Cited by 1,231Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 240 of the 241 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 46 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research.

Open access

Chu, Carol, Buchman-Schmitt, Jennifer M., Stanley, Ian H., Hom, Melanie A., Tucker, Raymond P., Hagan, Christopher R., Rogers, Megan L., Podlogar, Matthew C., Chiurliza, Bruno, Ringer, Fallon B., Michaels, Matthew S., Patros, Connor H. G., Joiner, Thomas E.·2017·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/bul0000123PMC PMC5730496

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Abstract

Over the past decade, the interpersonal theory of suicide has contributed to substantial advances in the scientific and clinical understanding of suicide and related conditions. The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that suicidal desire emerges when individuals experience intractable feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness and near-lethal or lethal suicidal behavior occurs in the presence of suicidal desire and capability for suicide. A growing number of studies have tested these posited pathways in various samples; however, these findings have yet to be evaluated meta-analytically. This paper aimed to (a) conduct a systematic review of the unpublished and published, peer-reviewed literature examining the relationship between interpersonal theory constructs and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, (b) conduct meta-analyses testing the interpersonal theory hypotheses, and (c) evaluate the influence of various moderators on these relationships. Four electronic bibliographic databases were searched through the end of March, 2016: PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Hypothesis-driven meta-analyses using random effects models were conducted using 122 distinct unpublished and published samples. Findings supported the interpersonal theory: the interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with suicidal ideation; and the interaction between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and…

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Crossref · 10.1037/bul0000123

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240 of 240 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Show all 145 claims

Probably not a substantial claim. 66
It may state two separate claims as one. 61
The quote only partly states this claim. 2

The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Implicit measurement of suicide-related constructs (e.g., through reaction time-based tasks) may be an effective strategy to circumvent these concerns”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nock & Banaji, 2007 source
- Supported
  The Abstract says people considering suicide are often unwilling to report their intentions and that implicit-cognition measures may help detect behaviors unlikely to be reported. It also describes the implicit association test used in the study. This supports the hedged claim that implicit measurement may help circumvent disclosure concerns. (LLM, conf=0.93)
  cites Nock et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The INQ was not used in five samples and the ACSS was not used in three samples—these studies used proxies drawn from multiple measures (e.g., Christensen et al., 2013), the Perceived Burdensomeness Scale (Peak et al., 2016), and the Acquired Capability With Rehearsal for Suicide Scale (George et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Results > Sample Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Christensen et al., 2013
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peak et al., 2016 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites George et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 5
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“only two versions of the ACSS have been validated and published (Ribeiro et al., 2014; Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008); however, at least five versions of the ACSS were used to measure capability for suicide (4-, 5-, 7-, 13-, and 20-item versions).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ribeiro et al., 2014 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the propositions of the interpersonal theory of suicide largely stand up to empirical scrutiny, these suicide risk correlates demonstrated only modest-at-best clinical significance”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al., 2017 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We also manually searched the reference lists of relevant manuscripts, including the recent systematic review of the interpersonal theory (Ma et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Search for Studies
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ma et al., 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a random effects model, a study is weighted based on its own population, not sample size, providing a more balanced assignment of weights (Borenstein, Hedges & Rothstein, 2007).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Analytic plan
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein, Hedges & Rothstein, 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the INQ remains the mostly commonly utilized measure of these constructs and has demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including convergent validity (Van Orden et al., 2008).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Van Orden et al., 2008
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The INQ was created and validated as an English-language measure; however, several groups have translated the INQ into other languages, including Spanish (Garza & Pettit, 2010), German (Forkmann & Glaesmer, 2013; Hallensleben et al., 2016), Chinese (Zhang et al., 2013), French (Baertschi et al., 2017; Siefert-Boukaidi, Jover, Staccini, Pringuey, & Benoit, 2013), Portuguese (Campos & Holden, 2015),”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garza & Pettit, 2010 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Forkmann & Glaesmer, 2013
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhang et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, only one study has created a new measure of interpersonal needs; however, this measure only assesses perceived burdensomeness (Perceived Burdensomeness Scale; Peak et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peak et al., 2016 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the Q-value provides evidence that the true (between) effects vary, it does not evaluate the degree of between-study dispersion (Borenstein et al., 2007); thus, we also evaluated the I-squared (I2) index.”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Analytic plan
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein et al., 2007
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In two separate meta-analyses, the odds ratios for most risk and protective factors ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 (i.e., rs ~ 0.26–0.57; Franklin et al., 2017) and few exceeded 3.0 (r ~ 0.64; Large et al., 2011).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Support, Albeit Mixed, for the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Hypotheses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al., 2017 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Large et al., 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“individuals may still be reluctant to disclose this sensitive information due to stigma concerns”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anestis & Green, 2015 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Corrigan & Watson, 2002
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Hom, Stanley, Podlogar, & Joiner, 2017b
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“utilized a conservative data analytic approach (Borenstein et al., 2007)”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations of the Current Review and Meta-Analysis
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein et al., 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the weaker association between thwarted belongingness and suicide risk in military samples may also reflect an underreporting of suicidal symptoms”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Moderator Effects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anestis & Green, 2015 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ribeiro et al., 2015
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the lack of significant moderation effects may have been due to the restricted range of effect sizes and insufficient power given the heterogeneity of study settings”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Moderator Effects
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ma et al., [2016]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“individuals may be more willing to report their feelings of social isolation or perception of being a burden than suicidal ideation”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Podlogar et al., 2015 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“capability for suicide likely has a genetic component”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Smith et al., 2012
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

113 of 113

The paper relies on this without support.
The constructs of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are unidimensional and multifaceted.
“Each of these constructs is conceptualized as unidimensional and multifaceted.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The INQ does not measure hopelessness about perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness.
“which does not measure hopelessness about perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness”
The paper relies on this without support.
Suicide attempt history is often not normally distributed, especially in community samples.
“Suicide attempt history is often not normally distributed, especially in community samples.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are multifaceted, and the INQ captures only one facet of each.
“thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are multifaceted and the INQ only captures one facet of each.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Online protocols provide participants with greater privacy.
“online protocols may provide participants with greater privacy”
The paper relies on this without support.
Suicide risk measures such as the SBQ-R do not distinguish between suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors.
“suicide risk measures (e.g., SBQ-R) do not delineate between suicidal ideation and behaviors”

6 of 6

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Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

Consistentz = 26.26reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 26.26, p < .001”
Consistentz = 10.19reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 10.19, p < .001”
Consistentz = 16.21reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 16.21, p < .001”

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Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Claim of no moderators conflicts with reported moderator result
Major
The Discussion says no significant moderators were found for models testing the main hypotheses. Results nevertheless report a significant sex-composition moderator for the model relating the two-way interaction to suicidal ideation.
An Egger-test confidence interval conflicts with its nonsignificant p-value
Major
The reported 95% confidence interval for this test excludes zero, but its reported two-sided p-value is 0.101. The text uses that p-value to classify the theory-hypothesis model as showing no publication bias.
Study-selection flowchart is assigned two figure numbers
Minor
The study-selection flowchart is identified as Figure 1 in Results but as Figure 2 in Methods.
Impact-factor moderator coefficient and standard error do not yield its z-value
Minor
Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 25, not the stated z-value of 2.03. Rounding at the printed precision cannot account for that gap.
Reported 2.03 · recomputed 25
Cross-sectional study share changes between sections
Minor
The Results report that 92.3% of samples were cross-sectional, while the Discussion gives 93.1% for the same study design.
Discussion overlooks a significant hopelessness interaction
Minor
The Discussion says the proxy-hopelessness approach produced no significant effects, but Results report a significant association with suicidal ideation for that interaction.
Final article count does not follow the reported exclusions
Minor
The selection account identifies 153 remaining references and 17 subsequent exclusions. That leaves 136 references, not the reported 130 articles; no further six exclusions are stated.
Reported 130 · recomputed 136
The review says both that every study used the INQ and that some did not
Minor
The discussion says all included studies used the INQ, but the results identify five samples that did not.
The study-selection account assigns different roles to the same 382 reports
Minor
The methods say 382 reports remained after the initial title-and-abstract screening. The results instead say 382 were screened and 229 were excluded at that stage.
The discussion overlooks reported moderators of main-hypothesis models
Minor
The results identify significant moderators for the two-way ideation model and the three-way attempt model. The discussion nevertheless says no significant moderators were found for models testing the main hypotheses.
A reported moderator z-score does not match its coefficient and standard error
Minor
Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 25, not 2.03. Rounding at the displayed precision cannot explain the difference.
Reported 2.03 · recomputed 25
The printed heterogeneity formula disagrees with the reported result
Minor
Applied as printed, the I2 formula cannot produce the reported 97.3% from Q = 3515.1 and 97 studies. That result requires subtracting the degrees of freedom from Q before dividing by Q.

12 of 12

Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · cited 1×
“Humans have a fundamental need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) that, when unmet, leads to a range of negative health outcomes (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2014; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; HoltLunstad, Smith, Baker, Harris, & Stephenson, 2015; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010), including increased…”
Background
The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · cited 1×
“…Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001), or Depression subscale of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995).”
Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel‐Plot–Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Beck Depression Inventory–II
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · Cited by 7,272
A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.12 · Cited by 6,793
Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 · Cited by 6,043

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Items 201–300 of 1,221

A social ecological approach to belonging in LGBTQ+ people
Matsick, J. L., Sullivan, J. T., Todd, E., Kruk, M., & Cook, J. E. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00280-6 · Cited by 30
“For example, feeling disconnected from others is associated with more suicide attempts 27 , impaired cognitive functioning 28 and greater mortality risk 29 , leading experts to assert that belonging is a public health priority 30,31 .”
From Social Stress and Isolation to Autonomic Nervous System Dysregulation in Suicidal Behavior
Alacreu‐Crespo, A., Sebti, E., Moret, R. M., & Courtet, P. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01503-6 · Cited by 28
“For instance, it is thought that experiencing social support and connectedness buffer against suicidal ideation [51, 52].”
Background
A Matter of Life and Death: Integrating Mattering into the Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide
Drabenstott, M. (2018) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12504 · Cited by 24
Understanding the Transition from Suicidal Desire to Planning and Preparation: Correlates of Suicide Risk within a Psychiatric Inpatient Sample of Ideators and Attempters
Marie, L., Poindexter, E. K., Fadoir, N. A., & Smith, P. N. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.037 · Cited by 24
The Association of Military Sexual Harassment/Assault With Suicide Ideation, Plans, Attempts, and Mortality Among US Service Members/Veterans: A Meta-Analysis
Livingston, W. S., Tannahill, H. S., Meter, D. J., Fargo, J. D., & Blais, R. K. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221109790 · Cited by 23
“Theory indicates that the various levels of suicide-related outcomes, such as suicide ideation, plans, attempts, and mortality, are separate concepts and should be distinguished (Chu et al., 2017; Joiner, 2005; Klonsky & May, 2015).”
Background
Implicit Association with Suicide as Measured by the Suicide Affect Misattribution Procedure (S‐AMP) Predicts Suicide Ideation
Tucker, R. P., Wingate, L. R., Burkley, M., & Wells, T. T. (2018) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour · doi:10.1111/sltb.12392 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
Improving Our Understanding of the Death/Life Implicit Association Test
Podlogar, M. C., Gutierrez, P. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1663357 · Cited by 25
“The PB subscale has been shown to be a reliable predictor of suicidal ideation (Chu et al., 2017; Ma, Batterham, Calear, & Han, 2016) and has been associated with selective disclosure of suicide risk (Podlogar et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Relevance of the interpersonal theory of suicide in an adolescent psychiatric inpatient population
King, C. D., Joyce, V. W., Kleiman, E. M., Buonopane, R. J., Millner, A. J., & Nash, C. C. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112590 · Cited by 23
Leader provided purpose: Military leadership behavior and its association with suicidal ideation
Trachik, B. J., Tucker, R. P., Ganulin, M. L., Merrill, J. C., LoPresti, M. L., Cabrera, Ó., & Dretsch, M. N. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112722 · Cited by 27
“Certainly, previous research within and outside of the military support the strength of the relationship between PB and SI, especially in comparison to the TB and SI relationship (Chu et al., 2017).”
Self-citation
Social network structure as a suicide prevention target
Cero, I., Choudhury, M. D., & Wyman, P. A. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02521-0 · Cited by 22
“In addition to the fact that isolation likely increases risk for suicide through thwarting of basic relational needs [28], it is also plausible that the experience of suicidal thoughts and behaviors can influence an individuals relationships in way that tends toward isolation.”
Interoception, Pain Tolerance, and Self-Injurious Behaviors: A Multidimensional Assessment
Rogers, M. L., Duffy, M. E., Dougherty, S. P., & Joiner, T. E. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.02.011 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Substance Use Frequency Relates to Suicidal Ideation Through Perceived Burdensomeness and to Suicide Attempts Through Capability for Suicide
Baer, M. M., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2021) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2021.1931595 · Cited by 22
Measuring the Effects of Social Isolation and Dissatisfaction on Depressive Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Role of Sleep and Physical Activity
Vargas, I., Howie, E. K., Muench, A., & Perlis, M. L. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111449 · Cited by 25
“, see Interpersonal Theory of Suicide) [18,19].”
Result
Suicide Risk in Youth and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: a Review of the Literature and Clinical Recommendations for Prevention
Hill, R. M., Gallagher, K. A. S., Eshtehardi, S. S., Uysal, S., & Hilliard, M. E. (2021) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-021-01427-y · Cited by 23
The relationship between daily positive future thinking and past-week suicidal ideation in youth: An experience sampling study
Kirtley, O. J., Lafit, G., Vaessen, T., Decoster, J., Derom, C. A., Gülöksüz, S., Binder, M. D., Jacobs, N., Menne‐Lothmann, C., Rutten, B. P. F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.915007 · Cited by 25
“, (59, 60)], ESM research has not replicated these associations (24).”
Background
Network analysis of suicidality and internet addiction symptoms among Chinese primary and secondary school students
Yang, Y., Zhang, E. L., Liu, Y., Ge, X., Su, Z., Cheung, T. C. C., Ng, C. H., Xiang, M., & Xiang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.030 · Cited by 22
Perceived Burdensomeness Predicts Outcomes of Short‐Term Psychological Treatment of Young People at Risk of Suicide
Hains, A. R., Janackovski, A., Deane, F. P., & Rankin, K. N. (2018) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12452 · Cited by 22
“Mediation analyses utilized the PROCESS version 2.16 macro for SPSS (Hayes, 2013).”
MethodInfluential
Examining Patterns of Change in the Acquired Capability for Suicide Among Eating Disorder Patients
Velkoff, E. A., & Smith, A. R. (2018) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12505 · Cited by 22
Posttraumatic Mental Contamination and the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide: Effects via DSM-5 PTSD Symptom Clusters
Brake, C. A., Adams, T. G., Hood, C. O., & Badour, C. L. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9959-9 · Cited by 23
Insomnia and risk for suicidal behavior: A test of a mechanistic transdiagnostic model in veterans.
Britton, P. C., McKinney, J., Bishop, T., Pigeon, W., & Hirsch, J. K. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.044 · Cited by 24
Dynamic associations between interpersonal needs and suicidal ideation in a sample of individuals with eating disorders
Bodell, L. P., Smith, A. R., & Witte, T. K. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000276 · Cited by 21
“Over the past decade, accumulating research supports this tenet of the IPTS, with a recent meta-analysis demonstrating that both burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness are moderately associated with suicidal ideation (r = 0.48 and r = 0.37 ps < 0.001, respectively; Chu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Reframing the Suicide Prevention Message for Military Personnel
Stein, M. B., Kessler, R. C., & Ursano, R. J. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3943 · Cited by 21
Associations between humiliation, shame, self-harm and suicidality among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review
Sadath, A., Kavalidou, K., McMahon, E. M., Malone, K. M., & McLoughlin, A. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292691 · Cited by 24
A systematic review of interpersonal processes and their measurement within experience sampling studies of self-injurious thoughts and behaviours
Janssens, J. J., Kiekens, G., Jaeken, M., & Kirtley, O. J. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102467 · Cited by 32
Social Jetlag and Other Aspects of Sleep Are Linked to Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among College Students
Tubbs, A. S., Hendershot, S., Ghani, S. B., Nadorff, M. R., Drapeau, C. W., Fernandez, F., Perlis, M. L., & Grandner, M. A. (2022) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2022.2057262 · Cited by 21
“These findings stand in contrast with prior findings that thwarted belongingness mediates the relationship between sleep problems and suicide risk (Chu et al., 2016; Chu, Hom, et al., 2017; Hom et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResult
Factor Structure and Validation of the Revised Suicide Crisis Inventory in a Korean Population
Park, J. Y., Rogers, M. L., Bloch‐Elkouby, S., Richards, J. A., Lee, S., GALYNKER, I. I., & You, S. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2022.0208 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Indirect Effect of Hopelessness on Depression Symptoms Through Perceived Burdensomeness
Nalipay, M. J. N., & Ku, L. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118789044 · Cited by 21
“It can be noted that the correlation between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness (r¼ .44, p< .01) is lower than is typically seen in previous studies (r¼ .57, p< .01; according to a meta-analytic study by Chu et al., 2017).”
Result
Suicide ideation among Latinx adolescents: Examining the role of parental monitoring and intrinsic religiosity
Boyas, J. F., Kim, Y. J., Villarreal‐Otálora, T., & Sink, J. K. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.04.026 · Cited by 21
Comparison of Perceived Burdensomeness, Thwarted Belongingness, Capability for Suicide, and Suicidal Ideation among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Individuals in Mississippi
Pate, A. R., & Anestis, M. D. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1598525 · Cited by 20
Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire‐15 (INQ‐15‐I)
Iliceto, P., D’Antuono, L., Fino, E., Carcione, A., Candilera, G., Silva, C., & Joiner, T. E. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23026 · Cited by 20
“Chu et al. (2017) argued that the variability observed across different studies with regard to the validity of the INQ may be due to the different version of the instrument used and the specific characteristics and composition of the samples, challenging the comparability of results.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Examining the temporal stability of suicide capability among undergraduates: A latent growth analysis
Schuler, K. R., Smith, P. N., Rufino, K. A., Stuart, G. L., & Wolford‐Clevenger, C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.169 · Cited by 20
Worse for girls?: Gender differences in discrimination as a predictor of suicidality among Latinx youth
Vargas, S. M., Calderon, V., Beam, C. R., Céspedes-Knadle, Y., & Huey, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.02.007 · Cited by 20
Can HRM predict mental health crises? Using HR analytics to unpack the link between employment and suicidal thoughts and behaviors
Hastuti, R., & Timming, A. R. (2022) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-05-2021-0343 · Cited by 20
Ketamine and esketamine for crisis management in patients with depression: Why, whom, and how?
Lengvenytė, A., Strumila, R., Olié, É., & Courtet, P. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.02.004 · Cited by 21
Interpersonal Risk Factors for Suicide in Cocaine Dependence: Association with Self‐Esteem, Personality Traits, and Childhood Abuse
Zhornitsky, S., Le, T. M., Dhingra, I., Adkinson, B. D., Potvin, S., & Li, C.-S. R. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12621 · Cited by 20
“Nonetheless, while the IPTS may explain the transition from suicidal ideation to lethal suicide attempt, it does not explicitly account for factors that may influence the development of suicidality such as substance misuse, depression, self-esteem, personality traits, and childhood abuse (Baertschi, Costanza, Canuto,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Persistence of suicidal ideation within acute phase treatment of major depressive disorder: analysis of clinical predictors
Olgiati, P., & Serretti, A. (2022) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000416 · Cited by 20
“, 2018), thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness (Chu et al., 2017).”
An Explainable Artificial Intelligence Text Classifier for Suicidality Prediction in Youth Crisis Text Line Users: Development and Validation Study
Thomas, J., Lucht, A., Segler, J., Wundrack, R., Miché, M., Lieb, R., Kuchinke, L., & Meinlschmidt, G. (2024) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/63809 · Cited by 22
“This approach reflects the distinct processes of SI development and progression to suicidal behaviors [77].”
Unmasking Suicidal Ideation for Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Youths Via Data Disaggregation
Lui, C. K., Ye, Y., Gee, J., Cook, W. K., Tam, C. C., Sun, S., Miranda, R., Subica, A. M., & Mulia, N. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.46832 · Cited by 19
Performance of the interpersonal needs questionnaire in adolescent clinical samples: Confirmatory factor analyses and evaluation of measurement invariance
Hill, R. M., Mellick, W. H., Alvis, L. M., Dodd, C. G., Do, C., Buitron, V., Sharp, C., Pettit, J. W., & Kaplow, J. B. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12714 · Cited by 19
Distress tolerance as a moderator of the dynamic associations between interpersonal needs and suicidal thoughts
Kyron, M. J., Hooke, G. R., Bryan, C. J., & Page, A. C. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12814 · Cited by 19
Suicidal Desire in Adolescents: An Examination of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory Using Daily Diaries
Al‐Dajani, N., & Czyz, E. K. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2051525 · Cited by 23
“…similarly found support for all components of the theory, including the hypothesized interaction between TB and PB being linked with suicidal ideation as well as the three-way interaction between TB, PB, and acquired capability showing an association with prior suicide attempts (Chu et al., 2017).”
Influential
Suicidal Behaviours During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review.
Barberis, N., Cannavò, M., Cuzzocrea, F., & Verrastro, V. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220202 · Cited by 19
Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder and suicidal ideation
Robison, M., Rogers, M. L., Robertson, L., Duffy, M. E., Manwaring, J. L., Riddle, M. C., Rienecke, R. D., Grange, D. L., Duffy, A., Plotkin, M., et al. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114925 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
The impact of gender and age on bullying role, self-harm and suicide: Evidence from a cohort study of Australian children
Ahmad, K., Beatson, A., Campbell, M. A., Hashmi, R., Keating, B. W., Mulcahy, R. F., Riedel, A. S., & Wang, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278446 · Cited by 27
“From the interpersonal theory lens, victims of bullying normally experience lower belongingness which is a direct cause of their desire for death [42, 43].”
Background
The impact of social connection on near-term suicidal ideation
Ammerman, B. A., & Jacobucci, R. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115338 · Cited by 20
Directionality of change in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and suicidal ideation over six years in a naturalistic clinical sample✰
Brown, L. A., Wakschal, E. S., Block, S. R., Boisseau, C. L., Mancebo, M. C., Eisen, J. L., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.006 · Cited by 19
Testing Basic Assumptions of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire‐15 in a Sample of Clinically Depressed and Suicidal Youth
Hunt, Q. A., Weiler, L. M., McGuire, J. K., Mendenhall, T. J., Kobak, R., & Diamond, G. S. (2019) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12594 · Cited by 20
Use of the acquired capability for suicide scale (ACSS) among United States military and Veteran samples: A systematic review
Kramer, E. B., Gaeddert, L. A., Jackson, C. L., Harnke, B., & Nazem, S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.153 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, recent IPTS revisions (Chu et al., 2017) have suggested that “acquired” should be dropped from term, with refinement of the construct now labeled as “capability for suicide.””
Background
Untitled work
Teismann (2019) · doi:10.1159/000493887 · Cited by 18
Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness explain the relationship between sleep problems and suicide risk among adults identifying as sexual and/or gender minorities.
Chu, C., Hom, M. A., Hirsch, J. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2018) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000301 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness and suicidal ideation among individuals with first‐episode psychosis
Wastler, H. M., Moe, A. M., Pine, J. G., & Breitborde, N. J. K. (2020) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13023 · Cited by 18
“Although research supports IPTS in the general population, with small-moderate effect sizes (Chu et al., 2017), few studies have evaluated IPTS among individuals with psychosis.”
Background
Suicidal Ideation Among International Students: The Role of Cultural, Academic, and Interpersonal Factors
Pérez‐Rojas, A. E., Choi, N., Yang, M., Bartholomew, T. T., & Perez, G. M. (2021) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000211002458 · Cited by 18
“experiences are low base-rate phenomena (Chu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Pulling Together – The Protective Role of Belongingness for Depression, Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Among Suicide-Bereaved Individuals
Levi‐Belz, Y., & Feigelman, W. T. (2021) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000784 · Cited by 19
Suicidal ideation and associated risk factors among COVID-19 patients who recovered from the first wave of the pandemic in Wuhan, China
Chen, X., Dai, Z., Fu, J., Si, M., Jing, S., Wu, Y., Wang, H., Huang, Y., Cui, D., Qu, Y., et al. (2023) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcad083 · Cited by 19
Suicide among justice-involved veterans: a brief overview of extant research, theoretical conceptualization, and recommendations for future research
Holliday, R., Martin, W. B., Monteith, L. L., Clark, S. C., & LePage, J. P. (2020) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2019.1711306 · Cited by 14
“To this accord, the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS; Joiner, 2005) appears to be among the most studied in general (Chu et al., 2017; Ma, Batterham, Calear, & Han, 2016), as well as among military personnel and veterans (Anestis, Khazem, Mohn, & Green, 2015; Monteith, Menefee,…”
Background
The Interaction of Personal and Occupational Factors in the Suicide Deaths of Correction Officers
Frost, N. A., & Monteiro, C. E. B. (2020) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2020.1839538 · Cited by 17
“…2005; Van Orden et al., 2010), which builds upon Shneidman’s seminal theory of ‘psychache,’ is one of the most frequently tested, and contested, contemporary psychological theory of suicide (Chu et al., 2017; Hjelmeland & Knizek, 2020; Klonsky, 2020; Smith, Schuler, Fadoir, Marie, & Basu, 2020).”
Background
Stereotypes about very old people and perceived societal appreciation in very old age
Reissmann, M., Geithner, L., Storms, A., & Woopen, C. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-021-01971-y · Cited by 27
Body Investment as a Protective Factor in the Relationship Between Acquired Capability for Suicide and Suicide Attempts
Brausch, A. M., Nichols, P. M., Laves, E. H., et al. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.02.008 · Cited by 17
Family relationships and the interpersonal theory of suicide in a clinically suicidal sample of adolescents
Hunt, Q. A., Ewing, E. S. K., Weiler, L. M., Ogbaselase, F. A., Mendenhall, T. J., McGuire, J. K., Monet, M., Kobak, R., & Diamond, G. S. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12549 · Cited by 22
Alpha-beta decoupling relevant to inhibition deficits leads to suicide attempt in major depressive disorder
Dai, Z., Zhou, H., Zhang, W., Tang, H., Wang, T., Chen, Z., Yao, Z., & Lü, Q. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.010 · Cited by 22
Identifying the suicidal ideation risk group among older adults in rural areas: Developing a predictive model using machine learning methods
Kim, J., Gwak, D., Kim, S., & Gang, M. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15549 · Cited by 16
COVID-19 anti-Asian racism, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and suicidal ideation among Asian American Emerging Adults
Keum, B. T., & Wong, M. J. (2023) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2023.2182186 · Cited by 17
“Given this context, scholars have emphasised the culture-specific risk factors of suicide (e.g. racial discrimination), as well as proximal factors that prolong suicidal ideation among Asian Americans (Chu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResult
Centrality depression–anxiety symptoms linked to suicidal ideation among depressed college students––A network approach
Tao, Y., Wang, S., Tang, Q., Ma, Z., Zhang, L., & Liu, X. (2023) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.668 · Cited by 19
Testing the interpersonal theory of suicide in adolescents: A multi‐wave longitudinal study
Pagliaccio, D., Bitran, A., Kirshenbaum, J. S., Alqueza, K. L., Durham, K., Chernick, L. S., Joyce, K. J., Lan, R., Porta, G., Brent, D. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13868 · Cited by 21
Navigating college campuses: The impact of stress on mental health and substance use in the post COVID-19 era
Dave, S., Jaffe, M., & O'Shea, D. (2024) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2024.101585 · Cited by 17
Thwarted interpersonal needs mediate the relation between facets of mindfulness and suicide ideation among psychiatric inpatients
Roush, J. F., Mitchell, S. M., Brown, S. L., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.026 · Cited by 17
Self‐criticism, interpersonal conditions, and biosystemic inflammation in suicidal thoughts and behaviors within mood disorders: A bio‐cognitive‐interpersonal hypothesis
Shahar, G., Rogers, M. L., Shalev, H., & Joiner, T. E. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12446 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Personal values in adolescence and suicidality: a cross-sectional study based on a retrospective recall
Yasuma, N., Watanabe, K., Matsunaga, A., Nishi, D., & Kawakami, N. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2194-4 · Cited by 17
Family network satisfaction moderates treatment effects among homeless youth experiencing suicidal ideation
Wu, Q., Zhang, J., Walsh, L., & Slesnick, N. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103548 · Cited by 17
“Upon a review of studies testing the interpersonal theory of suicide, researchers have found mixed evidence regarding the theory, with the association between perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation being the most robust finding (Chu et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2016).”
Background
Predicting suicidal ideation in a longitudinal high‐risk sample: Multilevel analyses and 12‐month trajectories
Rath, D., Teismann, T., Höller, I., Glaesmer, H., Paashaus, L., Schönfelder, A., Juckel, G., & Forkmann, T. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23159 · Cited by 17
Associations of interpersonal and intrapersonal emotion regulation strategies to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts
Baer, M. M., Spitzen, T. L., Richmond, J. R., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.02.003 · Cited by 16
Firearm Ownership and Capability for Suicide in Post‐Deployment National Guard Service Members
Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Abbas, M., Schultz, M. E., Hiserodt, M., Thomas, K. A., Anestis, M. D., & Wyman, M. F. (2019) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12551 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
The forever decision: a qualitative study among survivors of a suicide attempt
de Jonge-Heesen, K. W. J., Mérelle, S. Y. M., van den Brand, I., van Bergen, D. D., Baden, D., Slotema, K., Gilissen, R., & van Veen, S. M. P. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102449 · Cited by 16
Nonsuicidal self-injury as the gateway and consequence of suicidal ideation among adolescents: a cross-lagged regression analysis
Xu, Z., Li, N., Kong, Y., Lin, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., He, Y., & Zhao, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1434191 · Cited by 17
“Furthermore, repeated NSSI gave adolescents a higher pain tolerance and an acquired capability for suicide (by overcoming the internal fear) (65).”
Background
Military self-stigma as a mediator of the link between military identity and suicide risk
Cacace, S. C., Smith, E. L., Cramer, R. J., Meca, A., & Desmarais, S. L. (2021) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2021.1994329 · Cited by 16
“Specifically, welldocumented literature (see Chu et al., 2017 for review) suggests core Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS; Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010) constructs of thwarted belonging and perceived burdensomeness drive the formation of suicidal desire.”
Background
Sexual minority status, religiosity, and suicidal behaviors among college students in the United States
Oh, H. Y., Goehring, J., Smith, L., Zhou, S., & Blosnich, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.068 · Cited by 16
Identifying and Addressing Burnout in the Orthopaedic Surgeon
Pearl, A. W., Saleh, K. J., & Quick, J. C. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-22-00722 · Cited by 16
Repetitive negative thinking as a unique transdiagnostic risk factor for suicidal ideation
Caudle, M. M., Dugas, N. N., Patel, K. R., Moore, R. C., Thomas, M. L., & Bomyea, J. A. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115787 · Cited by 18
Differences in suicidal behaviors between self‐employed and standardly employed workers
Min, J., Kim, H., Park, S., Hwang, S. H., & Min, K.-B. (2019) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23050 · Cited by 14
Extending a Rejection Sensitivity Model to Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Sexual Minority Groups and to Transgender Mental Health
Wells, T. T., Tucker, R. P., & Kraines, M. A. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01596-8 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Residential Cognitive Processing Therapy Decreases Suicidality by Reducing Perceived Burdensomeness in Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Blain, R. C., Pukay‐Martin, N. D., Martin, C. E., Dutton, C. E., & Chard, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22618 · Cited by 16
Rethinking Suicide Risk With a New Generation of Suicide Theories
Keefner, T. P., & Stenvig, T. E. (2020) · Research and theory for nursing practice · doi:10.1891/rtnp-d-19-00128 · Cited by 21
Identifying Bereavement‐Related Markers of Mental and Behavioral Health Problems Among Clinic‐Referred Adolescents
Kaplow, J. B., Wamser‐Nanney, R. A., Layne, C. M., Burnside, A. N., King, C. A., Liang, L.-J. F., Steinberg, A. M., Briggs, E. C., Suárez, L., & Pynoos, R. S. (2020) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20190021 · Cited by 18
“Demographic characteristics overall and by group Overall N¼1281 Death subgroup Experienced death only 115 (8.98) Death and other trauma 1166 (91.0) Demographics Age (Year) 12– 14 397 (31.0) 47 (40.9) 350 (30.0) 14– 17 696 (54.3) 55 (47.8) 641 (55.0) 17 and older 188 (14.7) 13 (11.3) 175 (15.0) Mean (SD) 15.0 (1.8) 14.…”
BackgroundInfluential
Longitudinal studies support the safety and ethics of virtual reality suicide as a research method
Huang, X., Funsch, K. M., Park, E. C., Conway, P. J., Franklin, J. C., & Ribeiro, J. D. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89152-0 · Cited by 16
Differentiating U.S. military veterans who think about suicide from those who attempt suicide: A population-based study
Nichter, B., Monteith, L. L., Norman, S. B., Maguen, S., Hill, M. L., Herzog, S., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2021) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.08.007 · Cited by 17
Suicide Risk among Older Adults: The Moderating Role of Hope
McLaren, S., Castillo, P. A., Tindle, R., Corboy, D., Klein, B., & Burmeister, O. K. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2039827 · Cited by 17
“A systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated considerable empirical support for the IPTS (Chu et al., 2017).”
Background
Attachment and need to belong as moderators of the relationship between thwarted belongingness and suicidal ideation
Dienst, F., Forkmann, T., Schreiber, D., & Höller, I. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01080-y · Cited by 16
“TB also explained significantly less variance in SI [7].”
BackgroundResult
Pathways among sleep onset latency, relationship functioning, and negative affect differentiate patients with suicide attempt history from patients with suicidal ideation
Chu, C., Nota, J. A., Silverman, A. L., Beard, C., & Björgvinsson, Þ. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.014 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
A Plausible Explanation of Increased Suicidal Behaviors Among Transgender Youth Based on the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS): Case Series and Literature Review
Phillip, A., Pellechi, A., DeSilva, R., Semler, K., & Makani, R. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000604 · Cited by 16
Intentional Self-Harm Among US Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Retrospective Cohort Study From 2008 to 2017
Rawat, B. P. S., Reisman, J., Pogoda, T. K., Liu, W., Rongali, S., Aseltine Jr, R. H., Chen, K., Tsai, J., Berlowitz, D., Yu, H., et al. (2023) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/42803 · Cited by 15
“Notably, individuals with TBI or PTSD often have co-occurring physical health (eg, chronic pain), mental health (eg, depression and anxiety), and behavioral conditions (eg, substance use disorder) that can lead to functional limitations and other vulnerabilities (eg, unemployment and homelessness) [24-28], which toget…”
Background
Interpersonal risk factors for suicide in daily life among young people: A review of intensive longitudinal studies
Hutchinson, E., Scott, L. N., Choukas‐Bradley, S., & Silk, J. S. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001810 · Cited by 20
Clarifying the Relationship of Dissociative Experiences to Suicide Ideation and Attempts: A Multimethod Examination in Two Samples
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“A thwarted sense of belongingness posited in the interpersonal theory of suicide increases suicide risk [52, 53].”
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“The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide is one of the most prominent models for understanding the development of suicidal thinking and behavior and posits that interpersonal difficulties contribute to the development of suicidal ideation (Chu et al., 2017).”
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“Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 122 studies found that TB and PB were bivariately associated with SI with moderate effects (Chu et al., 2017).”
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“In addition, hopelessness is considered a factor that increases both suicidal ideation and suicide attempts [34].”
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Self-citation

Authors: Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., Rogers, M. L., Podlogar, M. C., Chiurliza, B., Ringer, F. B., Michaels, M. S., Patros, C. H. G., & Joiner, T. E.
Affiliations: Florida State University (US)
Louisiana State University (US)
Temple University (US)
ORCID: Chu, Carol
Stanley, Ian H.
Hom, Melanie A.
Tucker, Raymond P.
Hagan, Christopher R.
Rogers, Megan L.
Podlogar, Matthew C.
Ringer, Fallon B.
Michaels, Matthew S.
Joiner, Thomas E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 143
Issue: 12
Pages: 1313-1345
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/bul0000123
PMC: PMC5730496
OpenAlex: W2766751125
Cited by: 1,231
References: 241
Citations by year: 2026: 159 · 2025: 230 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 11.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am, 329 d)
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (acceptedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH093311-04)
Military Suicide Research Consortium (W81XWH-10-2-0181, W81XWH-16-2-0003)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords: interpersonal theory of suicide, suicidal ideation, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, previous suicide attempts, suicide risk, suicidal behavior
MeSH terms: Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Suicide, Internationality, Suicidal Ideation

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The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research.

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