The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine cross-sectional and prospective associations between loneliness and physical activity, and to evaluate the roles of social control and emotion regulation as mediators of these associations. DESIGN: A population-based sample of 229 White, Black, and Hispanic men and women, age 50 to 68 years at study onset, were tested annually for each of 3 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physical activity probability, and changes in physical activity probability over a 3-year period. RESULTS: Replicating and extending prior cross-sectional research, loneliness was associated with a significantly reduced odds of physical activity (OR = 0.65 per SD of loneliness) net of sociodemographic variables (age, gender, ethnicity, education, income), psychosocial variables (depressive symptoms, perceived stress, hostility, social support), and self-rated health. This association was mediated by hedonic emotion regulation, but not by social control as indexed by measures of social network size, marital status, contact with close ties, group membership, or religious group affiliation. Longitudinal analyses revealed that loneliness predicted diminished odds of physical activity in the next two years (OR = 0.61), and greater likelihood of transitioning from physical activity to inactivity (OR = 1.58). CONCLUSION: Loneliness among middle and older age adults is an independent risk factor for physical inactivity and increases the likelihood that physical activity will be discontinued over time.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity (Hawkley et al., 2009) and increased blood pressure in older adults (Hawkley et al., 2009, 2006).”
From Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging (2015) · cites this paper as Hawkley et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“diminished executive control [30, 31]”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both loneliness and social isolation are associated with poorer health behaviors including smoking, physical inactivity, and poorer sleep (Cacioppo et al., 2002;Hawkley, Thisted, & Cacioppo, 2009;Theeke, 2010).”
From Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review (2015) · cites this paper as Hawkley, Thisted, & Cacioppo, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Compromised regulation of emotion in lonely individuals explained their diminished likelihood of performing any physical activity, and loneliness also predicted a decrease in physical activity over time [31].”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In middle-aged and older adults, greater loneliness was associated with less effort applied to the maintenance and optimization of positive emotions [31].”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“studies of isolation and health behaviors indicate that social control does not explain many of the effects of isolation in humans.10,11”
From Social isolation (2011) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 33,716
UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
Russell, D. W. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2 · Cited by 5,800 · cited 1×
“Specifically, past research has shown that loneliness is associated with, but conceptually independent of, greater depressive symptomatology, hostility, and perceived stress, and poorer social support (Cacioppo, Hawkley, et al., 2006; Cacioppo, Hughes, et al., 2006; Russell, 1996).”
BackgroundBERKMAN, L. F., & SYME, S. L. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674 · Cited by 5,341 · cited 4×
“E-mail: hawkley@uchicago.edu Health Psychology © 2009 American Psychological Association 2009, Vol. 28, No. 3, 354–363 0278-6133/09/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0014400 354 were more likely to be classified as least active than moderately active (Berkman & Syme, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 · Cited by 5,173 · cited 2×
“Peplau & Perlman, 1982; Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980 ).”
BackgroundA Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
Self-citation(1988) · Cited by 4,111
Positive Events and Social Supports as Buffers of Life Change Stress 1
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x · Cited by 2,675 · cited 1×
“The ISEL consists of 12 statements that assess, on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (definitely false) to 4 (definitely true), the perceived availability of potential social resources (Cohen, 2008; Cohen & Hober- man, 1983; Cohen, Mermelstein, Kamarck, & Hoberman, 1984).”
BackgroundCacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · Cited by 2,380
Self-citationMeasuring the Functional Components of Social Support
Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985) · Social Support: Theory, Research and Applications · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_5 · Cited by 2,296
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Mohiyeddini C 2005 Personality, emotion regulation and psychopathology Habilitation thesis University of Tuebingen Germany
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 609
Primary-school aged children’s understanding and experiences of loneliness: a qualitative enquiry
Cole, A. R., Bond, C., & Qualter, P. (2021) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2021.1977993 · Cited by 7
“…& Hawkley, 2003; Caspi et al., 2006; Qualter et al., 2015), including impaired sleep and daytime dysfunction (Eccles & Qualter, 2020; Harris et al., 2013; Hawkley et al., 2010) and reduced physical activity (Hawkley et al., 2009), have also been highlighted as negative outcomes of loneliness.”
BackgroundFeeling Isolated and Lonely During Covid-19 Lockdown
(2020) · International Journal of Pharmacy and Infections Therapy · doi:10.31829/2765-852x/ijpit2020-3(1)-107 · Cited by 6
Ji, X., Li, X., Yuh, A., Kendell, C., Watson, A., Weimer, J. E., Nagahara, H., Teruo Higashino, Y., Mizumoto, T., Erdélyi, V., et al. (2023) · IEEE/ACM Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies · doi:10.1145/3580252.3586983 · Cited by 8
“Finally, mobility pattern [34] and physical activity level [16] are also commonly identified mediators of social isolation and health.”
BackgroundArgyriou, E., Grös, D. F., Hernandez‐Tejada, M. A., Muzzy, W. A., & Acierno, R. E. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.028 · Cited by 8
Einsamkeit als Gesundheitsrisiko: Eine narrative Übersichtsarbeit
Buecker, S., & Neuber, A. (2024) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-024-03939-w · Cited by 14
“…ge-ringerer körperlicher Aktivität [62, 63], die auch in Längsschnittstudien gefunden wurden, bei denen Einsamkeit zu einem Messzeitpunkt geringere körper- Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 10 · 2024 1099 liche Aktivität zu einem späteren Mess-zeitpunktvorhersagte[64].”
BackgroundRodeiro-Boliart, J., Olaya, B., Haro, J. M., Gabarrell‐Pascuet, A., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., Francia, L., Rodríguez-Prada, C., Dolz-del-Castellar, B., & Domènech‐Abella, J. (2024) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2024.100667 · Cited by 7
Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Hallgren, M. Å., & Koyanagi, A. (2017) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2017.05.002 · Cited by 7
Personality traits and preferred exercise environment of fitness club members
Meira, C. M., Gomes, A. C., Cattuzzo, M. T., Flores-Mendoza, C. E., Tosini, L., & Massa, M. (2021) · Acta Gymnica · doi:10.5507/ag.2020.020 · Cited by 7
Risk Factors of Frailty in Patients with Distal Radius Fractures
Kang, J., & Hong, S. W. (2022) · Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/21514593221094736 · Cited by 7
Negative Emotions and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Among Korean Immigrants
CHOI, S. E., Rush, E. B., & Henry, S. L. (2013) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721713492566 · Cited by 8
Kim, J., Lee, S. G., Shin, J., Choi, Y., & Park, E. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.003 · Cited by 7
Does Walking Mitigate Affective and Cognitive Responses to Social Exclusion?
Paoli, A. G. D., Smith, A. L., & Pontifex, M. B. (2017) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2016-0202 · Cited by 9
The social convoys of affordable senior housing residents: Fellow residents and “Time Left”
Drum, J. L., & Medvene, L. J. (2017) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2017.1344081 · Cited by 7
“These anecdotal findings are consistent with the finding that the extent of loneliness that residents in the current study experienced was comparable to that experienced by community-based samples of older adults (Hawkley et al., 2009).”
ResultChanges in Social Integration Predict Changes in Physical Activity: A 25-Year Prospective Study
Lightner, J., Irwin, B. C., & Chrisman, M. (2018) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2017-0009 · Cited by 7
Individual Differences in Cerebral Perfusion as a Function of Age and Loneliness
Chen, Y., Wengler, K., He, X., & Canli, T. (2021) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2021.1929748 · Cited by 6
“Loneliness is commonly experienced by both younger and older adults, and its association with adverse physical and mental health has been established in both age populations (J. T. Cacioppo et al., 2006; Hawkley et al., 2009).”
BackgroundKURTULUŞ, H. Y., ALÇIN, H., & YILMAZ, O. (2023) · Humanistic Perspective · doi:10.47793/hp.1243425 · Cited by 6
Nakashima, D., Fujii, K., Kubo, Y., & Yorozuya, K. (2023) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2023/9505865 · Cited by 8
“Loneliness is known to cause physical and psychological health hazards such as decreased physical activity [7], decreased activities of daily living (ADLs) [6], and increased depressive symptoms [8].”
BackgroundXu, Z., Li, Y., Song, H., Sit, R. W. S., Leung, J. C., Chan, D. C. C., Kwok, T. C. Y., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2025) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-025-07720-w · Cited by 6
“Research has shown significant associations between loneliness and physical inactivity, which can further affect musculoskeletal health[15, 39].”
Lee, H., Ng, D. Q., Lee, D., Bispo, J. B., Jemal, A., & Islami, F. (2026) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-025-04159-8 · Cited by 6
Social isolation is closely linked to a marked reduction in physical activity in male mice
Clemenza, K., Weiss, S., Cheslack‐Postava, K., Kandel, D. B., Kandel, E. R., & Levine, A. A. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24777 · Cited by 8
“Several recent epidemiological studies demonstrate a connection between social isolation and physical activity (Hawkley et al., 2009; McAuley et al., 2000; McNeill et al., 2006; Praag et al., 1999; Spanier & Allison, 2001).”
BackgroundShields, A. E., Zhang, Y., Argentieri, M. A., Warner, E. T., Cozier, Y. C., Liu, C., Dye, C. K., Kent, B. V., Baccarelli, A., & Palmer, J. R. (2021) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi-2021-0275 · Cited by 9
Gallegos, M. L., Segrin, C. G., & Thompson, A. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.2012014 · Cited by 6
“It is not coincidental that these same health behaviors and problems have been linked with loneliness (e.g., Hawkley et al., 2009).”
BackgroundIshii, K., Shibata, A., & Oka, K. (2011) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2011.09.001 · Cited by 8
Kok, B. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013) · Well Being · doi:10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell042 · Cited by 10
Besse, R. (2016) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 6
Predicting maternal social loneliness by passive sensing with wearable devicesPreprint
Sarhaddi, F., Azimi, I., Niela‐Vilén, H., Axelin, A., Liljeberg, P., & Rahmani, A. M. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.22280910 · Cited by 7
“These 63 physiological parameters were chosen due to the association of loneliness with lower 64 resting HRV [19], decreased physical activity [20], and poor self-reported sleep 65 quality [21,22].”
MethodGu, S., & Li, S. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119635 · Cited by 5
Ye, H., Wang, Y., Xu, S., Tu, J., Hao, M., & Zhou, X. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2479188 · Cited by 5
“A survey of 229 White, Black, and Hispanic men and women aged 50–68 years showed higher rates of low physical activity among people with high levels of loneliness (Hawkley et al., 2009).”
Socio-demographic and Subjective Well-being Predictors of Social and Emotional Loneliness
Neto, F. F. M. (2015) · Social Inquiry into Well-Being · doi:10.13165/siiw-15-1-1-02 · Cited by 8
Drageset, J., & Eide, G. E. (2020) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/2377960820907778 · Cited by 5
Kim, S., Yoon, H., Morton, P. M., & Jang, Y. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267948 · Cited by 5
“For those living alone, quarantine and physical distancing may have led to elevated levels of social isolation and loneliness, which have been identified as independent risk factors for physical inactivity [33].”
BackgroundExploring the Relationship Between Loneliness and Social Cognition in Older Age
Lillo, M. D., Martin, A. K., & Ferguson, H. J. (2022) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000482 · Cited by 6
Du, T., & Li, Y. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12090345 · Cited by 5
“Those who lack social ties or have limited connections to others in their networks tend to receive less support and are more likely to suffer from psychological problems such as stress, anxiety, or panic, which may lead to unexpected negative behavioral changes such as reduced exercise [11,13,14].”
BackgroundChesbro, G. A., Peterson, J. A., Black, C. D., Larson, D. J., & Larson, R. D. (2022) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/qowa9780 · Cited by 5
Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Vergauwe, R., Baeken, C., Pulopulos, M. M., & Raedt, R. D. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102611 · Cited by 6
Arat, G., & Wong, W.-C. (2019) · China Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/17525098.2019.1700341 · Cited by 5
“There could be other, as yet unobserved, protective factors thatmay be beneficial in the promotion of positive mental health among members of ethnic minority groups (Hawkley, Thisted, and Cacioppo 2009).”
BackgroundRichardson, R., Harper, S. B., Keyes, K. M., Crowe, C. L., & Calvo, E. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2473634 · Cited by 5
“…mental, and behavioral health outcomes that increase morbidity and decrease quality of life (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010), such as low physical activity (Hawkley et al., 2009), coronary heart disease (Valtorta et al., 2016), dementia (Kuiper et al., 2015), and depression (Cacioppo et al., 2010).”
Unpacking the temporal dynamics of physical activity and loneliness: a 1-year interval analysis
Groß, D., & Haffa, J. (2025) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaf077 · Cited by 4
Hunsmann, J. J., Weck, F., Wendt, J., & Kühne, F. (2025) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.14365 · Cited by 4
“Defined as subjective experience of distress resulting from perceived deficiencies in the quantity and quality of social connections (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010), loneliness has been tied to a variety of adverse health outcomes (Cacioppo et al., 2010; Hawkley et al., 2009).”
Vicary, E., Kapadia, D., Bee, P., & Brooks, H. L. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24360-1 · Cited by 9
“While this may seem counterintuitive, similar patterns have been observed in other research, suggesting that larger networks can introduce social strain or emotional fatigue, particularly when relationships lack reciprocity or stability [16, 43].”
Baumbach, L., Barth, L., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2023) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12970 · Cited by 4
Yi, J., Fang, C., Chen, I., Lin, Y.-C., Hou, W., Aljaberi, M. A. A., Lai, Y.-C., Chen, J., Lin, I., Griffiths, M. D., et al. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08339-0 · Cited by 4
“Findings indicated that loneliness may predict decreased levels of PA (Hawkley et al., 2009), while walking significantly miti - gated perceived loneliness (Mizuta et al., 2023; Shellito and Roldan, 2019 ).”
A Life Course, Intergenerational Perspective on Loneliness
Ayalon, L., & Segel‐Karpas, D. (2022) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/00914150221144234 · Cited by 4
“An extensive body of research documented the adverse effects of loneliness, showing that loneliness has negative implications for mental health (Holvast et al., 2015), cognitive health (Ayalon et al., 2016), and physical health (Hawkley et al., 2009).”
BackgroundHow existential therapy may help people who are suicidal
Akbari, M., Rezaeian, M., Helm, P. J., & Becker, K. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2023.2175888 · Cited by 5
“Loneliness refers to the distressing feeling associated with a discrepancy between one’s desired and actual social relationships (e.g. Hawkley et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSmith, B. J., Lim, M. H., Manera, K., Phongsavan, P., & Owen, K. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae043 · Cited by 4
“One of the first studies to examine this relationship prospectively was a small longitudinal study of middle-aged and older adults in the USA, which found that loneliness was associated with lower odds of PA participation over 2 years, and an increased likelihood of decline toward inactivity [44].”
BackgroundSocial factors related to participation among people with Parkinson’s disease
Kim, M. Y., Baum, C. M., Connor, L. T., Chang, C.-H., & Foster, E. R. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2447379 · Cited by 4
Explaining the Link between Loneliness and Self-rated Health with Hedonic Regulation as a Mediator
Yusoff, N., Luhmann, M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.216 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPels, F., & Kleinert, J. (2017) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi160823006p · Cited by 4
이상철, & Cho, J. (2017) · 한국사회정책 · doi:10.17000/kspr.24.2.201706.61 · Cited by 4
Kerr, N. A. (2021) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00986283211043787 · Cited by 5
“Health Psychology o Lonely people are less likely to engage in physical activity and other health-promoting behaviors (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; Hawkley et al., 2009). o Loneliness increases the risk of early mortality by 26% (Holt-Lundstad et al., 2010).”
BackgroundEffect of the Long COVID-19 Quarantine and Associated Lack of Physical Activity on Overall Health
Hariri, N. H., Takrooni, W., Nasraldin, N., Bawahab, N. S., & Alfalogy, E. H. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.30955 · Cited by 4
“Poor well-being has historically been associated with decreased social contact, feelings of isolation, and concern about catching or transmitting illnesses [7,8].”
BackgroundPark, N. S., Jang, Y., Chung, S., Chiriboga, D. A., & Haley, W. E. (2023) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/01640275231206482 · Cited by 5
“The cross-sectional design has limited inferring causal relationship in the mediation model, and the causal mechanism could be accurately tested in a longitudinal research context (Cacioppo et al., 2010; Hawkley et al., 2009).”
BackgroundÇifci, F. (2024) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807241235324 · Cited by 6
“Loneliness has been shown to negatively affect not only one ’ s mental well-being but also one ’ s cognitive performance (Ayalon et al., 2016) and physical functioning (Hawkley et al., 2009; Holvast et al., 2015).”
BackgroundProblems of Loneliness and Its Impact on Health and Well-Being
Ercole, V., & Parr, J. (2019) · Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69627-0_127-1 · Cited by 6
The mediating role of loneliness in the effect of physical activity barriers on quality of life
Sarıkahya, S. D., Terzi, A., Kanbay, Y., Özbay, S. Ç., & Gelin, D. (2024) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.13099 · Cited by 5
“24 It is indicated that lonely individuals exhibit higher levels of socially negative affect than others, 25 have fewer social connections and this is effective in the reduction of motivation to participate in physical activity.”
BackgroundInfluentialSailer, U., Asgari, F., Kristinsson, J. A., & Kvalem, I. L. (2025) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.70068 · Cited by 3
“One of the mechanisms behind the negative effects on health may be that social isolation and loneliness promote unhealthy behaviors such as physical inactivity [10, 11] and maladaptive eating [12].”
Chronic loneliness and longitudinal changes in cognitive functioning
Kang, J. E., Martire, L. M., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Almeida, D. E., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22313-2 · Cited by 4
Lim, M. H., Halim, N. K., Palmer, R., Moss, T. J. M., von Saldern, S., Marshall, B., & Smith, B. J. (2025) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.70090 · Cited by 3
Jin, R. R., Wong, N. M. L., Ma, J., Fang, J., Lin, C.-M., Toh, C., Wu, K.-Y., Hsu, J., Huang, C., Lee, S.-H., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03547-5 · Cited by 4
“This scale is a sensitive measure of subjective loneliness and feelings of social isolation with high internal consistency (coef fi cient alpha ranging from 0.89 to 0.94) test – retest reliability ( r = 0.73) [54, 55].”
InfluentialDeng, S., Guo, Z., He, S., & Sun, X. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0335467 · Cited by 4
“It is possible that the observed associations between social isolation and physical dysfunction could be partly influenced by these factors [80].”
Nilsson, E., Johansson, S., Ågren, K. A., & Müssener, U. (2025) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.70151 · Cited by 3
Moon, H., An, J. H., Kim, M. H., Park, S., Jung, J. Y., Kim, D., Hahm, B., Hong, J. P., & Chang, H. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01161-4 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, loneliness was associated with less physical activity via decreased hedonic emotion regulation (Hawkley et al., 2009).”
Spezifische Teilhaberisiken und -chancen
Wacker, E., Beck, I., Brandt, M., Köbsell, S., Lippke, S., & Niehaus, M. (2023) · Gesundheitsförderung - Rehabilitation - Teilhabe · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-40760-5_3 · Cited by 3
González, D. A., Tosin, M. H. D. S., Warner‐Rosen, T., & Goetz, C. G. (2024) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.14298 · Cited by 3
Einsamkeit im Alter: die geografische und psychosoziale Perspektive
Cihlar, V., Reinwarth, A. C., & Lippke, S. (2022) · Vechtaer Beiträge zur Gerontologie · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34386-6_4 · Cited by 4
Subramanian, I., McDaniels, B. W., Zhou, K., & Mischley, L. K. (2025) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2025.107828 · Cited by 5
Validation of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS) in the Czech Environment
Buchta, O., Maliňáková, K., Novak, L., Juklová, K., Meier, Z., & Tavel, P. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-06544-1 · Cited by 4
Correlates of Loneliness among Adults of Childbearing Age
Wesley, Y. E. (2014) · Journal of Women s Health Care · doi:10.4172/2167-0420.1000166 · Cited by 3
“Volume 3 • Issue 4 • 1000166 J Women’s Health Care ISSN: 2167-0420 JWHC, an open access journal loneliness impacts one’s health [13].”
BackgroundMenezes, A. S., Dos-Santos-Silva, R. J., Tribess, S., Romo-Pérez, V., & Júnior, J. S. V. (2015) · Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte · doi:10.15366/rimcafd2015.60.010 · Cited by 3
Relationship of loneliness and subjective chewing discomfort in the elderly
Cho, H.-K., Jung, Y., Heo, H., Youm, Y., Song, K., & Choi, Y. (2020) · 대한구강보건학회지 · doi:10.11149/jkaoh.2020.44.2.85 · Cited by 3
Care by companionship – a proposal for prescription friends
Waterhouse, B., & O’Connor, R. J. (2009) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2009.090409 · Cited by 3
Borik, Y. (2016) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 3
Predictors of Quality of Life Among Refugees Aging Out-of-place
Owino, J., & Fuller, H. R. (2025) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-025-09530-3 · Cited by 2
“Research indicates that loneliness can lead to mental and physical health issues, making it a significant risk factor for poorer health outcomes (Hawkley et al., 2009).”
Maclean, J. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2513033 · Cited by 3
“Transient loneliness, being situational, may be more easily mitigated by positive online interactions, while individuals with chronic loneliness may find such interactions less fulfilling due to a more enduring sense of social disconnection (Reissmann et al., 2021; Hawkley et al., 2009).”
InfluentialManera, K., Smith, B. J., Owen, A. J., & Freak‐Poli, R. (2025) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/hsc/3212813 · Cited by 2
“Qualitative and quantitative studies in older adults have explored the infuence of social health on health behaviours, including physical activity (PA) [4–7].”
Mobility Justice for Persons With Disability: Body–Environment Interactions and Velomobility
Norcliffe, G. B., & Radford, J. (2025) · International Journal of Disability and Social Justice · doi:10.13169/intljofdissocjus.5.1.0002 · Cited by 2
Sun, L., Liao, Y., Gu, Z., Wan, X., & Liu, N. (2026) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112553 · Cited by 2
A Review of the Effects and Interventions of Loneliness
郑, 婉. (2019) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2019.93073 · Cited by 2
Loneliness and shyness from the perspective of emotion regulation
Kelek, Ş., Awan, E. A., & Koç, M. (2024) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/jhs.v21i3.6394 · Cited by 2
“…of the time, lonely persons use unhelpful emotion regulation tactics (expressive suppression) and rely the least on healthy emotion regulation procedures (cognitive reappraisal) without the assistance or advice of a counselor (Hawkley et al., 2009; Kearns & Creaven, 2017 ; Marroquín et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLoneliness and low fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in Japan
Stickley, A., Shirama, A., & Sumiyoshi, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1365628 · Cited by 2
Firoz, M., Syal, A., & Shukla, A. (2025) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-11-2024-0307 · Cited by 2
Facilitating digital communication in seniors
Blake, & RAY, P. K. (2016) · IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS) · doi:10.1109/istas.2016.7764044 · Cited by 2
“Loneliness is associated with higher stress ratings, an increased risk of cardiac deaths [2], depression [3], reduced movement [4] and other psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia [5].”
BackgroundLoneliness Makes Consumers Avoid Unsafe Food
Hu, S., Chen, R., Zhang, N., & Zhu, J. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10092998 · Cited by 2
“When consumers feel lonely, they have an implicit hypervigilance towards social threats [21], with high sensitivity to social threatening stimuli [22].”
BackgroundLoneliness and its Relationship with Diabetes Mellitus
Agarwal, S. K. (2022) · East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.36349/easms.2022.v05i04.002 · Cited by 1
Environmental Neuroscience and Environmental Psychology
Berman, M. G., Hayes, D. J., & Krpan, K. M. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0174 · Cited by 3
Composite Structure of Personal Networks, Age, and Well-being in Poland
Nowak, K., & Duda, T. (2010) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.2478/v10059-010-0023-1 · Cited by 1
Facetten, Quellen und Auswirkungen von Einsamkeit
Landmann, H., & Buecker, S. (2022) · Kulturen der Gesellschaft · doi:10.14361/9783839463505-004 · Cited by 4
Kaets, V. (2023) · Forum Kinder- und Jugendsport · doi:10.1007/s43594-023-00084-1 · Cited by 1
“In Bezug auf den Sport ist aus der bisherigen Forschung bekannt, dass körperliche Aktivität zu einer Verringerung von Einsamkeitbeitragenkann,bestehendesEinsamkeitserleben indessen jedoch die Wahrscheinlichkeit verringert, körperlich aktiv zu werden (Hawkley et al. 2009; Pels und Kleinert 2016).”
BackgroundSchenk, M., Baldofski, S., Hall, F., Urbansky, T., Strauß, M., Kohls, E., & Rummel‐Kluge, C. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02808-w · Cited by 3
“…associated with lone-liness (e.g. age < 30 years and > 65 years [3, 30], female gender, low income) [20], it has also been found that people experiencing loneliness are more likely to experience physical health risks [31] and were reducing their physical activity [32] in longitudinal studies.”
Association of Social Participation with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review
Miura, M., Ikeda, A., Sato, S., Muraki, I., Okamura, T., Ohira, T., Miyazaki, J., Ishihara, M., Okamoto, K., Kamijima, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.rv22035 · Cited by 1
“Low social participation may lead to social isolation and loneliness, which could be associated with adverse health behaviors such as decreased physical activity 18, 19) .”
Lee, S. C., Choi, W., Yoon, S., & Noh, S. R. (2025) · Korean Journal of Stress Research · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2025.33.2.93 · Cited by 1
Cumulative loneliness and memory function among U.S. older adults: the role of depressive symptoms
Yu, X., Hazzouri, A. Z. A., Cho, T., Zahodne, L. B., Gross, A. L., Needham, B. L., Langa, K. M., & Kobayashi, L. C. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaf143 · Cited by 1
Szczęśniak, M., Świątek, A. H., Szczerba, A., Szpunar, K., & Falewicz, A. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15090946 · Cited by 3
“Moreover, loneliness promotes bad health habits, which means that it leads to decreased or a lack of physical activity [24].”
Minnes, D., Grosman‐Rimon, L., Noylinger, Y., Nakhoul, A., Shkara, F. A., Keshet, E., Menachemi, D. M., Gendler, Y., Rimon, J., Stall, N. M., et al. (2025) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000547022 · Cited by 3
“Loneliness is associated with various adverse health outcomes, including depression [14], impaired sleep and daytime functioning [15], reduced physical activity [16], cognitive impairment [17], and dementia [18].”
Zhou, X., Amran, M. S., Surat, S., & Yin, H. (2025) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents5040051 · Cited by 1
“According to Cacioppo’s Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness (ETL), compared with non-lonely individuals, lonely individuals perceive the social world as more threatening, imagine more negative social interactions, and remember more negative social information [15].”
Asilioglu, A., Vogrin, S., Woessner, M. N., Behne, J., Tacey, A., Pascoe, M. C., Tran, P., Bauer, C., Jourdan, L., Gori, M. D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251375313 · Cited by 1
“…of education, having greater levels of pain, having multiple joints impacted by OA, or having comorbid health conditions (Buchman et al., 2009; Hawkley et al., 2009; Philip et al., 2020; Shankar et al., 2011; Siviero et al., 2020; Vancampfort et al., 2019; Wood et al., 2016; Zheng et al.,…”
Loneliness moderates affective responses to uplifts in everyday life
Kang, J. E., Jones, D. R., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113516 · Cited by 1
Loneliness: Coping and Flourishing
Rokach, A., & Patel, K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02959-1_21 · Cited by 1
Cumulative experience of loneliness and frailty progression: A prospective cohort study
Hu, C., Han, B., Geng, H., He, Y., Li, R., Xu, T., Zhang, J., & Jin, L. (2026) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2026.01.009 · Cited by 1
Testing a conceptual framework of loneliness, social isolation and health outcomes in older adults
Pillay, A., Ning, K., AshaRani, P. V., Abdin, E., Wang, P., Jeyagurunathan, A., Zhang, Y., Sambasivam, R., Vaingankar, J. A., Shafie, S., et al. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07003-x · Cited by 1
“These findings are in line with previous research [25, 53].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 354-363
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- PMC
- PMC2791498
- OpenAlex
- W2148269494
- Cited by
- 608
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 17.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (PO1 AG18911)
- Templeton Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- loneliness, physical activity, physical inactivity, social control, emotion regulation, mediation, middle-aged and older adults, physical activity decline, social networks, marital status
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Attitude to Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Hostility, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Personality Inventory, Prospective Studies, Social Identification, Socioeconomic Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
