Ten Steps in Scale Development and Reporting: A Guide for Researchers
Abstract
Scale development involves numerous theoretical, methodological, and statistical competencies. Despite the central role that scales play in our predictions, scholars often apply measurement building procedures that are inconsistent with best practices. The defaults in statistical programs, inadequate training, and numerous evaluation points can lead to improper practices. Based on a quantitative content analysis of communication journal articles, scholars have improved very little in the communication of their scale development decisions and practices. To address these reoccurring issues, this article breaks down and recommends 10 steps to follow in the scale development process for researchers unfamiliar with the process. Furthermore, the present research makes a unique contribution by overviewing procedures scholars should employ to develop their dimensions and corresponding items. The overarching objective is to encourage the adoption of scale development best practices that yield stronger concepts, and in the long run, a more stable foundation of knowledge.
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It is common in scale development to remove items.
“As pointed out by Carpenter (2018), it is common in scale development to remove items.”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Carpenter (2018)
Meeting the requirement of an optimal scale length is important to ensure participants' motivation.
“Besides, it is important to meet the requirement of an optimal scale length to ensure participants' motivation (Carpenter, 2018).”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2018
The proposed questionnaire was developed following recommendations from various methodologists.
“The proposed questionnaire was developed following recommendations from various methodologists (e.g., Carpenter, 2018;DeVellis and Thorpe, 2021;Worthington and Whittaker, 2006).”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2018
Measuring an abstract construct such as cognitive load with a small number of items is problematic.
“Measuring an abstract construct such as cognitive load with a small number of items is problematic (Carpenter, 2018).”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2018
Items 11 and 13 were not deleted to maintain the theoretical convergence of the construct.
“These items were not deleted to maintain the theoretical convergence of the construct (e.g., Carpenter, 2018).”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2018
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“Item analysis was conducted to assess the predictive and discriminative power of the scale items by using corrected item-total correlations (Carpenter, 2018).”
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RetractedGuidelines for Scale Development and Validation
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- Authors
- Carpenter, S.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, Serena
- ORCID
- Carpenter, Serena
- Venue
- Communication Methods and Measures
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-11-22
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-44
- ISSN
- 1931-2458 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-2466
- OpenAlex
- W2768349557
- Cited by
- 1,141
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 208 · 2025: 240 · 2024: 209 · 2023: 130 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 25.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Communication Methods and Measures (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Keywords
- scale development, measurement, best practices, item development, measurement reliability, measurement validity, communication research
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