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Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism.
Abstract
We present a process model that distinguishes 2 dimensions of narcissism: admiration and rivalry. We propose that narcissists' overarching goal of maintaining a grandiose self is pursued by 2 separate pathways, characterized by distinct cognitive, affective-motivational, and behavioral processes. In a set of 7 studies, we validated this 2-dimensional model using the newly developed Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ). We showed that narcissistic admiration and rivalry are positively correlated dimensions, yet they have markedly different nomological networks and distinct intra- and interpersonal consequences. The NARQ showed the hypothesized 2-dimensional multifaceted structure as well as very good internal consistencies (Study 1, N = 953), stabilities (Study 2, N = 93), and self-other agreements (Study 3, N = 96). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry showed unique relations to the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the Big Five, self-esteem, pathological narcissism, and other narcissism-related traits like Machiavellianism, psychopathy, self-enhancement, and impulsivity (Study 4, Ns = 510-1,814). Despite the positive relation between admiration and rivalry, the 2 differentially predicted general interpersonal orientations and reactions to transgressions in friendships and romantic relationships (Study 5, N = 1,085), interpersonal perceptions during group interactions (Study 6, N = 202), and observed behaviors in experimental observations (Study 7, N = 96). For all studies, the NARQ outperformed the standard measure of narcissism, the NPI, in predicting outcome measures. Results underscore the utility of a 2-dimensional conceptualization and measurement of narcissism.
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“Narcissism is a multifactorial construct with more and less adaptive aspects (Back et al., 2013)”
From Do Narcissism and Emotional Intelligence Win Us Friends? Modeling Dynamics of Peer Popularity Using Inferential Network Analysis (2016) · cites this paper as Back et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Grandiose narcissism is associated with the triad of admiration-seeking, rivalry, and retaliation (43, 44) and a propensity to act in a quarrelsome manner when others are seen as dominant (45).”
From Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in Understanding and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“First, despite the pervasive criticism of the NPI, its relations to general personality traits, PD traits, and psychopathological constructs are quite consistent with expert ratings of NPD and grandiose narcissism, as are several other promising measures including the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (Back et al. 2013), the Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale (S.A. Rosenthal, J.M. Ho”
From Controversies in Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Back et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“However, when narcissists believe that self-promotion is less likely to grant status, they might follow a combative behavior that aims to devalue social competitors (rivalry pathway; Back, 2018; Back et al., 2013).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Back et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Third, narcissists’ beliefs regarding their own superiority tend to go hand in hand with beliefs of others’ inferiority (Back et al., 2013; Campbell et al., 2002; Kong, 2015; Krizan & Bushman, 2011; Park, Ferrero, Colvin, & Carney, 2013).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Back et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“and (b) entitlement (or rivalry), which is correlated with antagonism (i.e., low agreeableness) and can be manifested in other-derogating behaviors of status pursuit (Back et al., 2013; Crowe et al., 2019; Krizan & Herlache, 2018; Lange et al., 2018; Miller et al., 2017; Weiss et al., 2019; Zeigler-Hill, Vrabel, et al., 2018).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Back et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“This upsurge has culminated in the distinction between two interrelated trait dimensions: (a) narcissistic grandiosity (or admiration), which is correlated with agentic extraversion and sensitivity to positive rewards (i.e., high approach motivation) and can be manifested in self-promoting behaviors of status pursuit;”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Back et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Another prominent model of (grandiose) narcissism distinguishes narcissistic admiration from rivalry (Back et al., 2013).”
From The Relationship between Grandiose and Vulnerable (Hypersensitive) Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Back et al., 2013
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Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C. P., & Leckelt, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_33 · Cited by 27
Self-citationLeckelt, M., Richter, D., Schröder, C., Küfner, A. C. P., Grabka, M. M., & Back, M. D. (2019) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12360 · Cited by 27
“Finally, following the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept (NARC; Back et al., 2013), narcissistic individuals, particularly those high in more agentic aspects of narcissism (i.e., those high in narcissistic admiration), are assumed to more easily achieve status.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNarcissism and perceived power in romantic relationships
Vrabel, J. K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Lehtman, M. J., & Hernández, K. D. P. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519858685 · Cited by 33
Mertens, A., von Krause, M., Meyerhöfer, S., Aziz, C., Baumann, F., Denk, A., Heitz, T., & Maute, J. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104516 · Cited by 27
Looking Like a Winner: Leader Narcissism and War Duration
Harden, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027221123757 · Cited by 28
In the Service of the Prince: A Meta‐Analytic Review of Machiavellian Leadership
Marbut, A. R., Harms, P. D., & Credé, M. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2877 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C. P., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1013-1037
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2142916040
- Cited by
- 1,255
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 147 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 28.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (BA 3731/2-1, BA 3731/6-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- narcissism, narcissistic admiration, narcissistic rivalry, grandiose self, pathological narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, self-enhancement, interpersonal behavior, romantic relationships, friendship, group interaction, self-esteem
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Conflict, Psychological, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Narcissism, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Young Adult
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