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Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine cross-sectional and prospective associations between loneliness and physical activity, and to evaluate the roles of social control and emotion regulation as mediators of these associations. DESIGN: A population-based sample of 229 White, Black, and Hispanic men and women, age 50 to 68 years at study onset, were tested annually for each of 3 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physical activity probability, and changes in physical activity probability over a 3-year period. RESULTS: Replicating and extending prior cross-sectional research, loneliness was associated with a significantly reduced odds of physical activity (OR = 0.65 per SD of loneliness) net of sociodemographic variables (age, gender, ethnicity, education, income), psychosocial variables (depressive symptoms, perceived stress, hostility, social support), and self-rated health. This association was mediated by hedonic emotion regulation, but not by social control as indexed by measures of social network size, marital status, contact with close ties, group membership, or religious group affiliation. Longitudinal analyses revealed that loneliness predicted diminished odds of physical activity in the next two years (OR = 0.61), and greater likelihood of transitioning from physical activity to inactivity (OR = 1.58). CONCLUSION: Loneliness among middle and older age adults is an independent risk factor for physical inactivity and increases the likelihood that physical activity will be discontinued over time.
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“Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity (Hawkley et al., 2009) and increased blood pressure in older adults (Hawkley et al., 2009, 2006).”
From Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging (2015) · cites this paper as Hawkley et al., 2009
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“diminished executive control [30, 31]”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
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“Both loneliness and social isolation are associated with poorer health behaviors including smoking, physical inactivity, and poorer sleep (Cacioppo et al., 2002;Hawkley, Thisted, & Cacioppo, 2009;Theeke, 2010).”
From Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review (2015) · cites this paper as Hawkley, Thisted, & Cacioppo, 2009
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“Compromised regulation of emotion in lonely individuals explained their diminished likelihood of performing any physical activity, and loneliness also predicted a decrease in physical activity over time [31].”
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“In middle-aged and older adults, greater loneliness was associated with less effort applied to the maintenance and optimization of positive emotions [31].”
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“studies of isolation and health behaviors indicate that social control does not explain many of the effects of isolation in humans.10,11”
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“Compromised regulation of emotion in lonely individuals explained their diminished likelihood of performing any physical activity, and loneliness also predicted a decrease in physical activity over time [31].”
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“…(Keysor, 2003; Lee & Park, 2006; Netuveli, Wiggins, Montgomery, Hildon, & Blane, 2008), and because lonely individuals are less likely to engage in physical activity than their non-lonely counterparts (Hawkley et al., 2009), they aremore likely to experience the onset or worsening of limitations.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 354-363
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- PMC
- PMC2791498
- OpenAlex
- W2148269494
- Cited by
- 608
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 17.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (PO1 AG18911)
- Templeton Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- loneliness, physical activity, physical inactivity, social control, emotion regulation, mediation, middle-aged and older adults, physical activity decline, social networks, marital status
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Attitude to Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Hostility, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Personality Inventory, Prospective Studies, Social Identification, Socioeconomic Factors
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