Associations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters and cigarette smoking
Open accessAbstract
Understanding the relationship between Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cigarette smoking has been difficult because of PTSD's symptomatic heterogeneity. This study examined common and unique lifetime cross-sectional relationships between PTSD symptom clusters [Re-experiencing (intrusive thoughts and nightmares about the trauma), Avoidance (avoidance of trauma-associated memories or stimuli), Emotional Numbing (loss of interest, interpersonal detachment, restricted positive affect), and Hyperarousal (irritability, difficulty concentrating, hypervigilance, insomnia)] and three indicators of smoking behavior: (1) smoking status; (2) cigarettes per day; and (3) nicotine dependence. Participants were adult respondents in the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions with a trauma history (n = 23,635). All four symptom clusters associated with each smoking outcome in single-predictor models (ps <. 0001). In multivariate models including all of the symptom clusters as simultaneous predictors, Emotional Numbing was the only cluster to retain a significant association with lifetime smoking over and above the other clusters, demographics, and Axis-I comorbidity (OR = 1.30, p < .01). While Avoidance uniquely associated with smoking status and nicotine dependence in multivariate models, these relations fell below significance after adjusting for demographics and comorbidity. No clusters uniquely associated with cigarettes per day. Hyperarousal uniquely related with nicotine dependence over and above the other clusters, demographics, and Axis-I comorbidity (OR = 1.51, p < .001). These results suggest the following: (a) common variance across PTSD symptom clusters contribute to PTSD's linkage with smoking in the American population; and (b) certain PTSD symptom clusters may uniquely associate with particular indicators of smoking behavior. These findings may clarify the underpinnings of PTSD-smoking comorbidity and inform smoking interventions for trauma-exposed individuals.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The presence of PTSD symptoms such as hyperarousal and emotional numbing is a predictor for nicotine dependence, and these symptoms are reduced by nicotine intake.
“Furthermore, several studies have shown that the presence of PTSD symptoms, such as hyperarousal and emotional numbing, is a predictor for nicotine dependence and these symptoms are reduced by nicotine intake (Beckham et al., 2005; Feldner et al., 2007; Greenberg et al., 2012; Thorndike, Wernicke, Pearlman, & Haaga, 2006).”
From Nicotine addiction and psychiatric disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 2012
PTSD symptoms are reduced during nicotine intake.
“while PTSD symptoms are reduced during nicotine intake (Beckham et al., 2005; Feldner et al., 2007; Greenberg et al., 2012; Thorndike et al., 2006)”
From Nicotine addiction and psychiatric disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Greenberg et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379 · see citing works
The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence
(1985) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.142.11.1259 · Cited by 2,538 · see citing works
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma
Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626 · Cited by 2,407 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Chou, S. P., Stinson, F. S., & Dawson, D. A. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1107 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Dawson, D. A., Stinson, F. S., Chou, P. S., Kay, W., & Pickering, R. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00070-x · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
Substance Use Disorders in Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of the Literature
Jacobsen, L. K., Southwick, S. M., & Kosten, T. R. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a community survey
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.8.1114 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, R. B., Southwick, S. M., & Grant, B. F. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.010 · Cited by 963 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Other studies have reported varying degrees of trauma exposure ranging from 56% to upward of 90% (Breslau et al., 1998; Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995; Pietrzak et al., 2011; Stein et al., 1997), and a review by Breslau (2002) indicates that prevalence of trauma exposure varies based on methodology a…”
BackgroundSimms, L. J., Watson, D., & Doebbeling, B. N. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.111.4.637 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
(2000) · PubMed · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Epidemiologic Studies of Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and other Psychiatric Disorders
Breslau, N. (2002) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370204701003 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Comorbidity, Impairment, and Suicidality in Subthreshold PTSD
Marshall, R. D., Olfson, M., Hellman, F., Blanco, C., Guardino, M., & Struening, E. L. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1467 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Huang, B., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Saha, T. D., Smith, S. M., Pulay, A. J., Pickering, R. P., et al. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.41 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Ruan, W. J., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Smith, S. M., Saha, T. D., Pickering, R. P., Dawson, D. A., Huang, B., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.001 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Comparison of the PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview Version and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
Foa, E. B., & Tolin, D. F. (2000) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1007781909213 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
On the Multivariate Asymptotic Distribution of Sequential Chi-Square Statistics
Steiger, J. H., Shapiro, A., & Browne, M. W. (1985) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294104 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Anxiety, anxiety disorders, tobacco use, and nicotine: A critical review of interrelationships.
Morissette, S. B., Tull, M. T., Gulliver, S. B., Kamholz, B. W., & Zimering, R. T. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.245 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Asmundson, G., Frombach, I. K., McQuaid, J. R., Pedrelli, P., Lenox, R., & Stein, M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00061-3 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
(2009) · PubMed · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Understanding comorbidity between ptsd and substance use disorders: Two preliminary investigations
Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (1995) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(95)00024-7 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder and smoking: A systematic review
Fu, S. S., McFall, M., Saxon, A. J., Beckham, J. C., Carmody, T. P., Baker, D. G., & Joseph, A. M. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701488418 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Chatterji, S., Saunders, J. B., Vrasti, R., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., & Mager, D. E. (1997) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(97)00088-4 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Koenen, K. C., Hitsman, B., Lyons, M. J., Niaura, R., McCaffery, J., Goldberg, J., Eisen, S. A., True, W., & Tsuang, M. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.11.1258 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Beckham, J. C., Kirby, A. C., Feldman, M. E., Hertzberg, M. A., Moore, S. D., Crawford, A. L., Davidson, J. R. T., & Fairbank, J. A. (1997) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(96)00071-8 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Anhedonia and emotional numbing in combat veterans with PTSD
Kashdan, T. B., Elhai, J. D., & Frueh, B. C. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.001 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Taxometric Investigation of PTSD: Data From Two Nationally Representative Samples
Broman‐Fulks, J. J., Ruggiero, K. J., Green, B. A., Kilpatrick, D. G., Danielson, C. K., Resnick, H. S., & Saunders, B. E. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.006 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Grubaugh, A. L., Magruder, K. M., Waldrop, A. E., Elhai, J. D., Knapp, R. G., & Frueh, B. C. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000180740.02644.ab · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Hapke, U., Schumann, A., Rumpf, H.-J., John, U., Konerding, U., & Meyer, C. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000188964.83476.e0 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Smoking in Vietnam combat veterans with post‐traumatic stress disorder
Beckham, J. C., Roodman, A. A., Shipley, R. H., Hertzberg, M. A., Cunha, G. H., Kudler, H. S., Levin, E. D., Rose, J. E., & Fairbank, J. A. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02102970 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Buckley, T. C., Mozley, S. L., Bedard, M., Dewulf, A.-C., & Green, J. G. (2004) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed.169.7.536 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Violent Assault, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Depression
Acierno, R. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1996) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455960204001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Neurobiological Alterations Associated With Traumatic Stress
Weiss, S. J. (2007) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2007.00120.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Buchhalter, A. R., Acosta, M. C., Evans, S. E., Breland, A. B., & Eissenberg, T. (2005) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01030.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Koenen, K. C., Lyons, M. J., Goldberg, J., Simpson, J., Williams, W. M., Toomey, R., Eisen, S. A., True, W., & Tsuang, M. T. (2003) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1025786925483 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Influence of nicotine on positive affect in anhedonic smokers
Cook, J. W., Spring, B. J., & McChargue, D. E. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0688-5 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Nicotine dependence, PTSD symptoms, and depression proneness among male and female smokers
Thorndike, F. P., Wernicke, R. A., Pearlman, M. Y., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2005) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.023 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Feldner, M. T., Babson, K. A., Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Lewis, S. F., Gibson, L. E., Monson, C. M., & Bernstein, A. (2006) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.032 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Beckham, J. C., Dennis, M. F., McClernon, F. J., Mozley, S. L., Collie, C. F., & Vrana, S. R. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.04.026 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Leventhal, A. M., Kahler, C. W., Ray, L. A., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Weaver, T. L., & Etzel, J. C. (2003) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.041 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Smoking in help-seeking veterans with PTSD returning from Afghanistan and Iraq
Kirby, A. C., Hertzberg, B. P., Collie, C. F., Yeatts, B., Dennis, M. F., McDonald, S. D., Calhoun, P. S., & Beckham, J. C. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cook, J. W., Jakupcak, M., Rosenheck, R. A., FONTANA, A. F., & McFall, M. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp123 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cocaine dependence with and without comorbid depression: a comparison of patient characteristics
Schmitz, J. M., Stotts, A. L., Averill, P. M., Rothfleisch, J., Bailley, S. E., Sayre, S. L., & Grabowski, J. G. (2000) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00157-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder and smoking relapse: A theoretical model
Cook, J. W., McFall, M., Calhoun, P. S., & Beckham, J. C. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20275 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Relationship between PTSD symptomatology and nicotine dependence severity in crime victims
Baschnagel, J. S., Coffey, S. F., Schumacher, J. A., Drobes, D. J., & Saladin, M. E. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.03.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Leventhal, A. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000003 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Hasin, D. S., & Grant, B. F. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1088-0 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Nicotine modulation of fear memories and anxiety: Implications for learning and anxiety disorders
Kutlu, M. G., & Gould, T. J. (2015) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.029 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder and cigarette smoking: A systematic review
Kearns, N. T., Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Vujanovic, A. A., Zvolensky, M. J., Smits, J. A. J., & Powers, M. B. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22828 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Airborne Hazards Exposure and Respiratory Health of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans
Falvo, M. J., Osinubi, O., Sotolongo, A. M., & Helmer, D. A. (2015) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxu009 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Besson, M., & Forget, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00160 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mathew, A. R., Cook, J. W., Japuntich, S. J., & Leventhal, A. M. (2015) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12170 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ehlers, C. L., Gizer, I. R., Gilder, D. A., & Yehuda, R. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.10.002 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Compulsive sexual behavior among male military veterans: Prevalence and associated clinical factors
Smith, P., Potenza, M., Mazure, C., McKee, S., Park, C., & Hoff, R. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/jba.3.2014.4.2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Nicotine addiction and psychiatric disorders
Kutlu, M. G., Parikh, V., & Gould, T. J. (2015) · International Review of Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.08.004 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Substance abuse, memory, and post-traumatic stress disorder
Tipps, M. E., Raybuck, J. D., & Lattal, K. M. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.12.002 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder and tobacco use: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Pericot‐Valverde, I., Elliott, R. J., Miller, M. E., Tidey, J. W., & Gaalema, D. E. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.024 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria
Kakaje, A., Alhalabi, M. M., Alyousbashi, A., Ghareeb, A., Hamid, L., & Al‐Tammemi, A. B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256829 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Basheti, I. A., Ayasrah, S. M., Basheti, M. M., Judeh, M., & Chaar, B. B. (2019) · Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.18549/pharmpract.2019.3.1475 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mahaffey, B., Gonzalez, A., Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., Bromet, E. J., Luft, B. J., & Kotov, R. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv175 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Kutlu, M. G., Tumolo, J. M., Holliday, E. D., Garrett, B., & Gould, T. J. (2016) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.042655.116 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The effects of acute nicotine on contextual safety discrimination
Kutlu, M. G., Oliver, C. F., & Gould, T. J. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114552743 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gabert‐Quillen, C. A., Selya, A., & Delahanty, D. L. (2015) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2543 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ali, A. M., AL-Dossary, S. A., Laranjeira, C., Atout, M. M. W., Khatatbeh, H., Selim, A., Alkhamees, A. A., Aljaberi, M. A. A., Pakai, A., & Al‐Dwaikat, T. N. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13206045 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Herbst, E. D., McCaslin, S. E., Daryani, S. H., Laird, K. T., Hopkins, L. B., Pennington, D., & Kuhn, E. R. (2019) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz037 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Tobacco use, trauma exposure and PTSD: a systematic review
Shevorykin, A., Hyland, B. M., Robles, D., Ji, M., Vantucci, D., Bensch, L., Thorner, H., Marion, M., Liskiewicz, A., Carl, E. M., et al. (2024) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2024.2330896 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Langdon, K. J., & Leventhal, A. M. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114546708 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Homish, G. G., Hoopsick, R. A., Heavey, S. C., Homish, D. L., & Cornelius, J. R. (2018) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12829 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Trautmann, S., Schönfeld, S., Behrendt, S., Schäfer, J., Höfler, M., Zimmermann, P. L., & Wïttchen, H. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Harte, C. B., Proctor, S. P., & Vasterling, J. J. (2014) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9584-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
O’Toole, B. I., Kirk, R., Bittoun, R., & Catts, S. V. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx257 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
PTSD Predicts Smoking Cessation Failure in a Trauma-Exposed Population
Fortes, J. T., Cano, F. G., Miranda, V. A., Kang, H. C., Fontenelle, L. F., Mendlowicz, M. V., & Garcia-Rosa, M. L. (2020) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2020.1786615 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ameringer, K. J., Chou, C., Sussman, S. Y., Unger, J. B., & Leventhal, A. M. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9467-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Salas, J., Gebauer, S., Gillis, A., van den Berk‐Clark, C., Schneider, D., Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Norman, S. B., Tuerk, P. W., Cohen, B. E., et al. (2021) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntab179 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Estey, D. R., Platt, J., Goodwin, R. D., & Weinberger, A. H. (2020) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000991 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ameringer, K. J., Chou, C., & Leventhal, A. M. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9597-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zvolensky, M., Shepherd, J., Clausen, B. K., Robison, J. H., Cano, M., de Dios, M. A., & Correa-Fernández, V. (2024) · Journal of behavioral medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-024-00480-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Seelig, A. D., Bensley, K. M., Williams, E. C., Armenta, R. F., Rivera, A. C., Peterson, A. V., Jacobson, I. G., Littman, A. J., Maynard, C. C., Bricker, J. B., et al. (2018) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000421 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mathew, A. R., Cook, J. W., Japuntich, S. J., & Leventhal, A. M. (2014) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12170.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Stefanovics, E. A., Potenza, M. N., & Tsai, J. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10210-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Potential mechanisms underlying the facilitation of fear memory extinction by cotinine.
Echeverría, V., & Iarkov, A. (2014) · Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research · doi:10.9734/bjmmr/2014/5219 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Need to Numb: Substance Use and Therapeutic Management
Greenberg, T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45285-8_6
Garrison‐Desany, H. M., Hinojosa, C. A., Tubbs, J. D., Meyers, J. L., Linnstaedt, S. D., House, S. L., Beaudoin, F. L., An, X., Stevens, J. S., Neylan, T. C., et al. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03593-z
Sirbu, L., Sisti, J. S., & Cone, J. E. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.113010
Andersson, J., Hansson, M., Ericson, M., & Adermark, L. (2026) · Tobacco Use Insights · doi:10.1177/1179173x261455075
Swanson, M. H. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
- Authors
- Greenberg, J. B., Ameringer, K. J., Trujillo, M. A., Sun, P., Sussman, S., Brightman, M., Pitts, S. R., & Leventhal, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 89-98
- ISSN
- 0893-164X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1501
- PMC
- PMC3307596
- OpenAlex
- W2018168033
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DA026831; DA025041)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence, PTSD symptom clusters, re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, hyperarousal, trauma exposure, smoking cessation interventions, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emotions, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
