The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine cross-sectional and prospective associations between loneliness and physical activity, and to evaluate the roles of social control and emotion regulation as mediators of these associations. DESIGN: A population-based sample of 229 White, Black, and Hispanic men and women, age 50 to 68 years at study onset, were tested annually for each of 3 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physical activity probability, and changes in physical activity probability over a 3-year period. RESULTS: Replicating and extending prior cross-sectional research, loneliness was associated with a significantly reduced odds of physical activity (OR = 0.65 per SD of loneliness) net of sociodemographic variables (age, gender, ethnicity, education, income), psychosocial variables (depressive symptoms, perceived stress, hostility, social support), and self-rated health. This association was mediated by hedonic emotion regulation, but not by social control as indexed by measures of social network size, marital status, contact with close ties, group membership, or religious group affiliation. Longitudinal analyses revealed that loneliness predicted diminished odds of physical activity in the next two years (OR = 0.61), and greater likelihood of transitioning from physical activity to inactivity (OR = 1.58). CONCLUSION: Loneliness among middle and older age adults is an independent risk factor for physical inactivity and increases the likelihood that physical activity will be discontinued over time.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity (Hawkley et al., 2009) and increased blood pressure in older adults (Hawkley et al., 2009, 2006).”
From Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging (2015) · cites this paper as Hawkley et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“diminished executive control [30, 31]”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both loneliness and social isolation are associated with poorer health behaviors including smoking, physical inactivity, and poorer sleep (Cacioppo et al., 2002;Hawkley, Thisted, & Cacioppo, 2009;Theeke, 2010).”
From Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review (2015) · cites this paper as Hawkley, Thisted, & Cacioppo, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Compromised regulation of emotion in lonely individuals explained their diminished likelihood of performing any physical activity, and loneliness also predicted a decrease in physical activity over time [31].”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In middle-aged and older adults, greater loneliness was associated with less effort applied to the maintenance and optimization of positive emotions [31].”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“studies of isolation and health behaviors indicate that social control does not explain many of the effects of isolation in humans.10,11”
From Social isolation (2011) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 33,716
UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
Russell, D. W. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2 · Cited by 5,800 · cited 1×
“Specifically, past research has shown that loneliness is associated with, but conceptually independent of, greater depressive symptomatology, hostility, and perceived stress, and poorer social support (Cacioppo, Hawkley, et al., 2006; Cacioppo, Hughes, et al., 2006; Russell, 1996).”
BackgroundBERKMAN, L. F., & SYME, S. L. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674 · Cited by 5,341 · cited 4×
“E-mail: hawkley@uchicago.edu Health Psychology © 2009 American Psychological Association 2009, Vol. 28, No. 3, 354–363 0278-6133/09/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0014400 354 were more likely to be classified as least active than moderately active (Berkman & Syme, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 · Cited by 5,173 · cited 2×
“Peplau & Perlman, 1982; Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980 ).”
BackgroundA Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
Self-citation(1988) · Cited by 4,111
Positive Events and Social Supports as Buffers of Life Change Stress 1
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x · Cited by 2,675 · cited 1×
“The ISEL consists of 12 statements that assess, on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (definitely false) to 4 (definitely true), the perceived availability of potential social resources (Cohen, 2008; Cohen & Hober- man, 1983; Cohen, Mermelstein, Kamarck, & Hoberman, 1984).”
BackgroundCacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · Cited by 2,380
Self-citationMeasuring the Functional Components of Social Support
Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985) · Social Support: Theory, Research and Applications · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_5 · Cited by 2,296
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Mohiyeddini C 2005 Personality, emotion regulation and psychopathology Habilitation thesis University of Tuebingen Germany
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 · Cited by 6,043
Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782
“Compromised regulation of emotion in lonely individuals explained their diminished likelihood of performing any physical activity, and loneliness also predicted a decrease in physical activity over time [31].”
Self-citationPerceived social isolation and cognition
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 · Cited by 2,144
Self-citationStress and cardiovascular disease
Steptoe, A., & Kivimäki, M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2012.45 · Cited by 1,321
Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study
Luo, Y., Hawkley, L. C., Waite, L. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028 · Cited by 1,232
“…(Keysor, 2003; Lee & Park, 2006; Netuveli, Wiggins, Montgomery, Hildon, & Blane, 2008), and because lonely individuals are less likely to engage in physical activity than their non-lonely counterparts (Hawkley et al., 2009), they aremore likely to experience the onset or worsening of limitations.”
InfluentialSelf-citationStrength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood.
Charles, S. T. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021232 · Cited by 1,313
Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults.
Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J., & Steptoe, A. (2011) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022826 · Cited by 1,100
Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12087 · Cited by 1,057
Self-citationThe neuroendocrinology of social isolation
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cole, S. W. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015240 · Cited by 977
“…to predict increased morbidity and mortality (e.g., Caspi et al. 2006, Holt-Lunstad et al. 2010, Patterson & Veenstra 2010, Penninx et al. 1997, Seeman 2000) even after adjusting for objective social isolation and health behaviors (Luo et al. 2012, Luo & Waite 2014; see also Hawkley et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017805 · Cited by 726
Self-citationToward a neurology of loneliness
Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037618 · Cited by 623
“Cacioppo & Hawkley, 2009), and decreased executive functioning (J. T. Cacioppo et al., 2000; Hawkley et al., 2009; see also Baumeister & DeWall, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPhysical Activity Change during COVID-19 Confinement
Castañeda-Babarro, A., Etxarri, A. A., Gutiérrez-Santamaría, B., & Coca, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186878 · Cited by 594
Evolutionary mechanisms for loneliness
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.837379 · Cited by 576
“In cross-sectional and longitudinal research, lonely individuals have been found to have lower odds of engaging in regular exercise than non-lonely individuals, and the poorer emotional regulation of individuals when they felt lonely mediated the effect (Hawkley et al., 2009).”
Self-citationThe Effect of Loneliness on Distinct Health Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis
Park, C., Majeed, A., Gill, H., Tamura, J., Ho, R. C., Mansur, R. B., Nasri, F., Lee, Y., Rosenblat, J. D., Wong, E., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113514 · Cited by 604
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Norman, G. J., & Berntson, G. G. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06028.x · Cited by 554
Self-citationSchrempft, S., Jackowska, M., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6424-y · Cited by 557
“Cross-sectional associations between both isolation and lonelienss and physical activity have been deescribed in the UK Biobank [25], while in contrast, no significant cross-sectional or longitudinal relationships between social networks and physical activity were observed in a Chicago-based community study, with only…”
BackgroundLoneliness, Social Isolation, and Cardiovascular Health
Xia, N., & Li, H. (2017) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2017.7312 · Cited by 538
Perceived social isolation, evolutionary fitness and health outcomes: a lifespan approach
Hawkley, L. C., & Capitanio, J. P. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0114 · Cited by 468
Self-citationLim, M. H., Eres, R., & Vasan, S. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01889-7 · Cited by 438
Loneliness in the Modern Age: An Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness (ETL)
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2018.03.003 · Cited by 481
Self-citationRichard, A., Rohrmann, S., Vandeleur, C. L., Schmid, M., Barth, J., & Eichholzer, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181442 · Cited by 376
Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Health Behaviors at Older Ages: Longitudinal Cohort Study
Kobayashi, L. C., & Steptoe, A. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax033 · Cited by 351
“Our findings are also inconsistent with those observing relationships between loneliness and health behaviors [4,20,41–44], especially one observing that baseline loneliness predicted reduced odds of physical activity over a 2 year follow-up in 229 older American adults [43].”
ResultDahlberg, L., & McKee, K. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.856863 · Cited by 381
Loneliness and risk of dementia
Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., Luchetti, M., & Terracciano, A. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby112 · Cited by 331
Loneliness predicts pain, depression, and fatigue: Understanding the role of immune dysregulation
Jaremka, L. M., Fagundes, C. P., Glaser, R., Bennett, J. M., Malarkey, W. B., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.016 · Cited by 335
“Loneliness is also related to lower levels of physical activity, both cross-sectionally and over-time (Hawkley et al., 2009).”
BackgroundLoneliness and physical activity: A systematic review
Pels, F., & Kleinert, J. (2016) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2016.1177849 · Cited by 303
“Four further longitudinal studies examined the reverse mechanism, namely the influence of loneliness on physical activity over a period of two (Hawkley et al., 2009; Newall et al., 2012; Theeke, 2010) and six”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLoneliness, Resilience, Mental Health, and Quality of Life in Old Age: A Structural Equation Model
Gerino, E., Rollè, L., Sechi, C., & Brustia, P. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02003 · Cited by 341
“Moreover, researchers have identified close associations between the presence of depressive symptoms and loneliness (Barg et al., 2006; Cacioppo et al., 2006, 2010; Hawkley et al., 2009; Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010).”
BackgroundZhong, B.-L., Chen, S.-L., Tu, X., & Conwell, Y. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw037 · Cited by 259
Loneliness and Mortality Among Older Adults in China
Luo, Y., & Waite, L. J. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu007 · Cited by 252
Loneliness and risk of mortality: A longitudinal investigation in Alameda County, California
Patterson, A. C., & Veenstra, G. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.024 · Cited by 266
Strategies to Promote Social Connections Among Older Adults During “Social Distancing” Restrictions
Orden, K. A. V., Bower, E. S., Lutz, J., Silva, C., Gallegos, A. M., Podgorski, C. A., Santos, E. J. F., & Conwell, Y. (2020) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.004 · Cited by 277
Dogra, S., & Stathokostas, L. (2012) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2012/190654 · Cited by 252
“With regards to the sociological component of SA, factors such as satisfaction with life [33], sense of belonging to community [34], and loneliness [35] are associated with physical inactivity, but again, little data exist on sedentary behavior.”
BackgroundSafe but Lonely? Loneliness, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms and COVID-19
Okruszek, Ł., Aniszewska-Stańczuk, A., Piejka, A., Wiśniewska, M., & Żurek, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579181 · Cited by 265
Social Isolation in America: An Artifact
Paik, A., & Sanchagrin, K. (2013) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122413482919 · Cited by 244
Psychometric analysis of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) in older adults
Neto, F. F. M. (2014) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-014-0312-1 · Cited by 247
“Loneliness has been associated with low levels of physical activity (Hawkley et al. 2009), physical illness and negative psychological outcomes (Cornwell and Waite 2009; Thurston and Kubzansky 2009).”
Evaluation of Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Women in the US
Golaszewski, N. M., LaCroix, A. Z., Godino, J., Allison, M., Manson, J. E., King, J. J., Weitlauf, J. C., Bea, J. W., García, L., Kroenke, C. H., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.46461 · Cited by 243
Merz, E. L., Roesch, S. C., Malcarne, V. L., Penedo, F. J., Llabre, M. M., Birnbaum‐Weitzman, O., Navas-Nacher, E. L., Perreira, K. M., Gonzalez, F., Ponguta, L. A., et al. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0035248 · Cited by 246
Cené, C. W., Beckie, T. M., Sims, M., Suglia, S. F., Aggarwal, B., Moise, N., Jiménez, M. C., Gaye, B., & McCullough, L. D. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.026493 · Cited by 243
Social Determinants of Health and Disparities in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases
Chaturvedi, A., Zhu, A., Gadela, N. V., Prabhakaran, D., & Jafar, T. H. (2023) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21354 · Cited by 253
“65,66 Conversely, increased social contact was associated with a 13% lower prevalence of treatment-resistant hypertension among Black people.”
BackgroundTuran, B., Smith, W., Cohen, M. H., Wilson, T., Adimora, A., Merenstein, D., Adedimeji, A., Wentz, E. L., Foster, A., Metsch, L., et al. (2016) · Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000948 · Cited by 202
“The R-UCLA Loneliness Scale has evidence of moderate-to-high reliability from other studies.(52,53) Cronbach’s alpha in the current sample was 0.”
MethodImpact of COVID ‐19 stay‐at‐home orders on weight ‐ related behaviours among patients with obesity
Almandoz, J. P., Xie, L., Schellinger, J. N., Mathew, M. S., Gazda, C., Ofori, A., Kukreja, S. S., & Messiah, S. E. (2020) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12386 · Cited by 216
“Previous research has demonstrated that dieters experiencing loneliness have less dietary restraint and that loneliness is predictive of physical inactivity.(20,21) This was consistent with our findings that almost half of respondents reported reduced exercise time and intensity.”
ResultLoneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors: The Power of Social Connection in Prevention
Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2021) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276211009454 · Cited by 253
Use of Direct Versus Indirect Approaches to Measure Loneliness in Later Life
Shiovitz-Ezra, S., & Ayalon, L. (2012) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027511423258 · Cited by 201
A time-lagged momentary assessment study on daily life physical activity and affect.
Wichers, M., Peeters, F., Rutten, B. P. F., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2012) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025688 · Cited by 199
“Hawkley and colleagues (Hawkley et al., 2009) showed that loneliness, for example, predicts future inactivity and another study (McCormick et al., 2008) found that severe mental illness was associated with low levels of physical activity.”
BackgroundSocial Pain and Physical Pain: Shared Paths To Resilience
Sturgeon, J. A., & Zautra, A. J. (2016) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.15.56 · Cited by 199
Singh, R., Rathore, S. S., Khan, H., Karale, S., Chawla, Y., Iqbal, K., Bhurwal, A., Tekin, A., Jain, N., Mehra, I., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.780872 · Cited by 193
Loneliness, social relations and health and well-being in deprived communities
Kearns, A., Whitley, E., Tannahill, C., & Ellaway, A. (2014) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2014.940354 · Cited by 187
A Practical Approach to Assessing and Mitigating Loneliness and Isolation in Older Adults
Perissinotto, C. M., Holt‐Lunstad, J., Periyakoil, V. S., & Covinsky, K. E. (2019) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15746 · Cited by 209
Loneliness and health risk behaviours among Russian and U.S. adolescents: a cross-sectional study
Stickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Koposov, R. A., Schwab‐Stone, M., & Ruchkin, V. V. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-366 · Cited by 206
“Depressive symptoms were assessed by the use of a composite score based on the CES-D after removing the question on loneliness - a method that has been used in a previous study [43].”
MethodKang, H.-W., Park, M., & Wallace, J. P. (2016) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2016.05.003 · Cited by 195
Malcolm, M., Frost, H., & Cowie, J. (2019) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-0968-x · Cited by 194
SHARE Wave 4: Innovations & Methodology
Malter, F., & Borsch-Supan, A. H. (2013) · ASEP · Cited by 169
Loneliness and Ethnic Minority Elders in Great Britain: An Exploratory Study
Victor, C. R., Burholt, V., & Martin, W. E. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-012-9161-6 · Cited by 166
“Loneliness is important because it is associated with a range of negative outcomes including low levels of physical activity (Hawkley et al. 2009), poor physical and mental health (Cornwell and Waite 2009; Thurston and Kubzansky 2009; Luanaigh and Lawlor 2008), elevated mortality (Shiovitz-Ezra and Ayalon 2009; Patter…”
BackgroundPenning, M. J., Liu, G., & Chou, P. H. B. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0461-1 · Cited by 181
Development and validation of a 6‐item Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (RULS‐6) using Rasch analysis
Wongpakaran, N., Wongpakaran, T., Pinyopornpanish, M., Simcharoen, S., Suradom, C., Varnado, P., & Kuntawong, P. (2020) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12404 · Cited by 151
Neuroimaging of love: FMRI meta-analysis evidence toward new perspectives in sexual medicine
Ortigue, S., Bianchi-Demicheli, F., Patel, N., Frum, C., & Lewis, J. W. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01999.x · Cited by 160
Algren, M. H., Ekholm, O., Nielsen, L., Ersbøll, A. K., Bak, C. K., & Andersen, P. T. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100546 · Cited by 166
“The findings of this study are supported by similar studies of associations between social isolation, loneliness, and health-risk behaviour in other populations (Berkman et al., 2000; Cacioppo et al., 2002; Hawkley et al., 2009; Kaplan et al., 1991; Kharicha et al., 2007; Lauder et al., 2006; Locher et al., 2005; Shan…”
BackgroundResultHarris, R. A., Qualter, P., & Robinson, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.009 · Cited by 154
Srivastav, A. K., Sharma, N., & Samuel, A. J. (2020) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2020.07.003 · Cited by 156
“This findings can be supported by study that shows individuals who are stayed at home or lonely are found to be less active.(23) Social isolation was significantly associated with physical activity so individuals who are in social isolation are less physically active and also more likely to report multiple health risk…”
The Impact of Loneliness on Quality of Life and Patient Satisfaction Among Older, Sicker Adults
Musich, S. A., Wang, S. S., Hawkins, K., & Yeh, C. S. (2015) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721415582119 · Cited by 155
“…also characterized by vision, hearing, and mobility impairments, which can dramatically affect social connectedness by limiting the ability to drive (Perissinotto et al., 2012; Schnittger et al., 2012), walk (Buchman et al., 2010; Hawkley et al., 2009), or hear conversations (Pronk et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialBuchman, A. S., Boyle, P. A., Wilson, R. S., James, B. D., Leurgans, S. E., Arnold, S. E., & Bennett, D. A. (2010) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-10-77 · Cited by 144
“For example, loneliness is associated with poor self-regulation which may lead to behavioral changes such as decreased exercise or changes in eating habits causing motor decline [24].”
BackgroundInfluentialStickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Roberts, B., Richardson, E., Abbott, P., Tumanov, S., & McKee, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067978 · Cited by 146
“Although findings have varied between studies, some previous research has indicated that feeling lonely may be linked to a number of risky health behaviours such as alcohol use and abuse [8,42,43,44], smoking [6,7], recreational drug use [45], and physical inactivity [46].”
ResultStickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Koposov, R., Blatný, M., Hrdlička, M., Schwab-Stone, M., & Ruchkin, V. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0829-2 · Cited by 136
Brain-body interactions underlying the association of loneliness with mental and physical health
Quadt, L., Esposito, G., Critchley, H., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.015 · Cited by 154
Association of Hearing Loss and Loneliness in Older Adults
Sung, Y.-K., Li, L., Blake, C. R., Betz, J., & Lin, F. R. (2015) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264315614570 · Cited by 144
Kim, J., Lee, S., Chun, S., Han, A., & Heo, J. (2017) · Annals of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/11745398.2016.1238308 · Cited by 132
“Previous findings have demonstrated that older adults who suffer from loneliness tend to experience a lack of motivation to be physically active (e.g. Eloranta, Routasalo, and Arve 2008; Hawkley, Thisted, and Cacioppo 2009).”
BackgroundLoneliness and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older adults.
Whisman, M. A. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020760 · Cited by 133
Toward a Better Understanding of Loneliness In Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Smith, J. M. (2012) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.602132 · Cited by 136
“It has often been overlooked and “underappreciated” by health care professionals (Hawkley, Thisted, & Cacioppo, 2009 , p.”
Luchetti, M., Terracciano, A., Aschwanden, D., Lee, J. H., Stéphan, Y., & Sutin, A. R. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5304 · Cited by 133
Sleep and mental health in athletes during COVID-19 lockdown
Facer‐Childs, E. R., Hoffman, D. T., Tran, J. N., Drummond, S. P. A., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa261 · Cited by 143
“In addition, social isolation and loneliness are associated with reduced physical activity [30] and an increase in depressive symptoms [31].”
BackgroundNewall, N. E. G., Chipperfield, J. G., Bailis, D. S., & Stewart, T. L. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029413 · Cited by 119
Mund, M., & Neyer, F. J. (2015) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12188 · Cited by 131
Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging
Williamson, J. B., Porges, E. C., Lamb, D. G., & Porges, S. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01571 · Cited by 116
“Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity (Hawkley et al., 2009) and increased blood pressure in older adults (Hawkley et al., 2009, 2006).”
BackgroundSocial network type and health-related behaviors: Evidence from an American national survey
Shiovitz-Ezra, S., & Litwin, H. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.031 · Cited by 115
“Data on participants in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study revealed that loneliness was associated with transitioning from physically active to sedentary status (Hawkley et al., 2009).”
BackgroundChen, Z., Fan, V. S., Belza, B. L., Pike, K. C., & Nguyen, H. Q. (2017) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201701-026oc · Cited by 121
Longitudinal Relationships Among Visual Acuity, Daily Functional Status, and Mortality
Christ, S. L., Zheng, D., Swenor, B. K., Lam, B. L., West, S. K., Tannenbaum, S. L., Muñoz, B. E., & Lee, D. J. (2014) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.2847 · Cited by 116
Emotional Well-Being and Public Health: Proposal for a Model National Initiative
Feller, S. C., Castillo, E. G., Greenberg, J. M., Abascal, P., Horn, R. V., & Wells, K. B. (2018) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/0033354918754540 · Cited by 133
“In addition, loneliness and social isolation have been associated with unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, physical inactivity, and poor sleep.(18-20) In older adults, loneliness has been associated with decreased functional status and increased mortality.”
BackgroundLoneliness in Care Homes: A Neglected Area of Research?
Victor, C. R. (2012) · Aging Health · doi:10.2217/ahe.12.65 · Cited by 119
The Pathophysiology of Perceived Social Isolation: Effects on Health and Mortality
Bhatti, A. B., & Haq, A. U. (2017) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.994 · Cited by 103
Genome-Wide Association Study of Loneliness Demonstrates a Role for Common Variation
Gao, J., Davis, L. K., Hart, A. B., Sanchez‐Roige, S., Han, L., Cacioppo, J. T., & Palmer, A. A. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.197 · Cited by 111
“…Cacioppo et al, 2006; VanderWeele et al, 2011), lower subjective well-being (Kong and You, 2013; VanderWeele et al, 2012), heightened vigilance for social threats (Cacioppo et al, 2015b), and decreased executive functioning (Baumeister and DeWall, 2005; Cacioppo et al, 2000; Hawkley et al, 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCai, Z.-X., Yang, Y., & Zhang, J.-J. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11546-6 · Cited by 92
Physical activity profile of the Iranian population: STEPS survey, 2016
Mohebi, F., Mohajer, B., Yoosefi, M., Sheidaei, A., Zokaei, H., Damerchilu, B., Mehregan, A., Shahbal, N., Rezaee, K., Khezrian, M., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7592-5 · Cited by 95
Inoue, T., Maeda, K., Satake, S., Matsui, Y., & Arai, H. (2021) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01968-y · Cited by 99
Jeong, E. J., Kim, D. J., & Lee, D. M. (2016) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2016.1232908 · Cited by 91
Overweight and Lonely? A Representative Study on Loneliness in Obese People and Its Determinants
Jung, F. U. C. E., & Luck‐Sikorski, C. (2019) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000500095 · Cited by 99
Using and Interpreting Mental Health Measures in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project
Payne, C., Hedberg, E. C., Kozloski, M., Dale, W., & McClintock, M. K. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu100 · Cited by 90
Loneliness among cancer caregivers: A narrative review
Gray, T. F., Azizoddin, D. R., & Nersesian, P. V. (2019) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951519000804 · Cited by 90
“…is associated with poor psychological health, including anxiety (Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010), fatigue (Cacioppo et al., 2002), depression (Hawkley et al., 2009; Cacioppo et al., 2010; Luo et al., 2012; Jaremka et al., 2014), psychosis (DeNiro, 1995), and suicide (Stickley and Koyanagi,…”
BackgroundConnectome-based individualized prediction of loneliness
Feng, C., Wang, L., Li, T., & Xu, P. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz020 · Cited by 90
“Taken together, previous neuroimaging evidence indicates diverse manifestations of loneliness in multiple neuropsychological processes (Cacioppo and Hawkley, 2009; Cacioppo et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInternet use, social isolation and loneliness in older adults
Stockwell, S., Stubbs, B., Jackson, S. E., Fisher, A., Yang, L., & Smith, L. (2020) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x20000550 · Cited by 100
“Loneliness has been shown to be a risk factor for sedentariness and lower likelihood of engaging in physical activity, and increased likelihood of discontinuing physical activity (Hawkley et al., 2009; Netz et al., 2013; Hawkley and Kocherginsky, 2017), and is also a risk factor for obesity, smoking and alcohol abuse…”
BackgroundLoneliness, daily pain, and perceptions of interpersonal events in adults with fibromyalgia.
Wolf, L., & Davis, M. C. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000059 · Cited by 95
Elovainio, M., Lahti, J., Pirinen, M., Pulkki-Råback, L., Malmberg, A., Lipsanen, J., Virtanen, M., Kivimäki, M., & Hakulinen, C. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053936 · Cited by 85
A meta-analysis of loneliness and risk of dementia using longitudinal data from >600,000 individuals
Luchetti, M., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A. A., Zhu, X., O’Súilleabháin, P. S., Stéphan, Y., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00328-9 · Cited by 91
“For instance, lonely individuals tend to engage in unhealthy behaviors (for example, physical inactivity), experience heightened stress and immune dysfunction 57–59 , all of which may affect cognition.”
Wong, N. M. L., Liu, H.-L., Lin, C., Huang, C., Wai, Y. Y., Lee, S., & Lee, T. M. C. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001033 · Cited by 85
“Previous research has identified close associations between perceived loneliness and increased depressive symptoms (Cacioppo et al. 2006; Hawkley et al. 2009); with a more recent study showing loneliness as a predictor of later increases in depressive symptoms over 1-year intervals (Cacioppo et al.…”
BackgroundBedrov, A., & Gable, S. L. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0441 · Cited by 93
Loneliness and Mental Health in a Representative Sample of Community-Dwelling Spanish Older Adults
Losada‐Baltar, A., Márquez‐González, M., García‐Ortiz, L., Gómez-Marcos, M. Á., Fernández-Fernández, V., & Rodríguez‐Sánchez, E. (2012) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.582523 · Cited by 102
“Specifically, loneliness was found to predict increases in depression and systolic blood pressure and decreases in physical activity (Cacioppo et al, 2010 ; see also Hawkley, Thisted, & Cacioppo, 2009 ; Hawkley, Thisted, Masi, & Cacioppo, 2010 ).”
BackgroundOne is the loneliest number: Involuntary celibacy (incel), mental health, and loneliness
Sparks, B., Zidenberg, A. M., & Olver, M. E. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z · Cited by 85
“On the contrary, loneliness has been associated with an increased risk of depression, pain, fatigue, inactivity, and mortality (Domènech-Abella et al., 2017; Hawkley et al., 2009; Jaremka et al., 2013; Tanskanen & Anttila, 2016).”
Loneliness in a day: Activity engagement, time alone, and experienced emotions.
Queen, T. L., Stawski, R. S., Ryan, L. H., & Smith, J. (2014) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0036889 · Cited by 88
Masters Athletes: Exemplars of Successful Aging?
Geard, D., Reaburn, P. R. J., Rebar, A. L., & Dionigi, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2016-0050 · Cited by 88
Is Sensory Loss an Understudied Risk Factor for Frailty? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Tan, B. K. J., Man, R. E. K., Gan, A. T. L., Fenwick, E., Varadaraj, V., Swenor, B. K., Gupta, P., Wong, T. Y., Trevisan, C., Lorenzo‐López, L., et al. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa171 · Cited by 84
Social reward and support effects on exercise experiences and performance: Evidence from parkrun
Davis, A., MacCarron, P., & Cohen, E. E. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256546 · Cited by 101
“Evidence suggests that one problem compounds the other, with loneliness having been identified as a risk factor for physical inactivity [10, 11] and physical inactivity as a risk factor for psychiatric and psychosocial health problems that are directly or indirectly associated with depression and loneliness [12, 13].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 354-363
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- PMC
- PMC2791498
- OpenAlex
- W2148269494
- Cited by
- 608
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 17.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (PO1 AG18911)
- Templeton Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- loneliness, physical activity, physical inactivity, social control, emotion regulation, mediation, middle-aged and older adults, physical activity decline, social networks, marital status
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Attitude to Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Hostility, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Personality Inventory, Prospective Studies, Social Identification, Socioeconomic Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
