The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 19 of the 46 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: Outcomes and moderators
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment for social phobia. However, not all individuals respond to treatment and many who show improvement do not maintain their gains over the long-term. Thus, alternative treatments are needed. Method: The current study (N = 87) was a 3-arm randomized clinical trial comparing CBT, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and a wait-list control group (WL) in participants with a diagnosis of social phobia based on criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Participants completed 12 sessions of CBT or ACT or a 12-week waiting period. All participants completed assessments at baseline and posttreatment, and participants assigned to CBT and ACT also completed assessments 6 and 12 months following baseline. Assessments consisted of self-report measures, a public-speaking task, and clinician ratings. Results: Multilevel modeling was used to examine between-group differences on outcomes measures. Both treatment groups outperformed WL, with no differences observed between CBT and ACT on self-report, independent clinician, or publicspeaking outcomes. Lower self-reported psychological flexibility at baseline was associated with greater improvement by the 12-month follow-up in CBT compared with ACT. Self-reported fear of negative evaluation significantly moderated outcomes as well, with trends for both extremes to be associated with superior outcomes from CBT and inferior outcomes from ACT. Across treatment groups, higher perceived control and extraversion were associated with greater improvement, whereas comorbid depression was associated with poorer outcomes. Conclusions: Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed. © 2014 American Psychological Association.
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Claims the paper makes
100 Own result · 31 Own method · 22 Own interpretation · 14 No full text of the sources · 10 Supported · 4 Partly supported · 3 Sources not found · 2 Supported so far · 1 Not supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment for social phobia.”
- Also stated in: § Treatments · plain
“This particular CBT has been effective for individuals with social phobia within larger primary care (Craske et al., 2011) and clinic samples (Arch et al., 2012).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Objective
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Craske et al., 2011 source
The Introduction describes CBT as an evidence-based psychosocial treatment for anxiety disorders, and the Methods identify social anxiety disorder as one of the disorders targeted by the study’s CBT program. The Results also report better six-month outcomes for principal social anxiety disorder with the CALM intervention than with usual care. Because CALM could include medication as well as CBT, that result does not isolate CBT’s effect, but the paper supports the broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites Arch et al., 2012 source
The Introduction states that randomized trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated CBT’s effectiveness for anxiety disorders, explicitly including social anxiety disorder, and calls CBT an empirically validated treatment. This supports the claim about social phobia. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Treatments · plain
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In the first randomized controlled trial comparing ACT to CBT in patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders (Arch et al., 2012), comparable outcomes were found between CBT and ACT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Arch et al., 2012 source
The Discussion’s “Summary and conclusion” calls this, to the authors’ knowledge, the first randomized clinical trial comparing ACT and CBT for anxiety disorders and describes their overall immediate and long-term effects as similar. It also notes some differences in specific outcomes, which do not negate the claim about comparable outcomes overall. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A review of meta-analyses of RCTs involving no-treatment, wait-list or placebo controls reported a comparison-weighted grand mean effect size (Cohen’s d) of .95 from pre- to post- treatment (Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Summary and conclusions reports a comparison-weighted grand mean effect size of 0.95 for CBT against no-treatment, wait-list, or placebo controls for specified disorders. But Selection of meta-analyses defines a pre-to-post-treatment effect size as an uncontrolled, within-group measure; the reported 0.95 is a between-group comparison, not a pre-to-post effect size. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Similarly, in the prior study, significantly more ACT participants continued or began new psychotherapy compared to CBT participants (Arch et al., 2012),.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Arch et al., 2012 source
The Results (Primary Outcomes) report significantly greater use of any outside psychotherapy—new or continued—among ACT participants than CBT participants at the 6-month follow-up (39% versus 19%, p = .04). This matches the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As was the case in the earlier comparison of ACT and CBT for a mixed anxiety sample (Arch et al., 2012), the two treatments in the current study were structured to be equated on the amount of exposure to feared situations, albeit presented with different rationales (i.e., to gain control over fear responding in CBT and to achieve actions consistent with life values in ACT).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Arch et al., 2012 source
The Methods (Therapists) state that the ACT and CBT manuals were matched on the number of sessions devoted to exposure but differed in how its intent was framed. The Discussion (Study Limitations) likewise says the conditions were matched on exposure, framed with different intents. The citation supports the comparison to the earlier study; the current study’s design is the citing authors’ own description. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Still, the fact that the current results mirrored our prior findings in terms of similarity in outcomes across CBT and ACT and trends for the positive predictive value of high experiential avoidance for CBT outcomes (Arch et al., 2012; Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012) suggests some degree of replicability and consistency across samples.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Arch et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower self-reported psychological flexibility at baseline was associated with greater improvement by the 12-mo follow-up in CBT compared to ACT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The linear experiential avoidance (AAQ) term interacted with Group and Time to moderate composite symptoms χ2 (N=44, df=1)=4.04, p=.044.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plaincorrelationaln = 44 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Homework compliance did not significantly predict any outcome (ps > .302).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Therapist Competence and Treatment Integrity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not WL (p=.538).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not WL (p=.158).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gender was a significant predictor of composite symptoms (z=2.01, p=.044), with women reporting fewer symptoms than men (b=−.43; CI=−.011 to −.84), collapsed across groups and follow-up assessments.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Demographic
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“tests of simple effects revealed a significant interaction at 12MFU.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“S2 change slopes were not significant in CBT (p=.089)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as did ACT (b=18.00; CI=1.4 to 34.6; p=.033)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or ACT (p=.736).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the groups showed inverse curvilinear relationships between fear of negative evaluation and outcomes (see Figure 4).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experiential avoidance did not predict fear and avoidance ratings (p>.212)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT had larger reductions in symptoms than WL (b=.80; CI=.40 to 1.2; p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For participants 1 SD below the mean on AAQ (higher experiential avoidance), CBT showed greater symptom reduction than ACT (b=1.03; CI=.055 to 2.01; p=.038).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with no differences between CBT and ACT (p=.45).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Clinically Significant Improvement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fear of negative evaluation did not moderate composite symptoms (ps>.223).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attrition did not differ between CBT and ACT, χ2 (df=1)=2.09, p=.149.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Attrition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but there was a main effect of Time (b=.16; CI=.03 to .28; p=.015) reflecting improvement in quality of life over the four assessment time-points regardless of treatment group.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“S2 change slopes were not significant in CBT (p=.605)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“S1 change slopes indicated significant fear and avoidance reduction in CBT (p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT had larger reductions in clinical severity than WL (b=2.13; CI=−1.29 to 2.98; p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACT, CBT and WL did not differ on socio-demographic or clinical characteristics at Pre (Table 1).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Pre-Treatment Group Differences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and ACT (p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gender, age and ethnicity did not significantly moderate composite symptoms or fear and avoidance ratings (ps>.062).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Demographic
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or ACT (p=.501).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or in CBT (p=.265).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“S2 change slopes were not significant for CBT (p=.783) or ACT (p=.146).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Percentages of those achieving clinically significant change are 47.8%, 37.5%, and 4.3% for CBT, ACT, and WL, respectively, at post-treatment”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Clinically Significant Improvement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas CSR slopes did not differ between CBT and ACT (b=.61; CI=.20 to −1.43; p=.140).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and WL (p<.001).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Time × Group interaction was not significant (p=.937)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“S2 change slopes were not significant in ACT (p=.096)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas CBT and ACT slopes did not differ from each other (b=−.09; CI=−.49 to .32; p=.675).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“S1 change slopes indicated a significant reduction in subjective distress in CBT (p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No group differences were found in previous or concurrent use of psychotherapy [CBT=52%, 17/33, ACT=55%, 16/29, WL=72%, 18/25, χ2 (df=2)=2.67, p=.263]”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Pre-Treatment Group Differences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“within CBT, participants 1 SD below the mean on AAQ (higher experiential avoidance) showed greater symptom reduction than those 1 SD above the mean (b=1.49; CI=.034 to 2.95, p=.045).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and fear of negative evaluation did not predict composite symptoms (p>.456).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same effect was found for fear and avoidance ratings (z=1.64 p=.024) with women rated as less fearful and avoidant than males (b=−16.60; CI=−2.13 to −31.06) collapsed across groups and follow-up assessments.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Demographic
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quadratic fear of negative evaluation (SSPS) term significantly interacted with Group and Time to moderate fear and avoidance ratings χ2 (N=50, df=1)=7.48, p =.01.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plaincorrelationaln = 50 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“S1 change slopes indicated significant clinical severity reduction in CBT (p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or psychotropic medication [CBT=27%, 9/33, ACT=28%, 8/29, WL=44%, 11/25, χ2 (df=2)=2.24, p=.302]”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Pre-Treatment Group Differences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as did ACT (b=1.52; CI=.68 to 2.37; p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not WL (p=.343).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant differences emerged between ACT, CBT and WL on any outcome measures at Pre (ps>.495).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Pre-Treatment Group Differences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same direction of effect was found for fear and avoidance ratings (z=2.16 p=.031), with those higher in extraversion rated as less fearful and avoidant (b=−.272; CI=−.25 to −5.20).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Comorbidity, personality and perceived control
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“56.5% and 41.7% for CBT and ACT, respectively, at 6MFU”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Clinically Significant Improvement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and ACT (p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as did ACT (b=.88; CI=.1.3; .49 to 1.3; p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas the slopes did not differ between CBT and ACT (b=−10.86; CI=−27.0 to 5.3; p=.188).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or in ACT (p=.060).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“S1 change slopes were not significant for CBT (p=.096) , ACT (p=.788) or WL (p=.774).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT showed larger reductions in fear and avoidance than WL (b=28.85; CI=12.3 to 45.4; p=.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“S1 change slopes indicated composite symptom reductions in CBT (p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experiential avoidance did not moderate fear and avoidance ratings (ps>.510).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“6MFU rates were CBT=57.1% (n=8/14) and ACT=53.3% (n=8/15) (p=.84).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Clinically Significant Improvement
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adherence to behavioral exposure was not a significant predictor of any outcome (ps > .233).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Therapist Competence and Treatment Integrity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“tests of simple effects revealed that the groups did not significantly differ from one another at any value of SSPS from 2 standard deviations below to 2 standard deviations above the mean at Post, 6 or 12MFU (ps>.102).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Theoretically relevant
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“S2 change slopes were not significant in CBT (p=.974)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extroversion was a significant linear predictor of composite symptoms (z=1.96, p=.05). Participants higher in extroversion reported significantly fewer symptoms (b=−.08; CI=0 to −.16), collapsed across groups and follow-up assessments.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Comorbidity, personality and perceived control
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the first being the self-report measure of quality of life, on which no group improved significantly by post-treatment.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, higher levels of perceived control were predictive of better outcomes.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rates of removal and addition of pharmacotherapy were equivalent across the two active treatment groups.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“individuals assigned to ACT or CBT did not differ on baseline demographic or clinical variables.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second measure was anxiety during public speaking, on which all groups, including the wait-list group, improved significantly from pre to post.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One exception was a trend for ACT to show greater reductions in anxiety during public speaking from post to the 12-month follow-up than CBT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Female gender was associated with greater improvement across treatment groups.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, quality of life did significantly improve over the full 12-month period in treated participants.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depression was predictive of poorer outcome across both treatment conditions in the current study.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher extraversion was also associated with greater improvement.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In an open trial, patients with panic disorder (n=11) trained to observe and accept rather than control their anxiety during exposures showed decreases in panic symptom severity, on par with what is typically seen in CBT (Meuret, Twohig, Rosenfield, Hayes, & Craske, 2012).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Meuret, Twohig, Rosenfield, Hayes, & Craske, 2012 source
plaindirectn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“ACT was also shown to be effective for social phobia in a single case design study (Dalrymple & Herbert, 2007).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dalrymple & Herbert, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a mixed anxiety disorder sample, (Wolitzky-Taylor, Arch, Rosenfield, & Craske, 2012) CBT outperformed ACT among those with moderate levels of anxiety sensitivity, and with no comorbid mood disorder.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wolitzky-Taylor, Arch, Rosenfield, & Craske, 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Of those who complete treatment, the mean response rates (albeit defined in a variety of ways) range from 3% to 100% (mean=52.8%, median=50%) for anxiety disorders (Loerinc et al., submitted for publication).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Loerinc et al., submitted for publication
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Second, meta-analyses and reviews have suggested that key components of CBT, such as cognitive restructuring skills aimed at explicitly regulating cognitive errors and somatic regulatory strategies like breathing retraining, do not raise effect sizes or improve outcomes when combined with exposure therapy compared to exposure therapy alone (Norton & Price, 2007).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Norton & Price, 2007 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similar results were reported from subsequent meta-analyses (Norton & Price, 2007), with moderate effect sizes (d=.43) when CBT was compared to active treatment comparisons including psychodynamic therapies (Tolin, 2010).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, the attrition rate in studies of CBT for anxiety disorders published since 2000 ranges from 0% to 53% (mean=15.5%, median=12.5%) (Loerinc, Meuret, Twohig, Rosenfield, & Craske, submitted for publication).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Loerinc, Meuret, Twohig, Rosenfield, & Craske, submitted for publication
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although therapists adhered strongly to their assigned treatments in both groups.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Therapist Competence and Treatment Integrity
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT fared better than ACT in individuals with higher experiential avoidance”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, therapy adherence ratings were higher in ACT (M=.87, SD=.17) than CBT (M=.55, SD=.29), t(42)=−4.56, p<.001”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Therapist Competence and Treatment Integrity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants who began treatment (n=87) were included in the intent-to-treat (ITT) sample (n=29 ACT, n=33 CBT, n=25 WL).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Participants
plainn = 87- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cognitive therapy adherence was higher in CBT (M=.55, SD=.29) than ACT (M=.05, SD=.06), t(42)=7.87, p<.001”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Therapist Competence and Treatment Integrity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One hundred participants who met DSM-IV criteria for principal or co-principal social phobia, generalized type were randomized to ACT (n=34), CBT (n=40), or Wait List (WL; n=26).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Participants
plainn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scores for adherence to behavioral exposure were higher in CBT (M=.61, SD=.29) than ACT (M=.16, SD=.23), t(42)=5.68, p<.001.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Therapist Competence and Treatment Integrity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACT adherence was higher in ACT (M=.87, SD=.17) than CBT (M=.04, SD=.08), t(42)=−20.19, p<.001.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Therapist Competence and Treatment Integrity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results may also derive from the common element of exposure therapy.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confounding influences from therapist allegiance were deemed unlikely given the junior status of the therapists.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Therapist allegiance did not confound the treatment outcome comparisons.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals with higher experiential avoidance fared better in terms of self-reported symptoms with CBT than ACT by the 12-month follow-up assessment”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of outcome differences between ACT and CBT is also not due to confounding by baseline severity, acceptability of treatment, or delivery of treatment.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the current results suggest that high levels of experiential avoidance are a better match with the tenants of CBT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outcomes from CBT and ACT were remarkably consistent across measurement modality and across timing of assessment.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gender effect may reflect selection bias rather than a replicable finding.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results may derive from procedures and processes that are shared in common between these approaches.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“psychological flexibility had no bearing on response to ACT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, the two treatments were delivered with equivalent competency, as judged by an independent rater.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- It may state two separate claims as one. 65
- Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Meuret et al. (2010) found that lower perceived control was associated with greater improvement in cognitive therapy for panic disorder.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Meuret et al. (2010) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Effect of Baseline Perceived Control) report no significant association between perceived control and improvement within cognitive therapy (CT). The Discussion likewise says initial control did not predict CT outcome. Patients with low perceived control improved more in CT than in CART, but that is a comparison between treatments, not the claimed association within CT. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In a panic disorder sample, Meuret et al. (2010) found that lower perceived control was associated with poorer outcomes from a treatment aimed at changing respiration, whereas higher cognitive misappraisal of anxiety symptoms (i.e., anxiety sensitivity) was related to poorer outcomes from cognitive therapy.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Meuret et al. (2010) source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, the sample was comprised of mixed anxiety disorders and was too small to evaluate the relative effects of CBT and ACT for specific anxiety disorders.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Arch et al., 2012 source
The Discussion’s Study Limitations section says the mixed-anxiety-disorder sample limits conclusions about any single disorder. The Results’ Primary Outcomes section states that the study was not designed or powered to examine ACT–CBT outcome differences for individual anxiety disorders. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Gender was not a predictor of CBT outcomes in prior studies, including for social phobia (Schuurmans et al., 2009; Watanabe et al., 2010), and it was neither a predictor nor a moderator of outcome in the previous study of a mixed anxiety disorder sample (Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Schuurmans et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Predictor variables of treatment outcome section (p. 6) lists the factors tested for CBT outcome but does not include gender. Gender appears in Data analysis (p. 7) only as a variable used to impute missing data. Although the sample included people with social phobia (The treatment study, p. 3), our copy does not establish whether gender predicted CBT outcomes for them or for the sample overall. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Supportedcites Watanabe et al., 2010 source
The Results section (‘Potential predictors at baseline for changes in QoL at follow-ups’; page unavailable) states that sex was entered but not selected in any regression model. The Methods section identifies those models as predicting quality-of-life outcomes after group CBT for social anxiety disorder. This supports the part of the sentence attributed to Watanabe et al.; the mixed-anxiety-sample claim is attributed to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Most notably, the sample size was relatively small, which may have led to insufficient power to detect differences between two active treatments, and failure to replicate all findings from our prior study (Arch et al., 2012).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Arch et al., 2012 source
The citation identifies Arch et al. (2012) as the prior study whose findings the citing authors say they did not fully replicate. The source’s Discussion > Primary Outcomes reports findings comparing ACT and CBT. The small sample and possible failure to replicate are the citing authors’ assessment of their own study, not claims attributed to Arch et al. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the current study, ACT and CBT produced similar rates of clinically significant improvement, that were comparable to published mean response rates for CBT for social phobia: 46% at post-treatment (12 studies, 29 data points) and 52.9% at follow-up (3 studies, 10 data points)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Chen et al., 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says the group CBT outcomes were comparable to Western reports, which supports the general comparison. But the Results report this study’s post-treatment response rates as 33.3% (intention-to-treat) and 38.0% (completers); our copy does not report published mean response rates of 46% at post-treatment or 52.9% at follow-up, or the stated study and data-point counts. The paper did not compare ACT with CBT; that comparison appears to be the citing authors’ own result. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Davidson et al., 2004 source
- Not matchedcites Olivares et al., 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Very few studies have used reliable change index methods to compute treatment response rates but the few that have (Stangier et al., 2003; Tillfors et al., 2008) evidence response rates comparable to those in the present study.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stangier et al., 2003 source
- Supportedcites Tillfors et al., 2008 source
The Statistical Analyses section says the study used the Reliable Change Index to determine clinically significant improvement. The Clinically Significant Improvement section reports the resulting percentages, supporting the citation as an example of a study that computed response rates this way. The comparison with the citing authors’ present study is their own assessment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, only one other study examined extraversion as a predictor of behavioral treatment in a social phobia sample, with null results (Chen et al., 2007).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chen et al., 2007 source
The Methods (Assessment; page unavailable) identify extraversion as one of the NEO-FFI personality dimensions measured in the patients. The Results (Predictors of Treatment Response; page unavailable) report that pretreatment NEO scores did not predict outcomes after group cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. “Only one other study” is the citing authors’ characterization, not a finding attributed to Chen et al. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, the current results contrast with the prior report in which moderate levels of anxiety sensitivity led to better outcomes from CBT whereas they did not affect ACT (Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012), and with the report by Meuret et al. (2010) where higher levels of anxiety sensitivity led to poorer response to cognitive therapy and greater response to capnometry assisted respiratory training.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012 source
- Partly supportedcites Meuret et al. (2010) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The results are generally consistent with a prior study (Arch et al., 2012), where few differences were found in outcomes between the two treatments for a mixed anxiety disorder sample, excepting greater improvements from post to follow-up on clinical severity ratings for ACT than CBT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Arch et al., 2012 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These data suggest that changes in quality of life may take longer than symptom changes, which is consistent with prior evidence for changes in quality of life by the 12 month follow-up, albeit more so following CBT than ACT (Arch et al., 2012).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Arch et al., 2012 source
The Discussion (Primary Outcomes) reports moderate quality-of-life improvement at post-treatment, continued improvement through six months, and gains sustained at 12 months. The Results (Primary Outcomes at 12mFU) report higher quality-of-life ratings for CBT than ACT at 12 months. The paper does not say quality-of-life change began only at follow-up. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment credibility ratings did not differ significantly between ACT (M=4.83, SD=2.5) and CBT (M=4.2, SD=2.4), t(60)=−1.02, p=.311.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Credibility
- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
Borderline substantial claim. It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it. It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across treatment groups, higher perceived control, and extraversion were associated with greater improvement”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-reported fear of negative evaluation significantly moderated outcomes as well, with trends for both extremes to be associated with superior outcomes from CBT and inferior outcomes from ACT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas comorbid depression was associated with poorer outcomes.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both treatment groups outperformed WL, with no differences observed between CBT and ACT on self-report, independent clinician, or public speaking outcomes.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Time × Group interaction for quality of life was not significant for S1 (p=.539) or S2 (p=.427).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perceived control was a significant predictor of fear and avoidance ratings (z=2.00 p=.045), with patients higher in perceived control reporting lower fear and avoidance (b=−.73; CI=−.016 to −1.44), collapsed across group and follow-up assessments.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Comorbidity, personality and perceived control
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and neither comorbid anxiety nor neuroticism significantly predicted either outcome (ps>.186).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Comorbidity, personality and perceived control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACT (p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rates at Post were as follows: CBT=52.3% (n=11/21), ACT=40.9% (n=9/22), and WL=4.3% (n=1/23); χ2 (N=66, df=2)=12.93, p=.001.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Clinically Significant Improvement
plainn = 66- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Time × Group interaction for fear and avoidance ratings was significant for S1 (p=.003) but not for S2 (p=.366).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and ACT (p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 47.8% and 33.3% for CBT and ACT, respectively, at 12MFU.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Clinically Significant Improvement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comorbid depression significantly predicted fear and avoidance ratings (z=2.28, p=.023), with patients with comorbid depression rated as more fearful and avoidant (b=23.8; CI=3.33 to 44.33).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Comorbidity, personality and perceived control
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“12MFU rates were CBT=40.0% (n=6/15) and ACT=41.2% (n=7/17) (p=.95).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Clinically Significant Improvement
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From Post to 12MFU, 8 stopped psychotropic medication (CBT=3, ACT=5) and 3 began medication (CBT=2, ACT=1).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Additional Psychotherapy and Medication
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Time × Group interaction for composite symptoms was significant for S1 (p<.001) but not for S2 (p=.318).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither age nor ethnicity was a significant predictor of either outcome (ps>.230).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Demographic
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two completed one session and 14 completed between 2 and 11 sessions.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Attrition
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant dropped from WL.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Attrition
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither comorbid depression nor perceived control predicted composite symptoms (ps=.067)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Comorbidity, personality and perceived control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT and ACT both outperformed WL, χ2 (N=44, df=1)=12.77, p<.001 and χ2 (N=45, df=1)=8.70, p<.01, respectively”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Clinically Significant Improvement
plaindirectn = 44- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the same interval, no participant ended psychotherapy and 4 began new psychotherapy (CBT=0, ACT=4) (all between 6MFU and 12MFU).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Additional Psychotherapy and Medication
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Time × Group interaction for clinical severity ratings was significant for S1 (p<.001) but not for S2 (p=.629).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comorbid depression, extroversion, perceived control, comorbid anxiety and neuroticism did not significantly moderate composite symptoms or fear and avoidance ratings (ps>.065).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Comorbidity, personality and perceived control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“46 of 62 participants (74%) completed all 12-treatment sessions: CBT=67% (22/33), ACT=83% (24/29).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Attrition
plainn = 62- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Time × Group interaction was not significant for subjective distress during public speaking for S1 (p=.469) or for S2 (p=.051).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nor did they differ in their rate of attrition or their perceived credibility in the treatment.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, whereas four participants in ACT added a new psychotherapy (although none achieved clinically reliable change despite additional therapy), none did so in CBT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, some participants in ACT received additional treatment during the follow-up period, and we did not assess what type of treatment or the number of sessions they received.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over and above symptom severity, our measure of fear of negative evaluation, the SSPS, significantly moderated clinician-rated outcome, although interpretation is tempered by lack of significant simple effects.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Visual inspection revealed inverse curvilinear relationships, with individuals scoring either the highest or the lowest on fears of negative evaluation tending to fare better with CBT and worse with ACT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We focused on social phobia to decrease heterogeneity in this first comparison study and because social phobia is one of the most common anxiety disorders, with lifetime prevalence rates of 16.6% (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, Merikangas, & Walters, 2005).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kessler, Chiu, Demler, Merikangas, & Walters, 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, there were trends for CBT to outperform ACT at higher levels of experiential avoidance. ACT outperformed CBT among those with a comorbid mood disorder, and there were trends to outperform CBT at lower levels of experiential avoidance.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wolitzky-Taylor, Arch, Rosenfield, & Craske, 2012 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“ACT cultivates mindfulness, acceptance, and cognitive defusion (flexible distancing from the literal meaning of cognitions) to increase psychological flexibility and promote behavior change consistent with personal values.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Instructions for emotional acceptance have been shown to lower distress and increase tolerance for experimentally-induced symptoms of anxiety (Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006; Levitt, Brown, Orsillo, & Barlow, 2004).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, neuroticism was a predictor of poorer outcomes, regardless of treatment condition.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wolitzky-Taylor, Arch, Rosenfield, & Craske, 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prior to the second therapy session, after treatment rationales, participants completed a 6-item treatment credibility questionnaire adapted from Borkovec and Nau (1972) (α=.95).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Treatment Credibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there were trends for superior outcomes from CBT and inferior outcomes from ACT at the extreme ends of fear of negative evaluation.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used a modified intent-to-treat approach in that we did not analyze 10 of the original 100 participants who dropped prior to treatment initiation before they were aware of their randomization to ACT or CBT: they did not differ from non-attriters on sociodemographic variables (ps>.12), clinical severity ratings (p=.85), or assignment to ACT (n=4) vs. CBT (n=5) vs. WL (n=1; p=.48).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Participants
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moderator analyses were limited to composite symptoms and fear and avoidance outcomes; CSR was excluded due to limited range in the data, and anxiety during public speaking was excluded due to a non-normal distribution that produced inaccurate parameter estimates in the model.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current sample, Cronbach’s αs=.97 (Pre) and .94 (Post).”
- Also stated in: § Outcome Measures · plain
“Cronbach’s αs=.96 (Pre) and .95 (Post).”
- Also stated in: § Outcome Measures · plain
“In the current sample, αs=.93 (Pre) and .90 (Post).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Outcome Measures · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean ratings for negative thoughts are analyzed in the current sample: αs were .88 (Pre) and .90 (Post).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Moderator Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Consistent with prior studies of moderators (Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012), we chose a MLM, repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)-like design, implemented using the xtmixed command in Stata 12.0. Pre values of the dependent measures were included as a covariate, and Post, 6MFU, and 12MFU were levels of the repeated measures independent variable (Time).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Statistical Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Longitudinal data were analyzed with multi-level modeling (MLM) in Stata 12.0 using the xtmixed command. MLM accounts for nesting of time-points within subjects, allowing examination of within and between subject change across Time (Pre, Post, 6MFU, 12MFU) and by group (ACT, CBT and WL). MLM includes participants with missing data and uses all available data to estimate the models.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Residuals were normally distributed across all models.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current sample, Cronbach’s αs=.85 (Pre) and .84 (Post).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therapist competence scores indicated “good” therapist skills in CBT (M=3.06, SD=.67) and ACT (M=3.21, SD=.57) that did not significantly differ, t(42)=−.76, p=.449.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Therapist Competence and Treatment Integrity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inter-rater reliability on the principal diagnosis (n=22) was 100%, and on dimensional CSR ratings for social phobia (n=10) was ICC=1.00 (100% agreement).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Outcome Measures
plainn = 22- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACT and CBT were matched on number of sessions devoted to exposure but differed in framing of the intent of exposure.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results did not differ between models that included dropout as a predictor and those that did not.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, individuals without comorbid depression or who were higher in extraversion or perceived control fared better than their counterparts with either treatment approach.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadly speaking, the two treatments did not differ from each other in terms of self-report, independent clinician, or public speaking outcomes, with each treatment superior to the wait-list control on the majority of measures.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority completed therapy within 12 to 16 weeks (range 11 – 18 weeks).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current αs were .89 (Pre) and .90 (Post).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Moderator Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Herein, a one-factor scale was used, with higher scores indicating greater psychological flexibility: αs were .83 (Pre) and .88 (Post).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Moderator Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, only participants with Post scores were included in the moderator analysis.10”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were stratified by age and gender in CBT, ACT and WL.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inter-rater reliability on 35 sessions was excellent (ICCs for scales ranged from .78 to .97).”
- Also stated in: § Treatment Adherence and Therapist competence · plain
“Intra-rater reliability of the primary rater, which was assessed on 18 sessions, was excellent (ICCs for scales ranged from .98 to 1.0).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Treatment Adherence and Therapist competence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Treatment Adherence and Therapist competence · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no differences among therapists who provided CBT, ACT or both in terms of gender, age or years since entering graduate school (p’s>.39).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Therapists
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current αs for neuroticism were .86 (Pre) and .84 (Post) and for extroversion were .90 (Pre) and .85 (Post).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Method > Moderator Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, we had a high level of treatment attrition (nearly 50% by 12 month follow-up), which may have reduced power and affected our ability to observe continued change over the follow-up period.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Superior CBT outcomes as a function of higher experiential avoidance mirrors trends in the prior study (Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in all cases, the role of predictors of exposure-based treatment, whether cognitively based or acceptance based, is in need of further replication.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It was previously found that comorbid depression led to greater improvement in ACT (Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012) and for CBT, depression either led to poorer outcome (Chambless, Tran, & Glass, 1997; Steketee, Chambless, & Tran, 2001) or had no association with outcome (Kampman, Keijsers, Hoogduin, & Hendriks, 2008; Schuurmans et al., 2009).”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although involvement in alternative psychotherapy clouds the group comparison, the results indicate that individuals with social phobia will, on average, respond as well to ACT as they do to CBT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of differences between CBT and ACT is not due to lack of effectiveness, since the two treatment conditions yielded superior outcomes to a wait-list comparison on most outcomes.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, none of these four participants achieved reliable change criteria by the 12-month follow-up, suggesting that the findings were unlikely to be influenced by the additional treatment.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgedn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that repetition of the public speaking task was alone sufficient to yield significant improvements in anxiety, although improvements that did not generalize to other measures of social”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this is common to many clinical trials and expert supervision was provided, the findings may have differed with more experienced clinicians.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given our sample size, we had sufficient power (80%) to detect only large effects for the treatment group effects (Cohen’s d = .85) and moderator analyses (Cohen’s f2 = .45). Power to detect moderate and small effects for both analyses was 40% and 20%, respectively.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, this study adds to the small but growing body of evidence indicating that CBT and ACT perform equally well for the treatment of social phobia, and significantly outperform waitlist controls.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, treatment was delivered by relatively inexperienced graduate students.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although multi-level modeling can produce less biased estimates when data are missing, we do not know whether lower attrition would have influenced findings for the follow-up time points.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarities between ACT and CBT are discussed elsewhere (Arch & Craske, 2008). These include exposure to, rather than suppression of, anxious thoughts; active effort to deal with anxious thoughts; and attainment of strategic control over emotions albeit via different paths.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arch & Craske, 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Given the potency of exposure for anxiety disorders (e.g. Norton & Price, 2007), it is conceivable that the shared component of exposure overrode other differences between the two treatments, and thereby equated their effects.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Norton & Price, 2007 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study also replicated a moderator finding from a previous comparison of CBT and ACT, showing that individuals with lower psychological flexibility respond more favorably to CBT.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Therapist allegiance did not confound the treatment outcome comparisons.
“We failed to measure therapy allegiance of our therapists, although we presume that allegiance was a less significant factor than might otherwise be the case with highly experienced therapists.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“which, although generally as effective as CBT (Craske et al., 2014)”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Clinically significant response rates of individual patients following these interventions are around 50–55%, ranging from 43% to 70% (for a review see Loerinc et al., 2015; Craske et al., 2014; Leichsenring et al., 2014; Lincoln et al., 2005).”
From Public speaking avoidance as a treatment moderator for social anxiety disorder. (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the same was true of fear of negative evaluations.”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Treatment for Anxiety and Depression (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Both CBT and ACT treatments involved twelve weekly one-hour, manualized, individual therapy sessions (for details see Craske et al., 2014).”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although emerging evidence suggests that ACT is as effective as CBT for anxiety disorders (Craske et al., 2014), including in this sample, ACT is relatively newer and is supported by less evidence than CBT with respect to outcomes and mediators.”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“comparable treatment response between CBT and ACT on self-report and clinician-rated anxiety in the parent trial (Craske et al., 2014).”
From Self-referential processing during observation of a speech performance task in social anxiety disorder from pre- to post-treatment: Evidence of disrupted neural activation (2019) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As the parent trial from which these data were collected did not reveal any major treatment outcome differences between CBT and ACT (Craske et al., 2014), we did not anticipate any differences between the two active treatment comparisons in terms of neural activation.”
From Self-referential processing during observation of a speech performance task in social anxiety disorder from pre- to post-treatment: Evidence of disrupted neural activation (2019) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“has been successfully implemented in varied delivery formats [14–16], including one-day group workshops [17, 18].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Therapy for both treatment conditions was based on detailed treatment manuals for anxiety (CBT (Hope et al., 2000), ACT (Eifert and Forsyth, 2005); see (Craske et al., 2014) for full details).”
From Treatment for social anxiety disorder alters functional connectivity in emotion regulation neural circuitry (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While exposure-based psychological treatments effectively reduce SAD symptoms, not all individuals respond to treatment.”
From Treatment for social anxiety disorder alters functional connectivity in emotion regulation neural circuitry (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As reported in Craske et al. (2014), CBT and ACT were each more effective than a waitlist comparison control for symptoms of social anxiety, with no differences between them.”
From Public speaking avoidance as a treatment moderator for social anxiety disorder. (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) have both garnered empirical support for the effective treatment of social anxiety disorder.”
From Public speaking avoidance as a treatment moderator for social anxiety disorder. (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Recently, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), a third-wave behavioral therapy, has garnered support as another effective treatment for social anxiety (Swain, Hancock, Hainsworth, & Bowman, 2013; Bluett, Homan, Morrison, Levin, & Twohig, 2014) with comparable treatment outcomes to CBT (Craske et al., 2014).”
From Public speaking avoidance as a treatment moderator for social anxiety disorder. (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, there was greater adherence to behavioral exposures in CBT than ACT in the present sample (Craske et al., 2014).”
From Public speaking avoidance as a treatment moderator for social anxiety disorder. (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In a previously published article on the current sample, individuals with social anxiety disorder who were rated as high in experiential avoidance (i.e., self-reported unwillingness to accept negative emotions) measured by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire reported greater symptom reduction at 12-month follow-up in CBT than ACT (Craske et al., 2014).”
From Public speaking avoidance as a treatment moderator for social anxiety disorder. (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moderation was found only at the 12-month follow-up, which replicated our prior studies in the same and different samples (Craske et al., 2014; Niles et al., 2013; Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012).”
From Public speaking avoidance as a treatment moderator for social anxiety disorder. (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A composite score was created from the LSAS, SIAS, and SPS to generate a reliable and valid index of social anxiety symptoms (consistent with the main outcome paper for this study; Craske et al., 2014).”
From Neural connectivity during affect labeling predicts treatment response to psychological therapies for social anxiety disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“First, data were collected in the context of a high-quality randomized controlled trial using manualized treatment interventions with a high level of therapist adherence to protocol and validity in assessment methods (Craske et al., 2014).”
From Neural connectivity during affect labeling predicts treatment response to psychological therapies for social anxiety disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Given the lack of treatment group differences in both immediate and follow-up clinical outcomes (Craske et al., 2014), as well as functional connectivity in the affect labeling task (Young et al., 2017), the current analysis collapsed across treatment modality to create a combined sample.”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similar patterns were observed in a randomized control trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for SAD (Craske et al., 2014), wherein anxiety symptom reduction in either treatment condition corresponded to increases in inverse functional connectivity between the left amygdala-to-vmPFC and right amygdala-to-vlPFC during implicit emotion regulation (Young et al.,”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In two clinical trials, lower self-rated baseline psychological flexibility predicted better long-term outcomes in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) relative to ACT for anxiety (Craske et al., 2014; Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012).”
From The role of psychological flexibility in acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy for trichotillomania: Moderation and mediation findings (2023) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“prior empirical demonstration of psychological flexibility as a moderator of CBT for social anxiety (lower levels associated with better CBT response - Craske et al., 2014)”
From Work-Related Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for racially and economically diverse unemployed persons with social anxiety: A randomized clinical trial (2024) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This result replicates prior findings for low psychological flexibility (or, high experiential avoidance) to predict stronger response to CBT than comparison conditions (Craske et al., 2014; Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012).”
From Work-Related Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for racially and economically diverse unemployed persons with social anxiety: A randomized clinical trial (2024) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The Craske et al 44 study was quite large (N=87) and showed that lower psychological flexibility at pre was associated with greater improvement at 12 month follow-up in CBT over ACT;”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Treatment for Anxiety and Depression (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“while CBT was better for persons with social phobia if they had very high levels of initial psychological inflexibility 53 .”
From “Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is increasing evidence for the effectiveness of ACT with a range of disorders (Australian Psychological Society, 2018), including SAD (Craske et al., 2014; Kocovski et al., 2013)”
From Examining a Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Music Performance Anxiety in Student Vocalists (2020) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Two randomized controlled trials investigated the use of ACT as a treatment for SAD, finding that ACT outperformed control and was as efficacious as CBT (Kocovski et al., 2013; Craske et al., 2014).”
From Examining a Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Music Performance Anxiety in Student Vocalists (2020) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As a psychotherapy, ACT is an efficacious treatment for a variety of clinical disorders, including social anxiety (Kocovski et al., 2013; Craske et al., 2014; Herbert et al., 2018), depression (Tamannaeifar et al., 2014; A-Tjak et al., 2018; Pleger et al., 2018), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) (Ghasemi et al., 2017; Rohani et al., 2018; Twohig et al., 2018), chronic pain (Thorsell et al., 201”
From Piloting a New Model for Treating Music Performance Anxiety: Training a Singing Teacher to Use Acceptance and Commitment Coaching With a Student (2020) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As a psychotherapy, ACT has already shown efficacy in treating social anxiety disorder (Kocovski et al., 2013; Craske et al., 2014; Herbert et al., 2018)”
From Piloting a New Model for Treating Music Performance Anxiety: Training a Singing Teacher to Use Acceptance and Commitment Coaching With a Student (2020) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Patients in both treatment groups demonstrated significant symptom reduction following completion of treatment, and the two groups did not significantly differ posttreatment, or at 6- or 12-month follow-ups (Craske et al., 2014).”
From Cognitive mediators of treatment for social anxiety disorder: comparing acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. (2014) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A subsample of therapy sessions were reviewed for independent assessment of therapist adherence and competency, and therapists adhered strongly to their assigned treatment approach (for further details, see Craske et al., 2014).”
From Cognitive mediators of treatment for social anxiety disorder: comparing acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. (2014) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As indicated in Craske et al. (2014), we had enough power to detect only a large effect size difference between ACT and CBT.”
From Cognitive mediators of treatment for social anxiety disorder: comparing acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. (2014) · cites this paper as Craske et al. (2014)
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(60) = -1.02reported p = .311 · recomputed p = .312
“t(60)=−1.02, p = .311”
- Consistentt(42) = -0.76reported p = .449 · recomputed p = .451
“t(42)=−.76, p = .449”
- Consistentt(42) = 7.87reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(42)=7.87, p < .001”
- Consistentt(42) = -20.19reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(42)=−20.19, p < .001”
- Consistentt(42) = 5.68reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(42)=5.68, p < .001”
- Consistentt(42) = -4.56reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(42)=−4.56, p < .001”
- Consistentz = 2.01reported p = .044 · recomputed p = .044
“(z=2.01, p = .044”
- Consistentz = 2.28reported p = .023 · recomputed p = .023
“(z=2.28, p = .023”
- Consistentz = 1.96reported p = .05 · recomputed p = .050
“(z=1.96, p = .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“CBT had larger reductions in clinical severity than WL (b=2.13; CI=−1.29 to 2.98; p<.001)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
Reported 2.13 · recomputed 0.845
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Clinically Significant Improvement
“These percentages dropped slightly when carrying the last observation forward in an intent-to-treat analysis: Percentages of those achieving clinically significant change are 47.8%, 37.5%, and 4.3% for CBT, ACT, and WL, respectively, at post-treatment; 56.5% and 41.7% for CBT and ACT, respectively, at 6MFU; and 47.8% and 33.3% for CBT and ACT, respectively, at 12MFU.”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Clinically Significant Improvement
“12MFU rates were CBT=40.0% (n=6/15) and ACT=41.2% (n=7/17) (p=.95).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“with those higher in extraversion rated as less fearful and avoidant (b=−.272; CI=−.25 to −5.20)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Comorbidity, personality and perceived control
Reported -0.272 · recomputed -2.725
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“whereas CSR slopes did not differ between CBT and ACT (b=.61; CI=.20 to −1.43; p=.140)”
§ Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: outcomes and moderators > Results > Treatment Outcomes
Reported 0.61 · recomputed -0.615
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052 · cited 1×
“We focused on social phobia to decrease heterogeneity in this first comparison study and because social phobia is one of the most common anxiety disorders, with lifetime prevalence rates of 16.6% (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, Merikangas, & Walters, 2005).”
InfluentialJacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770 · cited 1×
“Reliable change was calculated as outlined by Jacobson and Truax (1991) using Maassen’s (2004) more conservative denominator.”
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Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007 · Cited by 3,950 · cited 1×
“The 16-item Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–16 (AAQ; Hayes et al., 2004) assesses psychological flexibility (Bond et al., 2011).”
Editorial Office (1997) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089297765555359 · Cited by 3,941
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6 · Cited by 3,367 · cited 2×
“The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998) is a 20-item measure of cognitive, affective, or behavioral reactions to social interaction in dyads or groups.”
The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses
Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003 · Cited by 3,215 · cited 1×
“A review of meta-analyses of RCTs involving no-treatment, wait-list, or placebo controls reported a comparison-weighted grand mean effect size (Cohen’s d ) of 0.95 from pre-to posttreatment (Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006).”
InfluentialSivia, D. S. (1996) · Cited by 2,677
Mediators and Moderators of Treatment Effects in Randomized Clinical Trials
Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C. G., & Agras, W. S. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.877 · Cited by 2,562 · cited 1×
“Moderators establish subgroups of patients who respond differentially to one treatment versus the other, thereby increasing the utility of the findings for making treatment decisions (Kraemer, Wilson, Fairburn, & Agras, 2002).”
Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., Polusny, M. A., Dykstra, T. A., Batten, S. V., Bergan, J., et al. (2004) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395492 · Cited by 2,140
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Meta-Analysis of Compassion-Based Interventions: Current State of Knowledge and Future Directions
Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Steindl, S. R. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003 · Cited by 827
The empirical status of acceptance and commitment therapy: A review of meta-analyses
Gloster, A. T., Walder, N., Levin, M. E., Twohig, M. P., & Karekla, M. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.009 · Cited by 622
Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20346 · Cited by 572
Dindo, L., Van Liew, J. R., & Arch, J. J. (2017) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0521-3 · Cited by 371
Self-citationAcceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Treatment for Anxiety and Depression
Twohig, M. P., & Levin, M. E. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.009 · Cited by 268
“Yadegari et al. (2014) N=16, 18-20 YO; ACT vs WL ACT > WL; SPAI: ACT 134 pre, 57 post; WL 148 pre 149 post Craske et al. (2014) N=87; ACT vs CBT vs WL, Assessments at pre, post, 6 mo, and 12 mo ACT = CBT, both > WL; response rates post 52% CBT, 41% ACT, 6 mo FU 57% CBT 53% ACT, 12 mo FU 40% CBT,…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Craske, M. G., Niles, A. N., Burklund, L. J., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Vilardaga, J. C. P., Arch, J. J., Saxbe, D. E., & Lieberman, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1034-1048
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC4244236
- OpenAlex
- W2104639541
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 28.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Mental Health (1 R21 MH081299)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, psychological flexibility, fear of negative evaluation, treatment moderators, public speaking, comorbid depression, extraversion, perceived control, maintenance of treatment effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Educational Status, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Phobic Disorders, Quality of Life, Severity of Illness Index, Speech, Waiting Lists, Comorbidity, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Marital Status, Self Report, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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