Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological symptoms in trauma-exposed firefighters
Abstract
Firefighters are exposed to a range of potentially traumatic stressors, yet studies examining the impact of this exposure are equivocal. Although some studies suggest increased risk for mental health problems, others suggest unusual resilience. Type of assessment methodology may contribute to the lack of consistent findings. We assessed 142 trauma-exposed, professional firefighters utilizing a standardized clinical interview and self-report measures and found low rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses (4.2%), and depressive, anxiety, and alcohol-abuse symptoms. Frequency of trauma exposure did not predict psychological symptoms. Perceived social support, occupational stress, coping, as well as the interaction between perceived social support and self-blame were significant predictors of symptoms. Firefighters reporting low-perceived social support and high self-blame demonstrated the highest levels of clinically significant symptoms. These findings may inform education, treatment, and resilience training for emergency personnel.
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Occupational stress is a significant predictor of PTSD symptomology in firefighters.
“It has been well established that firefighters experience significant occupational stress, and reports indicate that occupational stress is a significant predictor of PTSD symptomology in firefighters [53].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [53]
As many as 32.4% of firefighters meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
“As a result of chronic stress and exposure to potentially traumatic events, as many as 32.4% of firefighters meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with significantly more experiencing significant subclinical PTSD symptoms [2,3].”
From Mindful attention training workshop for firefighters: Design and methodology of a pilot randomized clinical trial (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Meyer, E. C., Zimering, R., Daly, E., Knight, J., Kamholz, B. W., & Gulliver, S. B.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Services
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 1541-1559 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-148X
- OpenAlex
- W1972083753
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 15.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Federal Emergency Management Agency
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, firefighters, occupational trauma exposure, psychological symptoms, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, alcohol abuse, perceived social support, self-blame, occupational stress, coping, resilience, emergency workers
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Fires, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Wounds and Injuries, Firefighters
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