the situations in which those emotions are experienced (Aldao, 2013; QuiñonesCamacho & Davis, 2020; Silk, 2019), and the strategies people utilize (Parsafar et al.”
BackgroundKobylińska, D., Lewczuk, K., Wizła, M., Marcowski, P., Blaison, C., Kastendieck, T., & Heß, U. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33032-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“For future studies, researchers should focus more on dispositional and contextual factors in investigating the effectiveness of ER strategies 15,18 .”
Students’ regulation of anxiety and hope—A multilevel latent profile analysis.
Rottweiler, A.-L., Stockinger, K., & Nett, U. E. (2023) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001200 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Adamczyk, A. K., Wyczesany, M., & van Peer, J. M. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108327 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Morawetz, C., Berboth, S., & Bode, S. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26667 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…of specific regulation strategies (Matthews et al., 2021; Sheppes, 2020), but aspects of the stimuli that trigger the emotional response, such as their intensity, will also determine how successful emotion regulation will be in a given situation (Aldao, 2013; Aldao & Tull, 2015; Dore et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMikkelsen, M. B., Tramm, G., & O’Toole, M. S. (2021) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000627 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of emotion regulation on cortisol
Mikkelsen, M. B., Tramm, G., Zachariae, R. H., Gravholt, C. H., & O’Toole, M. S. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100020 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cristaldi, F. D. P., Mento, G., Buodo, G., & Sarlo, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.947063 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation (ER) is the product of the interaction between the person who is regulating their own emotions, the situation in which ER is achieved, and the regulation strategy they are using (Doré et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodDesatnik, A., Bel‐Bahar, T., Taylor, L., Nolte, T., Crowley, M. J., Fonagy, P., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…relies on the interaction of multiple cortical and subcortical systems, forming a unique interactive matrix that supports a range of strategies (Thompson, Lewis & Calkins., 2008); this circuitry forms the basis of individual differences in regulation capacity (Doré, Silvers & Ochsner, 2016).”
Pauw, L. S., Sun, R., Zoppolat, G., Righetti, F., & Milek, A. (2024) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.90797 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Recognition of psychological emotion by EEG features
(2021) · doi:10.1007/s13721-020-00283-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“According to the gullies and cracks, it is divided into four main parts: the lateral cephalic lobe, the posterior cephalic lobe, the prefrontal lobe, and the parietal lobe (Doré et al. 2016; Demirtas et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMarital Conflict and Health: The Moderating Roles of Emotion Regulation and Marriage Order
Frye, N., H.Ganong, L., Jensen, T. M., & Coleman, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Divorce & Remarriage · doi:10.1080/10502556.2021.1925853 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“It may well be that this is an example of emotion regulation as a person-by-situation phenomenon (Doré et al., 2016; Troy et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTaking Stock and Moving Forward: A Personalized Perspective on Mixed Emotions
Moore, M. M., & Martin, E. A. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211054785 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Personalized approaches to scientific research have gained traction in several areas of psychology in which current theoretical models cannot account for heterogeneity observed in data (for use in emotion regulation, see Doré et al., 2016; for use in psychopathology, see Wright & Woods, 2020).”
BackgroundBeltzer, M. L., Ameko, M. K., Daniel, K. E., Daros, A. R., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12282 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hayes, B. K., Harikumar, A., Ferguson, L. A., Dicker, E. E., Denny, B. T., & Leal, S. L. (2023) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107824 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Springstein, T., & English, T. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104428 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Think again: the role of reappraisal in reducing negative valence bias
Neta, M., Harp, N. R., Tong, T. T., Clinchard, C., Brown, C., Gross, J. J., & Uusberg, A. (2022) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2160698 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…to reappraise one set of stimuli would make reappraisal more cognitively accessible and thereby increase the probability that they would engage in reappraisal spontaneously when facing a new set of stimuli in close temporal proximity (Doré et al., 2016; Doré et al., 2017; Joor-mann et al., 2015).”
BackgroundIgra, L., Shilon, S., Kivity, Y., Atzil–Slonim, D., Lavi‐Rotenberg, A., & Hasson‐Ohayon, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.944457 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Recent accounts of ER suggest that these approaches are complementary; hence, deficits in ER abilities and the use of particular ER strategies both contribute to how adaptively emotions are regulated (Gross, 2015; Tull and Aldao, 2015; Doré et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAdvances in Emotion-Regulation Choice from Experience Sampling
Burr, D. A., & Samanez-Larkin, G. R. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.02.008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Measuring Emotion Dysregulation in Daily Life: An Experience Sampling Study
Weiss, N. H., Dixon-Gordon, K., Brick, L., Goldstein, S., Schick, M. R., Laws, H., Kiefer, R., Contractor, A. A., & Sullivan, T. P. (2024) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2024.2366031 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…of current experiences in near real-time and within natural environments, allowing researchers to capture variables, such as emotion dysregulation, that can fluctuate dramatically throughout a single day in response to situational, contextual, and momentary factors (Aldao, 2013; Doré et al., 2016).”
Reappraising negative emotions reduces distress during the COVID-19 outbreak
Arbel, R., Szpiro, S., Sagi, J., Khuri, M., Berkovits, L., & Cohen, N. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03642-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Specific to reappraisal, one dataset showed reappraising others’ emotions over a three-week period was associated with reduced depression and perseverative thinking via an increase in habitual reappraisal (Doré et al., 2016; Morris et al., 2015).”
Measuring Emotion Regulation Skill Use During Treatment: A Promising Methodological Approach
Nauphal, M., Curreri, A. J., Cardona, N. D., Meyer, E. R., Southward, M. W., & Sauer-Zavala, S. E. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211063229 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Laboratory-based paradigms, in which participants are instructed to practice specific emotion regulation strategies following exposure to emotionally salient stimuli, are often highly structured and time limited, reducing their external validity and limiting our understanding of the long-term outcomes associated with…”
BackgroundSouthward, M. W., Wilson, A. C., & Cheavens, J. S. (2020) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12302 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Umiejętności narracyjne osób w spektrum autyzmu
Chojnicka, I. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial08 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Daumiller, M. H., Putwain, D. W., & Nett, U. E. (2024) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000883 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Efekt sformułowania w decyzjach ryzykownych a ukierunkowania regulacyjne
Rutkowska, D., & Grzesik, M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial04 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Scholten, S., Schemer, L., Herzog, P., Haas, J. W., Heider, J., Winter, D., Reis, D., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2024) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-024-01363-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…regulation processes in the ESM survey: momentary affect (Cloos et al., 2022), information on the appraisal of specific situational contexts (Doré et al., 2016), emotion regulation strategies (Boemo et al., 2022), emotion regulation motives (Tamir, 2016), and emotion regulation success…”
Doré, B., Meksin, R., Mather, M., Hirst, W. C., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000168 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationOn (Im)Patience: A New Approach to an Old Virtue
Sweeny, K. M. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683241263874 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Broadly, people can be more or less reactive to situational cues that might prompt a given emotion, but those individual tendencies often interact with situational factors (Doré et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation: Foundational Abilities for Optimal Youth Development
McCann, C. F., & Silvers, J. A. (2025) · Advancing responsible adolescent development · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85110-0_18 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Association of Emotion Regulation and Somatic Symptoms
Petzke, T. M., & Witthöft, M. (2024) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001310 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Rojas-Saffie, J. P., & García-Matte, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1419202 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Related to this, the current literature is addressing the high context sensitivity of ESR, because it tends to operate in the interaction between person, situation and strategy, as proposed by the interactionist framework of a personalized science of emotion (for a review, see Doré et al., 2016).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation and healthy behaviors of the body energy balance in adults: A review of evidence
Gómez-Acosta, A., & Pérez, C. E. L. (2020) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/acp.2020.23.2.14 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shahane, A. D., LeRoy, A. S., Denny, B. T., & Fagundes, C. P. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104517 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“How an individual flexibly determines when to implement reappraisal is an important skill of its own, and worthy of future research directions (Doré et al., 2016).”
BackgroundOut of the dark – Psychological perspectives on people's fascination with true crime
Perchtold‐Stefan, C. M., Rominger, C., Ceh, S. M., Sattler, K., Veit, S., & Fink, A. (2025) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.70038 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Altogether, the potential emotion regulation properties of true crime consumption open up novel research questions from a more personalized emotion regulation perspective (Doré et al., 2016).”
Neural Responses During Emotion Transitions and Emotion Regulation
Hao, Y., Yao, L., & Evans, G. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.666284 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“emotion processing incorporates the interaction of situation, regulation, and person factors (Aldao, 2013; Koole and Veenstra, 2015; Doré et al., 2016).”
BackgroundKiefer, R., Schick, M. R., Newberger, N. G., Ferguson, J. J., Raudales, A. M., Sullivan, T. P., & Weiss, N. H. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231197737 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“ESM allow researchers to capture variables, such as PTSD symptoms, that fluctuate throughout a single day in response to a wide array of situational, contextual, and momentary factors (Aldao, 2013; Doré et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSharma, P., & Singh, P. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2413366 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Due to all these observations, research on emotion regulation has seen an upward trend in the past few decades (Dore et al., 2016).”
The Role of Cognitive Effort in Emotion Regulation
Scheffel, C., & Gärtner, A. (2025) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-025-00324-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Although lower cognitive costs can enhance sustainability of regulation over time, automatic processes may be less flexible and less sensitive to contextual demands (Dore et al., 2016; Ford & Troy, 2019).”
A Person-Specific Emotion Regulation Flexibility Framework: Taking an Integrative Approach
Kaur, K., Lohani, M., Williams, P., & Asnaani, A. (2025) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739251323517 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Indeed, investigators have increasingly emphasized a personalized science approach to understanding ER processes (e.g., Doré et al., 2016; Springstein & English, 2023b), underscoring the importance of individual differences in understanding ER fl exibility.”
From the Self to the Social Regulation of Emotion: An Evolving Psychological and Neural Model
Ochsner, K. N. (2019) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation/The Nebraska symposium on motivation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27473-3_3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationShahane, A. D., Godfrey, D. A., & Denny, B. T. (2023) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001211 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shahane, A. D., Fagundes, C. P., & Denny, B. T. (2018) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682621.2018.1493640 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Integrating emotional regulation in higher education: an Aristotelian-Thomistic approach
González, J. L., Espinosa, V. F., & Crespí, P. (2025) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2025.2457966 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation has seen significant research over the past 20 years (Doré et al., 2016; Gross, 2015; Ochsner et al., 2012).”
Le, L., Moulds, M. L., & Nickerson, A. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.05.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Byrne, A., & Kangas, M. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.03.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Doré, B. P., Silvers, J. A., & Ochsner, K. N.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Doré, Bruce P.
- Ochsner, Kevin N.
- Venue
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 171-187
- ISSN
- 1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5939931
- OpenAlex
- W2321938005
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 27.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NICHD R010691780, NIA R01AG043463-01 Conte PAR 11-126)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, regulatory strategy, psychological well-being, healthy development, individual differences
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