The DOI matches its Crossref record; 412 of the 412 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review
Abstract
The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary perspective and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies. Emotion regulation is defined and distinguished from coping, mood regulation, defense, and affect regulation. In the increasingly specialized discipline of psychology, the field of emotion regulation cuts across traditional boundaries and provides common ground. According to a process model of emotion regulation, emotion may be regulated at five points in the emotion generative process: (a) selection of the situation, (b) modification of the situation, (c) deployment of attention, (d) change of cognitions, and (e) modulation of responses. The field of emotion regulation promises new insights into age-old questions about how people manage their emotions.
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In the citing paper
“suppressing the outward expression of emotions are considered ineffective emotion regulation strategies because they are often unsuccessful at reducing negative emotions (Gross, 1998)”
From Relationships among adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology during the treatment of comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
In the citing paper
“This companion role can offer emotional support, alleviating users’ fear and sadness through emotional resonance and psychological support, and enhancing feelings of security and well-being [23].”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“By adding emotional value to products, anthropomorphic design becomes an effective tool for emotional regulation, particularly in handling complex emotions like death anxiety, showcasing its unique and significant role [23].”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“In conclusion, anthropomorphic design not only directly reduces negative emotions but also indirectly enhances personal preferences for products through an increase in positive emotions.”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Anthropomorphic products offer an effective means of alleviating these negative emotions by providing channels for emotional regulation [23].”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Anthropomorphic products psychologically provide users with a virtual “companion”, especially in facing death anxiety.”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation theory explores how individuals manage and adjust their emotional experiences [23].”
From Anthropomorphic Design in Mortality Salience Situations: Exploring Emotional and Non-Emotional Mechanisms Enhancing Consumer Purchase Intentions (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“It usually occurs at the earlier stage of the emotion regulation process and plays a role prior to full arousal of emotional response tendencies (Gross, 1998; Gross and John, 2003).”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
In the citing paper
“In the meantime, the Emotion Regulation Process (Gross, 1998) is another common theory in the field of emotion regulation which emphasizes antecedent-focused and response-focused strategies of emotion regulation process.”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation refers to the ability to effectively manage the affective states whereas the lack of which is identified as a critical factor in many psychological problems (Gross, 1998; Zeman et al., 2006).”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
In the citing paper
“Converging evidence from several studies has shown that reappraisal effectively diminishes negative affect as measured by self-reported emotional experience (Gross, 1998), the affectively-modulated startle response (Jackson, Malmstadt, Larson, & Davidson, 2000), and other peripheral physiological measures (Eippert, Viet, Weiskopf, Birbaumer, & Anders, 2007).”
From Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal (2008) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
In the citing paper
“ER is a dynamic process that every person implements with the aim of downregulating or upregulating positive and negative emotions in order to reach desirable states (Gross, 1998, 2015a).”
From New Technologies for the Understanding, Assessment, and Intervention of Emotion Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gross, 1998
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Ruiz, F. J., Peña-Vargas, A., Ramírez, E. S., Suárez-Falcón, J. C., García-Martín, M. B., García-Beltrán, D. M., Henao, Á. M., Monroy-Cifuentes, A., & Sánchez, P. D. (2020) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000273 · Cited by 48
“…target some transdiagnostic processes such as experiential avoidance (Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996), psychological inflexibility (Törneke, Luciano, Barnes-Holmes, & Bond, 2016), emotion regulation (Gross, 1998), and repetitive negative thinking (RNT; Ehring & Watkins, 2008).”
BackgroundBarnhart, W. R., Braden, A. L., & Jordan, A. K. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104688 · Cited by 51
Experiential avoidance, self-compassion, self-judgment and coping styles in infertility
Cunha, M., Galhardo, A., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2016) · Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2016.04.001 · Cited by 48
Shapero, B. G., Stange, J. P., McArthur, B. A., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2019) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1462148 · Cited by 46
Stevens, E., & Wood, J. (2019) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2019.1657539 · Cited by 44
Cavicchioli, M., Movalli, M., & Maffei, C. (2019) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1511724 · Cited by 47
Hoarding disorder and difficulties in emotion regulation
Tolin, D. F., Levy, H. C., Wootton, B. M., Hallion, L. S., & Stevens, M. C. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.01.006 · Cited by 47
Advancing emotion regulation perspectives on psychopathology: the challenge of distress disorders
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.969624 · Cited by 46
Nelis, S., Bastin, M., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12318 · Cited by 44
Ashe, M. L., Newman, M. G., & Wilson, S. J. (2015) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.122 · Cited by 45
An Ethical Analysis of Emotional Labor
Barry, B., Olekalns, M., & Rees, L. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-3906-2 · Cited by 46
Bosch, N. M., Riese, H., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.01.005 · Cited by 44
Aldao, A., & Christensen, K. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.962399 · Cited by 45
Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Park, J. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000371 · Cited by 42
“The process model (Gross, 1998, 2015) can be used to map specific strategies onto the temporal course of the emotion generation and regulation process in a way that is more contextually sensitive and incorporates emotion dynamics.”
MethodBeadman, M., Das, R. K., Freeman, T. P., Scragg, P., West, R., & Kamboj, S. K. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.013 · Cited by 45
Concrete behaviour and reappraisal deficits after a left frontal stroke: A case study
Salas, C. E., Gross, J. J., Rafal, R. D., Viñas-Guasch, N., & Turnbull, O. H. (2013) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2013.784709 · Cited by 44
Self-citationLu, C., Zou, L., Becker, B., D. Griffiths, M., Yu, Q., Chen, S.-T., Demetrovics, Z., Jiao, C., Chi, X., Chen, A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2020.014419 · Cited by 42
“, via expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal [49].”
Lavi, I., Ozer, E. J., Katz, L. F., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102099 · Cited by 43
Self-citationSingh, R., Singh, B., Mahato, S., & Hambour, V. K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230991 · Cited by 38
“Emotion dysregulation in the context of social anxiety is the inability of an individual to influence or control their own emotional experiences [7].”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation and Academic Burnout Among Youth: a Quantitative Meta-analysis
Iuga, I. A., & David, O. A. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09930-w · Cited by 42
Masuda, A., Mandavia, A., & Tully, E. C. (2014) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034437 · Cited by 42
A transactional model of stress and coping applied to cyclist subjective experiences
Lim, T., Thompson, J., Tian, L., & Beck, B. (2023) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2023.05.013 · Cited by 42
Social Media Use in Adolescents: Bans, Benefits, and Emotion Regulation Behaviors
McAlister, K. L., Beatty, C. C., Smith-Caswell, J. E., Yourell, J. L., & Huberty, J. L. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/64626 · Cited by 47
“Situation selection involves choosing to approach or avoid situations that are likely to elicit emotional responses [35,36].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReappraisal generation after acquired brain damage: The role of laterality and cognitive control
Salas, C. E., Gross, J. J., & Turnbull, O. H. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00242 · Cited by 42
Self-citationTyra, A. T., Fergus, T. A., & Ginty, A. T. (2024) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2023.2251559 · Cited by 39
Lam, A. H. Y., Leung, S. F., Lin, J. J., & Chien, W. T. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s231877 · Cited by 40
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Review of General Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1998-09
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 271-299
- ISSN
- 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1552
- OpenAlex
- W2096423181
- Cited by
- 9,916
- References
- 409
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1064 · 2025: 877 · 2024: 761 · 2023: 673 · 2022: 762 · 2021: 671 · 2020: 661 · 2019: 595 · 2018: 513 · 2017: 436 · 2016: 403 · 2015: 394 · 2014: 352 · 2013: 355 · 2012: 292
- FWCI
- 31.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, coping, mood regulation, defense mechanisms, response tendencies, process model of emotion regulation, attentional deployment, cognitive change, emotional expression
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