Cited by 1,231Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 240 of the 241 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 46 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research.

Open access

Chu, Carol, Buchman-Schmitt, Jennifer M., Stanley, Ian H., Hom, Melanie A., Tucker, Raymond P., Hagan, Christopher R., Rogers, Megan L., Podlogar, Matthew C., Chiurliza, Bruno, Ringer, Fallon B., Michaels, Matthew S., Patros, Connor H. G., Joiner, Thomas E.·2017·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/bul0000123PMC PMC5730496

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Abstract

Over the past decade, the interpersonal theory of suicide has contributed to substantial advances in the scientific and clinical understanding of suicide and related conditions. The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that suicidal desire emerges when individuals experience intractable feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness and near-lethal or lethal suicidal behavior occurs in the presence of suicidal desire and capability for suicide. A growing number of studies have tested these posited pathways in various samples; however, these findings have yet to be evaluated meta-analytically. This paper aimed to (a) conduct a systematic review of the unpublished and published, peer-reviewed literature examining the relationship between interpersonal theory constructs and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, (b) conduct meta-analyses testing the interpersonal theory hypotheses, and (c) evaluate the influence of various moderators on these relationships. Four electronic bibliographic databases were searched through the end of March, 2016: PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Hypothesis-driven meta-analyses using random effects models were conducted using 122 distinct unpublished and published samples. Findings supported the interpersonal theory: the interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with suicidal ideation; and the interaction between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and…

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Crossref · 10.1037/bul0000123

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240 of 240 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Show all 145 claims

Probably not a substantial claim. 66
It may state two separate claims as one. 61
The quote only partly states this claim. 2

The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Implicit measurement of suicide-related constructs (e.g., through reaction time-based tasks) may be an effective strategy to circumvent these concerns”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nock & Banaji, 2007 source
- Supported
  The Abstract says people considering suicide are often unwilling to report their intentions and that implicit-cognition measures may help detect behaviors unlikely to be reported. It also describes the implicit association test used in the study. This supports the hedged claim that implicit measurement may help circumvent disclosure concerns. (LLM, conf=0.93)
  cites Nock et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The INQ was not used in five samples and the ACSS was not used in three samples—these studies used proxies drawn from multiple measures (e.g., Christensen et al., 2013), the Perceived Burdensomeness Scale (Peak et al., 2016), and the Acquired Capability With Rehearsal for Suicide Scale (George et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Results > Sample Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Christensen et al., 2013
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peak et al., 2016 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites George et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 5
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“only two versions of the ACSS have been validated and published (Ribeiro et al., 2014; Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008); however, at least five versions of the ACSS were used to measure capability for suicide (4-, 5-, 7-, 13-, and 20-item versions).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ribeiro et al., 2014 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the propositions of the interpersonal theory of suicide largely stand up to empirical scrutiny, these suicide risk correlates demonstrated only modest-at-best clinical significance”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al., 2017 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We also manually searched the reference lists of relevant manuscripts, including the recent systematic review of the interpersonal theory (Ma et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Search for Studies
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ma et al., 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a random effects model, a study is weighted based on its own population, not sample size, providing a more balanced assignment of weights (Borenstein, Hedges & Rothstein, 2007).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Analytic plan
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein, Hedges & Rothstein, 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the INQ remains the mostly commonly utilized measure of these constructs and has demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including convergent validity (Van Orden et al., 2008).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Van Orden et al., 2008
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The INQ was created and validated as an English-language measure; however, several groups have translated the INQ into other languages, including Spanish (Garza & Pettit, 2010), German (Forkmann & Glaesmer, 2013; Hallensleben et al., 2016), Chinese (Zhang et al., 2013), French (Baertschi et al., 2017; Siefert-Boukaidi, Jover, Staccini, Pringuey, & Benoit, 2013), Portuguese (Campos & Holden, 2015),”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garza & Pettit, 2010 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Forkmann & Glaesmer, 2013
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhang et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, only one study has created a new measure of interpersonal needs; however, this measure only assesses perceived burdensomeness (Perceived Burdensomeness Scale; Peak et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peak et al., 2016 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the Q-value provides evidence that the true (between) effects vary, it does not evaluate the degree of between-study dispersion (Borenstein et al., 2007); thus, we also evaluated the I-squared (I2) index.”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Analytic plan
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein et al., 2007
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In two separate meta-analyses, the odds ratios for most risk and protective factors ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 (i.e., rs ~ 0.26–0.57; Franklin et al., 2017) and few exceeded 3.0 (r ~ 0.64; Large et al., 2011).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Support, Albeit Mixed, for the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Hypotheses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al., 2017 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Large et al., 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“individuals may still be reluctant to disclose this sensitive information due to stigma concerns”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anestis & Green, 2015 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Corrigan & Watson, 2002
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Hom, Stanley, Podlogar, & Joiner, 2017b
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“utilized a conservative data analytic approach (Borenstein et al., 2007)”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations of the Current Review and Meta-Analysis
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein et al., 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the weaker association between thwarted belongingness and suicide risk in military samples may also reflect an underreporting of suicidal symptoms”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Moderator Effects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anestis & Green, 2015 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ribeiro et al., 2015
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the lack of significant moderation effects may have been due to the restricted range of effect sizes and insufficient power given the heterogeneity of study settings”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Moderator Effects
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ma et al., [2016]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“individuals may be more willing to report their feelings of social isolation or perception of being a burden than suicidal ideation”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Podlogar et al., 2015 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“capability for suicide likely has a genetic component”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Smith et al., 2012
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

113 of 113

The paper relies on this without support.
The constructs of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are unidimensional and multifaceted.
“Each of these constructs is conceptualized as unidimensional and multifaceted.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The INQ does not measure hopelessness about perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness.
“which does not measure hopelessness about perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness”
The paper relies on this without support.
Suicide attempt history is often not normally distributed, especially in community samples.
“Suicide attempt history is often not normally distributed, especially in community samples.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are multifaceted, and the INQ captures only one facet of each.
“thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are multifaceted and the INQ only captures one facet of each.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Online protocols provide participants with greater privacy.
“online protocols may provide participants with greater privacy”
The paper relies on this without support.
Suicide risk measures such as the SBQ-R do not distinguish between suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors.
“suicide risk measures (e.g., SBQ-R) do not delineate between suicidal ideation and behaviors”

6 of 6

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Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

Consistentz = 26.26reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 26.26, p < .001”
Consistentz = 10.19reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 10.19, p < .001”
Consistentz = 16.21reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 16.21, p < .001”

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Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Claim of no moderators conflicts with reported moderator result
Major
The Discussion says no significant moderators were found for models testing the main hypotheses. Results nevertheless report a significant sex-composition moderator for the model relating the two-way interaction to suicidal ideation.
An Egger-test confidence interval conflicts with its nonsignificant p-value
Major
The reported 95% confidence interval for this test excludes zero, but its reported two-sided p-value is 0.101. The text uses that p-value to classify the theory-hypothesis model as showing no publication bias.
Study-selection flowchart is assigned two figure numbers
Minor
The study-selection flowchart is identified as Figure 1 in Results but as Figure 2 in Methods.
Impact-factor moderator coefficient and standard error do not yield its z-value
Minor
Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 25, not the stated z-value of 2.03. Rounding at the printed precision cannot account for that gap.
Reported 2.03 · recomputed 25
Cross-sectional study share changes between sections
Minor
The Results report that 92.3% of samples were cross-sectional, while the Discussion gives 93.1% for the same study design.
Discussion overlooks a significant hopelessness interaction
Minor
The Discussion says the proxy-hopelessness approach produced no significant effects, but Results report a significant association with suicidal ideation for that interaction.
Final article count does not follow the reported exclusions
Minor
The selection account identifies 153 remaining references and 17 subsequent exclusions. That leaves 136 references, not the reported 130 articles; no further six exclusions are stated.
Reported 130 · recomputed 136
The review says both that every study used the INQ and that some did not
Minor
The discussion says all included studies used the INQ, but the results identify five samples that did not.
The study-selection account assigns different roles to the same 382 reports
Minor
The methods say 382 reports remained after the initial title-and-abstract screening. The results instead say 382 were screened and 229 were excluded at that stage.
The discussion overlooks reported moderators of main-hypothesis models
Minor
The results identify significant moderators for the two-way ideation model and the three-way attempt model. The discussion nevertheless says no significant moderators were found for models testing the main hypotheses.
A reported moderator z-score does not match its coefficient and standard error
Minor
Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 25, not 2.03. Rounding at the displayed precision cannot explain the difference.
Reported 2.03 · recomputed 25
The printed heterogeneity formula disagrees with the reported result
Minor
Applied as printed, the I2 formula cannot produce the reported 97.3% from Q = 3515.1 and 97 studies. That result requires subtracting the degrees of freedom from Q before dividing by Q.

12 of 12

Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · cited 1×
“Humans have a fundamental need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) that, when unmet, leads to a range of negative health outcomes (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2014; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; HoltLunstad, Smith, Baker, Harris, & Stephenson, 2015; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010), including increased…”
Background
The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · cited 1×
“…Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001), or Depression subscale of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995).”
Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel‐Plot–Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Beck Depression Inventory–II
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
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Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 · Cited by 6,043

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Defeat, Entrapment, and Positive Future Thinking: Examining Key Theoretical Predictors of Suicidal Ideation Among Adolescents
Pollak, O. H., Guzmán, E. M., Shin, K. E., & Cha, C. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590388 · Cited by 44
Ecological momentary assessment of interpersonal theory of suicide constructs in people experiencing psychotic symptoms
Parrish, E. M., Chalker, S. A., Cano, M., Moore, R. C., Pinkham, A. E., Harvey, P. D., Joiner, T. E., Lieberman, A. J., Granholm, E. L., & Depp, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.022 · Cited by 40
“This theory has been supported by a large meta-analysis (Chu et al., 2017) and has been validated in a number of clinical populations including mood disorders, autism spectrum disorder, Parrish et al.”
MethodSelf-citation
Posttraumatic stress disorder clusters and suicidal ideation
Brown, L. A., Contractor, A. A., & Benhamou, K. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.030 · Cited by 40
Inflexible Interpretations of Ambiguous Social Situations: A Novel Predictor of Suicidal Ideation and the Beliefs That Inspire It
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I just want to matter: Examining the role of anti-mattering in online suicide support communities using natural language processing
Deas, N., Kowalski, R. M., Finnell, S., Radovic, E., Carroll, H., Robbins, C. E., Cook, A., Hurley, K. J., Cote, N., Evans, K., et al. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107499 · Cited by 39
Military Deployments and Suicide: A Critical Examination
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“A recent meta-analysis of 122 studies found that thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness were significantly associated with suicidal ideation, and that thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and capability for suicide had a significant interaction effect on the number of prior suicide attempts (…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Social Support Mediates the Association between Disclosure of Suicide Attempt and Depression, Perceived Burdensomeness, and Thwarted Belongingness
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Predictors and correlates of lifetime and persistent non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts among adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse
Steine, I. M., Nielsen, B., Porter, P. A., Krystal, J. H., Winje, D., Grønli, J., Milde, A. M., Bjorvatn, B., Nordhus, I. H., & Pallesen, S. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1815282 · Cited by 35
“…Jia, 2020; Zatti et al., 2017), previous SA (Eikelenboom, Beekman, Penninx, & Smit, 2019), lifetime NSSI (Plener et al., 2015), relational problems (Chu et al., 2017; Johnson et al., 2002), lower perceived social support scores (Kleiman & Liu, 2013), and symptoms of posttraumatic stress (Angelakis…”
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A Longitudinal Network Analysis of the Interactions of Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Potential in Early Adolescents
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“IPTS has been widely used in cross-national cultures and in both scientific and clinical contexts (Chu et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethod
The mediating and moderating role of social support on the relationship between psychological well-being and burdensomeness among elderly with chronic illness: community nursing perspective
Amin, S. M., Khedr, M. A., Tawfik, A. F., Malek, M. G. N., & El‐Ashry, A. M. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-02743-4 · Cited by 46
Problematic alcohol use and suicidal ideation among firefighters: A multi-study investigation of the explanatory roles of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness
Gallyer, A. J., Dougherty, S. P., Gai, A. R., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Rogers, M. L., Duffy, M. E., Buchman‐Schmitt, J. M., Spencer‐Thomas, S., & Joiner, T. E. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.045 · Cited by 40
Self-citation
Internalized stigma, sense of belonging, and suicidal ideation among veterans with serious mental illness.
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“Current IPT literature calls for research to understand factors that influence thwarted belonging and perceived burdensomeness to promote more comprehensive and effective assessments and early interventions (Chu et al., 2017; Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Psilocybin, a Naturally Occurring Indoleamine Compound, Could Be Useful to Prevent Suicidal Behaviors
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“This effect could be important in patients who are at an increased risk of suicide because they often present thwarted feelings as though they belong [152].”
Background
Building a Contextually-Relevant Understanding of Resilience among African American Youth Exposed to Community Violence
Woods-Jaeger, B. A., Siedlik, E. A., Adams, A., Piper, K., O’Connor, P., & Berkley-Patton, J. (2020) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2020.1725865 · Cited by 27
Potential paths to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among high-risk women
Weiss, S. J., Simeonova, D. I., Koleva, H. K., Muzik, M., Clark, K. D., Özerdem, A., Cooper, B. A., & Ammerman, R. T. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.033 · Cited by 43
Understanding suicidal pathways through the lens of a Dual-System Model of Suicidality in real-time: The potential of ecological momentary assessments
Brüdern, J., Glaesmer, H., Berger, T., & Spangenberg, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.899500 · Cited by 39
Ethnic Identity and Suicide Risk among Hispanic/Latinx Young Adults: The Impact of Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness
Oakey‐Frost, N., Tucker, R. P., & Buckner, J. D. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1670766 · Cited by 37
“This result may be in part due to the much stronger correlation between perceived burdensomeness and suicide risk which is consistent with prior work (Chu et al., 2017) and is consistent with mediational findings concerning other vulnerability factors and suicide risk in a predominantly Hispanic/Latinx sample (Hill &…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Ethical issues and practical barriers in internet-based suicide prevention research: a review and investigator survey
Bailey, E., Mühlmann, C., Rice, S., Nedeljkovic, M., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Sander, L., Calear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., & Robinson, J. (2020) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-020-00479-1 · Cited by 43
Suicidality in Chronic Illness: An Overview of Cognitive–Affective and Interpersonal Factors
Rogers, M. L., Joiner, T. E., & Shahar, G. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-020-09749-x · Cited by 41
Self-citation
Social Support and Suicide Risk Among Chinese University Students: A Mental Health Perspective
Chu, H., Yang, Y., Zhou, J., Wang, W., Qiu, X., Yang, X., Qiao, Z., Song, X., & Zhao, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.566993 · Cited by 49
“The interpersonal theory of suicide (18), an explanation from the relationship perspective, emphasizes the positive effects of relationships, and the negative effects of mental health problems.”
BackgroundInfluential
Youth Bullying and Suicide: Risk and Protective Factor Profiles for Bullies, Victims, Bully-Victims and the Uninvolved
Kwan, C., Wong, C. L. H., Chen, Z., & YIP, P. S. F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052828 · Cited by 35
“Interpersonal experience is an important contributing factor to suicide [2,3].”
Background
Impact of Online Racism on Suicide Ideation Through Interpersonal Factors Among Racial Minority Emerging Adults: The Role of Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness
Keum, B. T. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221117247 · Cited by 35
“Given that these two factors characterize hopelessness, worthlessness, undesirability, and self-negativity, they are found to be proximal risk factors that can trigger people’s suicide ideation (Chu et al., 2017).”
Background
The Efficacy of Cognitively-Based Compassion Training for African American Suicide Attempters
LoParo, D., Mack, S. A., Patterson, B., Negi, L. T., & Kaslow, N. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0940-1 · Cited by 42
“Although belongingness is an important factor among many suicidal groups (Chu et al. 2017), it may be that this factor is even more important among African Americans that may feel additionally marginalized by race, thus increasing isolation.”
Background
Theoretical and empirical foundations of a novel online social networking intervention for youth suicide prevention: A conceptual review
Bailey, E., Rice, S., Robinson, J., Nedeljkovic, M., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.028 · Cited by 38
A test of the interpersonal theory of suicide in college students
Becker, S. P., Foster, J. A., & Luebbe, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.005 · Cited by 54
Suicide among college students in psychotherapy: Individual predictors and latent classes.
Hayes, J. A., Petrovich, J., Janis, R. A., Yang, Y., Castonguay, L. G., & Locke, B. D. (2019) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000384 · Cited by 35
Ideation-to-action framework variables involved in the development of suicidal ideation: A network analysis
Ordóñez-Carrasco, J. L., Sayans‐Jiménez, P., & Tejada, A. J. R. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01765-w · Cited by 34
Pathways to suicide or collections of vicious cycles? Understanding the complexity of suicide through causal mapping
Giabbanelli, P. J., Rice, K., Galgoczy, M. C., Nataraj, N., Brown, M. M., Harper, C. R., Nguyen, M. D., & Foy, R. (2022) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-022-00886-9 · Cited by 35
“2010) or the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (Chu et al. 2017) have enabled important advances to suicidal behaviors (e.”
BackgroundInfluential
Heterogeneity in suicide risk: Evidence from personalized dynamic models
Coppersmith, D. D. L., Kleiman, E. M., Millner, A. J., Wang, S. B., Arizmendi, C., Bentley, K. H., DeMarco, D., Fortgang, R. G., Zuromski, K. L., Maimone, J. S., et al. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104574 · Cited by 43
Aging with Honor: Examining Ambivalent Ageism and Interpersonal Risk-Factors for Suicide as Explanations for the Honor-Suicide Link
Bock, J. E., Brown, R. P., & Green, K. (2019) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.9.721 · Cited by 33
The effect of sexual abuse and dissociation on suicide attempt
Brokke, S. S., Bertelsen, T. B., Landrø, N. I., & Haaland, V. Ø. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03662-9 · Cited by 35
Perfect Storms and Double-Edged Swords: Recent Advances in Research on Adolescent Social Media Use and Mental Health
Choukas‐Bradley, S., Kilic, Z., Stout, C. D., & Roberts, S. R. (2023) · Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health · doi:10.1016/j.ypsc.2023.03.007 · Cited by 36
Comparing Suicide Risk Factors Among Individuals with a History of Aborted, Interrupted, and Actual Suicide Attempts
Rogers, M. L., Hom, M. A., Dougherty, S. P., Gallyer, A. J., & Joiner, T. E. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1522283 · Cited by 31
“…(6) interpersonal theory of suicide variables: perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, fearlessness about death, and pain tolerance (Chu et al., 2017; Van Orden et al., 2010); (7) insomnia and nightmares (Pigeon, Pinquart, & Conner, 2012); and (8) suicidal ideation (Silverman,…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Development and Validation of the Thwarted Belongingness Scale (TBS) for Interpersonal Suicide Risk
Ma, J. S., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Sunderland, M. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09721-6 · Cited by 37
“However, findings for the relationship between thwarted belongingness and suicidal thoughts/behaviours have generally been weaker or less supported in comparison to those found for perceived burdensomeness (Chu et al. 2017; Ma et al. 2016).”
Result
Relationship of Self-Compassion, Hope, and Emotional Control to Perceived Burdensomeness, Thwarted Belongingness, and Suicidal Ideation
Umphrey, L. R., Sherblom, J. C., & Swiatkowski, P. (2020) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000697 · Cited by 33
The relationship between negative school gossip and suicide intention in Chinese junior high school students: The mediating effect of academic burnout and gender difference
Wang, Q., Hu, W., Ouyang, X., Chen, H., Qi, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105272 · Cited by 34
Exploring the scope and structure of suicide capability
Shahnaz, A., Bauer, B. W., Daruwala, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12686 · Cited by 31
The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide and the role of psychological pain during the COVID-19 pandemic: A network analysis
Calati, R., Romano, D., Magliocca, S., Madeddu, F., Zeppegno, P., & Gramaglia, C. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.078 · Cited by 32
What matters for adolescent suicidality: Depressive symptoms or fixed mindsets? Examination of cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between fixed mindsets and suicidal ideation
Zhu, S., & Wong, P. W. C. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12891 · Cited by 32
“Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Suicidology. anxiety, and substance abuse (Chu et al., 2017; Dykxhoorn et al., 2017).”
Background
Individual wayfinding decisions under stress in indoor emergency situations: A theoretical framework and meta-analysis
Lin, J., Li, N., Rao, L., & Lovreglio, R. (2023) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106063 · Cited by 33
Social connectedness and suicidal ideation: the roles of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness in the distress to suicidal ideation pathway
Gill, P. R., Arena, M., Rainbow, C., Hosking, W., Shearson, K. M., Ivey, G., & Sharples, J. M. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01338-5 · Cited by 46
“The meta-analysis conducted by Chu et al. [17] encompassing 46 studies found that the interaction of TB and PB on suicidal ideation was significant, but modest ( r = .14), with stronger effects being found separately for univariate associations between suicidal ideation and TB ( r = .37) and PB ( r…”
BackgroundResult
Body mass index and the risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among youth in 45 low-and middle-income countries
Zhang, M., Tang, R., Rao, W.-M., Wang, M., Liu, M., Yu, H., & He, Q. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.018 · Cited by 30
Associations of Discrimination, Suicide Ideation Severity and Attempts, and Depressive Symptoms Among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth
Battalen, A. W., Mereish, E. H., Putney, J. M., Sellers, C. M., Gushwa, M. K., & O’Brien, K. H. M. (2020) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000718 · Cited by 30
Social support, social network size, and suicidal ideation: A nine-year longitudinal analysis from the Mind Your Heart Study
Arenson, M. B., Bernat, E. M., Reyes, A. D. L., Neylan, T. C., & Cohen, B. E. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.017 · Cited by 30
The role of suicide ideation in assessing near-term suicide risk: A machine learning approach
McMullen, L., Parghi, N., Rogers, M. L., Yao, H., Bloch-Elkouby, S., & Galynker, I. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114118 · Cited by 30
Self-citation
Providing Psychological Services to Firefighters
Vujanovic, A. A., & Tran, J. K. (2021) · Journal of Health Service Psychology · doi:10.1007/s42843-021-00041-6 · Cited by 33
“on others and factor those issues into the overall picture of risk (Chu et al., 2017; Gallyer et al., 2018).”
Background
The relevance of the interpersonal theory of suicide for predicting past-year and lifetime suicidality in autistic adults
Moseley, R. L., Gregory, N. J., Smith, P. L., Allison, C. L., Cassidy, S., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2022) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-022-00495-5 · Cited by 39
“In relation to suicide attempts, we turn now to the least researched and most debated construct of the ITS [29, 64, 74, 75]: acquired capability for suicide.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Anxiety and Depression Symptoms among Youth Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Network Analysis
Li, J., Jin, Y., Xu, S., Luo, X., Wilson, A., Li, H., Wang, X., Sun, X., & Wang, Y. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01275-3 · Cited by 29
What makes a perinatal woman suicidal? A grounded theory study
Reid, H., Pratt, D., Edge, D., & Wittkowski, A. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04015-w · Cited by 26
PTSD From a Suicide Attempt: Phenomenological and Diagnostic Considerations
Stanley, I. H., Boffa, J. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2018) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2018.1485373 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Ambivalent heroism? – Psychological burden and suicidal ideation among nurses during the Covid‐19 pandemic
Höller, I., & Forkmann, T. (2021) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1130 · Cited by 30
“Perceived burdensomeness has been found to be a robust predictor of suicidal ideation in previous research (Chu et al., 2017; Ma, Batterham, Calear & Han, 2016).”
Result
Suicidal behaviors are associated with loneliness and decrease during inpatient CBASP treatment for persistent depressive disorder
Wolf, J., Padberg, F., Nenov-Matt, T., Amann, B. L., Barton, B. B., Tang, J., Glessner, G., Brakemeier, E., Jobst, A., Musil, R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.059 · Cited by 30
Non-suicidal self-injury and its relation to suicide through acquired capability: investigating this causal mechanism in a mainly late-diagnosed autistic sample
Moseley, R. L., Gregory, N. J., Smith, P. L., Allison, C. L., Cassidy, S., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2022) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-022-00522-5 · Cited by 30
“In the general population, a putative mechanism was proposed in the form of acquired capability for suicide [32, 33]: from this theoretical standpoint, exposure to physically painful and emotionally provocative events [34, 35] results in the development of pain tolerance and fearlessness about pain and death, such tha…”
Background
Comparing the role of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness in prospectively predicting active suicidal ideation
Jacobucci, R., McClure, K. E., & Ammerman, B. A. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12933 · Cited by 29
A Longitudinal Study of Psychological Factors as Mediators of the Relationship Between Insomnia Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation Among Young Adults
Hom, M. A., Stanley, I. H., Chu, C., Sanabria, M., Christensen, K., Albury, E. A., Rogers, M. L., & Joiner, T. E. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7570 · Cited by 29
“6 For example, Chu et al. 7 utilized bootstrap mediation analyses to demonstrate that thwarted belongingness significantly accounted for the rela - tionship between insomnia symptoms and suicidal ideation in a sample of South Korean young adults.”
Self-citation
An examination of theory-based suicidal ideation risk factors in college students with multiple marginalized identities.
Shepherd, B. F., Kelly, L. M., Brochu, P. M., Wolff, J. C., & Swenson, L. P. (2023) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000666 · Cited by 33
Positive and negative social media experiences and proximal risk for suicidal ideation in adolescents
Hamilton, J. L., Dalack, M. N., Boyd, S. I., Jorgensen, S. L., Dreier, M. J., Sarna, J., & Brent, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13996 · Cited by 35
Proximal Correlates of Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors: A Test of the Interpersonal‐Psychological Theory of Suicide
Wolford‐Clevenger, C., Stuart, G. L., Elledge, L. C., McNulty, J. K., & Spirito, A. (2019) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12585 · Cited by 36
“Furthermore, both summaries of the literature noted that over 90% of the included studies used cross-sectional design and retrospective recall (Chu et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2016).”
Background
Short defeat and entrapment scale: A psychometric investigation in three German samples
Höller, I., Teismann, T., Cwik, J. C., Glaesmer, H., Spangenberg, L., Hallensleben, N., Paashaus, L., Rath, D., Schönfelder, A., Juckel, G., et al. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152160 · Cited by 30
Perceived burdensomeness uniquely accounts for suicidal ideation severity in social anxiety disorder
Duffy, M. E., Mueller, N. E., Cougle, J. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.116 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Identifying bridge pathways between eating disorder symptoms and suicidal ideation across three samples.
Smith, A. R., Forrest, L. N., Duffy, M. E., Jones, P. J., Joiner, T. E., & Pisetsky, E. M. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000553 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Factor structure and validity of the Revised Suicide Crisis Inventory (SCI-2) among Indian adults
Menon, V., Bafna, A. R., Rogers, M. L., Richards, J., & Galynker, I. (2022) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103119 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Systematic Review of the Indirect Relationships of Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness in Suicide
Espinosa-Salido, P., Nieto, M. Á. P., Baca‐García, E., & Provencio, M. (2020) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2020a27 · Cited by 38
Young children with suicidal thoughts and behaviors more likely to resolve conflicts with violence, homicide, or suicide: A study of internal working models using narratives.
Hennefield, L., Hao, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Whalen, D. J., Giorio, C., & Luby, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000723 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Defeat, entrapment and suicidal ideation in a Turkish community sample of young adults: an examination of the Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) model of suicidal behaviour
Türk, N., Yasdiman, M. B., & Kaya, A. (2024) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2024.2319288 · Cited by 32
“Moreover, there are studies that revealed that perceived burdensomeness has a greater effect on suicidal ideation than thwarted belongingness (Chu et al., 2017).”
Suicidal Ideation in Elite Schools: A Test of the Interpersonal Theory and the Escape Theory of Suicide
Landrault, H., Jaafari, N., Amine, M., Malka, G., Selimbegović, L., & Chatard, A. (2019) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12578 · Cited by 27
Fearlessness about death predicts adolescent suicide attempt: A preliminary analysis
Ferm, M. S., Frazee, L. A., Kennard, B. D., King, J. D., Emslie, G. J., & Stewart, S. M. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12715 · Cited by 27
The risk and protective factors for suicidal burden among 251 763 school-based adolescents in 77 low- and middle-income to high-income countries: assessing global, regional and national variations
Mahumud, R. A., Dawson, A. J., Chen, W., Biswas, T., Keramat, S. A., Morton, R. L., & Renzaho, A. M. N. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002774 · Cited by 30
Factors contributing to honor‐endorsing men's suicide capability: Firearm ownership, practical capability, and exposure to painful and provocative events
Bock, J. E., Tucker, R. P., Brown, R. P., Harrington, E. E., Bauer, B. W., Daruwala, S. E., Capron, D. W., & Anestis, M. D. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12807 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
The prospective relation between borderline personality disorder symptoms and suicide risk: The mediating roles of emotion regulation difficulties and perceived burdensomeness
Gratz, K. L., Kiel, E. J., Mann, A. J., & Tull, M. T. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.066 · Cited by 30
To die or not to die: a qualitative study of men’s suicidality in Norway
Knizek, B. L., & Hjelmeland, H. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1843-3 · Cited by 27
“[32] on the one hand claim that the findings support the the-”
BackgroundMethod
Assessing interpersonal and mood factors to predict trajectories of suicidal ideation within an inpatient setting
Kyron, M. J., Hooke, G. R., & Page, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.029 · Cited by 32
Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness Mediate the Association Between Bullying and Suicide Ideation
Brailovskaia, J., Ujma, M., Friedrich, S., & Teismann, T. (2019) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000596 · Cited by 29
Targeting Perceived Burdensomeness to Reduce Suicide Risk
Lieberman, A. J., Gai, A. R., Rogers, M. L., Jobes, D. A., Rudd, M. D., Chalker, S. A., Brenner, J., & Joiner, T. E. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.12.002 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Examination of real‐time variation in interpersonal hopelessness and suicidal desire in a college student sample reporting past‐2‐week suicidal ideation
Gerner, J. L., Moscardini, E. H., Mitchell, S. M., Hill, R. M., & Tucker, R. P. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12991 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Evaluating the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicide among Latina adolescents using qualitative comparative analysis.
Gulbas, L. E., Hausmann-Stabile, C., Szlyk, H. S., & Zayas, L. H. (2019) · Qualitative Psychology · doi:10.1037/qup0000131 · Cited by 26
“Since the development of IPTS, numerous studies have supported the validity of the theory to advance an understanding of suicidal behaviors (Chu et al., 2017).”
Background
Investigating the role of hallucinatory experiences in the transition from suicidal thoughts to attempts
Hielscher, E., DeVylder, J., Connell, M., Hasking, P. A., Martin, G., & Scott, J. G. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13128 · Cited by 29
“Several studies (15, 66) have tested the IPTS theory longitudinally among young people but have either incorporated a clinical sample (58) or have only focused on the first half of the theory, that is the transition from passive to active suicidal ideation (68–70).”
Background
Peer victimization and adolescents’ suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: A moderated mediation model
Peng, W., Li, D., Li, X., Jia, J., Wang, Y., & Xiao, J. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104888 · Cited by 28
A test of the interpersonal theory of suicide in a large, representative, retrospective and prospective study: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS)
Chu, C., Zuromski, K. L., Bernecker, S. L., Gutierrez, P. M., Joiner, T. E., Liu, H., Naifeh, J. A., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., & Nock, M. K. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103688 · Cited by 29
“In recent metaanalyses (Chu et al., 2017; Franklin et al., 2017), it has become increasingly clear that individual suicide risk factors explain a small proportion of suicides and of variance in suicidal outcomes—this concern is not specific to the interpersonal theory and is also true for other suicide theories (e.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Testing the Four Main Predictions of the Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior in an Inpatient Sample Admitted Due to Severe Suicidality
Forkmann, T., Glaesmer, H., Paashaus, L., Rath, D., Schönfelder, A., Juckel, G., Gauggel, S., Beginn-Göbel, U., & Teismann, T. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.08.002 · Cited by 31
The roles of weight stigma, emotion dysregulation, and eating pathology in suicide risk
Douglas, V., Kwan, M. Y., & Gordon, K. H. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.04.005 · Cited by 31
Perfectionistic Self-Presentation, Socially Prescribed Perfectionism, Self-Oriented Perfectionism, Interpersonal Hopelessness, and Suicidal Ideation in U.S. Adults: Reexamining the Social Disconnection Model
Robinson, A. D., Moscardini, E. H., Tucker, R. P., & Calamia, M. R. (2021) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2021.1922108 · Cited by 26
“To better capture hopelessness regarding thwarted interpersonal needs when measuring the ITS, Tucker and colleagues (2018) created the Interpersonal Hopelessness Scale and found that interpersonal hopelessness is a stronger correlate of suicidal ideation than thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness alone.”
ResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Disminución de la ansiedad en las víctimas del bullying durante el confinamiento por el COVID-19
Gómez-León, M. I. (2021) · Revista de Educación a Distancia (RED) · doi:10.6018/red.439601 · Cited by 26
The Relationship Between College Students’ Interpersonal Relationship and Mental Health: Multiple Mediating Effect of Safety Awareness and College Planning
Sun, Y. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s396301 · Cited by 28
“Interpersonal relationship has an impact on college students’ mental health,(35) and establishing friendly interpersonal relationship is one of the criteria of mental health.(36,37) Interpersonal skills are an individual’s ability to successfully interact with others,(38) interpersonal relationship can get social supp…”
Background
How Behavioral Economics and Nudges Could Help Diminish Irrationality in Suicide-Related Decisions
Bauer, B. W., & Capron, D. W. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619866463 · Cited by 26
“First and foremost, this finding may lend credence to the idea that biases are inherent in suicidal individuals or have been conditioned within an individual and may be one missing part of the suicide capacity model (Chu et al., 2017; Klonsky & May, 2015).”
Background
Attachment Security and Suicide Ideation and Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Reflective Functioning
Green, J., Berry, K., Danquah, A., & Pratt, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063090 · Cited by 25
“A meta-analysis of 122 published and unpublished studies [14] examined the decade of research that has subsequently investigated the relationship between IPT constructs and suicidal ideation and behaviours.”
Background
Associations between experiences of disrupted attachments and suicidal thoughts and behaviours: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Zortea, T. C., Dickson, A., Gray, C. M., & O’Connor, R. C. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112408 · Cited by 28
Interpersonal Trauma and Suicide Ideation: The Indirect Effects of Depressive Symptoms, Thwarted Belongingness, and Perceived Burden
Poindexter, E. K., Mitchell, S. M., Brown, S. L., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520917513 · Cited by 28
Predicting suicidal ideation in a nationally representative sample of young adults: a 12-month prospective study
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“This is consistent with previous research (Chu et al., 2017), and suggests that perceiving oneself as a burden is sufficient to be associated with suicidal ideation, and this relationship is not conditional upon feeling a sense of thwarted belongingness.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
A longitudinal examination of the interpersonal theory of suicide for predicting suicidal ideation among LGBTQ+ youth who utilize crisis services: The moderating effect of gender
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Self-citation
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“Abusive supervision makes it more difficult to maintain interpersonal relationships [20], which may further damage the ability to meet one’s interpersonal needs, with a range of adverse consequences, including increased risk of suicide [31].”
Background
Evaluating the role of interpersonal hopelessness in the interpersonal theory of suicide
Mandracchia, J. T., Sunderland, M. N., & To, Y. M. (2019) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2019.1671549 · Cited by 24
“Given that the INQ has been improved through several revisions over many years (Chu et al., 2017), whereas the IHS is newly developed, even this modest difference suggests the importance of including the element of hopelessness in items designed to evaluate the interpersonal components of the theory. Along with Tucker…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Interrelationships between childhood maltreatment, depressive symptoms, functional impairment, and quality of life in patients with major depressive disorder: A network analysis approach
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Positive mental health as a moderator of the association between risk factors and suicide ideation/behavior in psychiatric inpatients
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Association between body weight status and suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents: the moderating role of the child’s sex
Guo, L., Xu, Y., Huang, G., Gao, X., Deng, X., Luo, M., Xi, C., Zhang, W., & Lu, C. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01661-6 · Cited by 24
Do Suicidal Behaviors Increase the Capability for Suicide? A Longitudinal Pretest–Posttest Study of More Than 1,000 High-Risk Individuals
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“Consistent with prior studies (e.g., Burke et al., 2018; Chu et al., 2017), associations between capability for suicide measures and self-injurious behaviors were modest.”
BackgroundResult

Authors: Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., Rogers, M. L., Podlogar, M. C., Chiurliza, B., Ringer, F. B., Michaels, M. S., Patros, C. H. G., & Joiner, T. E.
Affiliations: Florida State University (US)
Louisiana State University (US)
Temple University (US)
ORCID: Chu, Carol
Stanley, Ian H.
Hom, Melanie A.
Tucker, Raymond P.
Hagan, Christopher R.
Rogers, Megan L.
Podlogar, Matthew C.
Ringer, Fallon B.
Michaels, Matthew S.
Joiner, Thomas E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 143
Issue: 12
Pages: 1313-1345
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/bul0000123
PMC: PMC5730496
OpenAlex: W2766751125
Cited by: 1,231
References: 241
Citations by year: 2026: 159 · 2025: 230 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 11.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am, 329 d)
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (acceptedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH093311-04)
Military Suicide Research Consortium (W81XWH-10-2-0181, W81XWH-16-2-0003)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords: interpersonal theory of suicide, suicidal ideation, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, previous suicide attempts, suicide risk, suicidal behavior
MeSH terms: Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Suicide, Internationality, Suicidal Ideation

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The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research.

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