The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional & longitudinal analyses.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine cross-sectional and prospective associations between loneliness and physical activity, and to evaluate the roles of social control and emotion regulation as mediators of these associations. DESIGN: A population-based sample of 229 White, Black, and Hispanic men and women, age 50 to 68 years at study onset, were tested annually for each of 3 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physical activity probability, and changes in physical activity probability over a 3-year period. RESULTS: Replicating and extending prior cross-sectional research, loneliness was associated with a significantly reduced odds of physical activity (OR = 0.65 per SD of loneliness) net of sociodemographic variables (age, gender, ethnicity, education, income), psychosocial variables (depressive symptoms, perceived stress, hostility, social support), and self-rated health. This association was mediated by hedonic emotion regulation, but not by social control as indexed by measures of social network size, marital status, contact with close ties, group membership, or religious group affiliation. Longitudinal analyses revealed that loneliness predicted diminished odds of physical activity in the next two years (OR = 0.61), and greater likelihood of transitioning from physical activity to inactivity (OR = 1.58). CONCLUSION: Loneliness among middle and older age adults is an independent risk factor for physical inactivity and increases the likelihood that physical activity will be discontinued over time.
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“Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity (Hawkley et al., 2009) and increased blood pressure in older adults (Hawkley et al., 2009, 2006).”
From Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging (2015) · cites this paper as Hawkley et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“diminished executive control [30, 31]”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Both loneliness and social isolation are associated with poorer health behaviors including smoking, physical inactivity, and poorer sleep (Cacioppo et al., 2002;Hawkley, Thisted, & Cacioppo, 2009;Theeke, 2010).”
From Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review (2015) · cites this paper as Hawkley, Thisted, & Cacioppo, 2009
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“Compromised regulation of emotion in lonely individuals explained their diminished likelihood of performing any physical activity, and loneliness also predicted a decrease in physical activity over time [31].”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
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“In middle-aged and older adults, greater loneliness was associated with less effort applied to the maintenance and optimization of positive emotions [31].”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
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“studies of isolation and health behaviors indicate that social control does not explain many of the effects of isolation in humans.10,11”
From Social isolation (2011) · cites this paper as [10]
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Citations
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“Specifically, past research has shown that loneliness is associated with, but conceptually independent of, greater depressive symptomatology, hostility, and perceived stress, and poorer social support (Cacioppo, Hawkley, et al., 2006; Cacioppo, Hughes, et al., 2006; Russell, 1996).”
BackgroundBERKMAN, L. F., & SYME, S. L. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674 · Cited by 5,341 · cited 4×
“E-mail: hawkley@uchicago.edu Health Psychology © 2009 American Psychological Association 2009, Vol. 28, No. 3, 354–363 0278-6133/09/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0014400 354 were more likely to be classified as least active than moderately active (Berkman & Syme, 1979).”
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BackgroundA Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027504268574 · Cited by 4,781
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BackgroundCacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · Cited by 2,380
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paliza, V., Salas-Blas, E., Muchotrigo, M. P. G., Correa-Rojas, J., Inacio, E. J. H., & Copez-Lonzoy, A. J. E. (2026) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2026.2711225
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“However, our findings contrast with longitudinal studies showing that loneliness is longitudinally associated with physical inactivity (Hawkley et al., 2009; Pengpid et al., 2023; Shankar et al., 2011) and smoking (Shankar et al., 2011) among older adults.”
Loneliness Across Borders: A Cross-Sectional Study of Young Adults in Germany and Japan
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 354-363
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- PMC
- PMC2791498
- OpenAlex
- W2148269494
- Cited by
- 608
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 17.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (PO1 AG18911)
- Templeton Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- loneliness, physical activity, physical inactivity, social control, emotion regulation, mediation, middle-aged and older adults, physical activity decline, social networks, marital status
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Attitude to Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Hostility, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Personality Inventory, Prospective Studies, Social Identification, Socioeconomic Factors
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