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Cited by 1,231Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research.

Open access
Chu, Carol, Buchman-Schmitt, Jennifer M., Stanley, Ian H., Hom, Melanie A., Tucker, Raymond P., Hagan, Christopher R., Rogers, Megan L., Podlogar, Matthew C. +5 more·2017·Psychological Bulletin
DOI 10.1037/bul0000123PMC PMC5730496
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Abstract

Over the past decade, the interpersonal theory of suicide has contributed to substantial advances in the scientific and clinical understanding of suicide and related conditions. The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that suicidal desire emerges when individuals experience intractable feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness and near-lethal or lethal suicidal behavior occurs in the presence of suicidal desire and capability for suicide. A growing number of studies have tested these posited pathways in various samples; however, these findings have yet to be evaluated meta-analytically. This paper aimed to (a) conduct a systematic review of the unpublished and published, peer-reviewed literature examining the relationship between interpersonal theory constructs and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, (b) conduct meta-analyses testing the interpersonal theory hypotheses, and (c) evaluate the influence of various moderators on these relationships. Four electronic bibliographic databases were searched through the end of March, 2016: PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Hypothesis-driven meta-analyses using random effects models were conducted using 122 distinct unpublished and published samples. Findings supported the interpersonal theory: the interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with suicidal ideation; and the interaction between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and…

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Crossref · 10.1037/bul0000123

Cites

240 of 240 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Claims the paper makes

1 of 46 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The interaction between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and capability for suicide was significantly related to a greater number of prior suicide attempts.

    “the interaction between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and capability for suicide was significantly related to a greater number of prior suicide attempts”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with suicidal ideation.

    “the interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with suicidal ideation”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Alternative configurations of theory variables were similarly useful for predicting suicide risk as theory-consistent pathways.

    “Alternative configurations of theory variables were similarly useful for predicting suicide risk as theory-consistent pathways.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Effect sizes for the interactions between theory constructs and suicidal outcomes were modest.

    “However, effect sizes for these interactions were modest.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Capability for suicide was not related to suicide risk (r = 0.09, p = 0.083; k = 17; N = 6,760).

    “Capability for suicide was not related to suicide risk (r = 0.09, p = 0.083; k = 17; N = 6,760)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 66
  • May combine two claims. 61
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Implicit measurement of suicide-related constructs may be an effective strategy to circumvent concerns about disclosure.

    “Implicit measurement of suicide-related constructs (e.g., through reaction time-based tasks) may be an effective strategy to circumvent these concerns”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Nock & Banaji, 2007 source
    • cites Nock et al., 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    After treating articles with redundant datasets as one sample, 122 samples from 114 articles were analyzed.

    “With articles using redundant datasets treated as one sample, 122 samples (114 articles) were analyzed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    22.4% of studies examined clinical populations.

    “Many studies were conducted in undergraduate students (44.0%) and community-dwelling adults (33.6%); 22.4% of studies examined clinical populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    48.3% of studies targeted young adults aged 18-25.

    “Studies primarily targeted young adults, with the average age of participants ranging from 18–25 years (48.3%), and adults over 25 years of age (48.9%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    91.6% of samples were published between 2011 and 2015.

    “Of the 143 samples, the majority was cross-sectional (92.3%), published between 2011 and 2015 (91.6%), and conducted in the U.S. and Canada (83.9%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Military samples were used in 16.8% of studies.

    “Military samples were used in 16.8% of the studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    48.9% of studies targeted adults over 25 years of age.

    “Studies primarily targeted young adults, with the average age of participants ranging from 18–25 years (48.3%), and adults over 25 years of age (48.9%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Post hoc tests indicated that suicidal ideation, suicide risk, and suicide attempt history all had significantly stronger relationships with perceived burdensomeness than with thwarted belongingness.

    “Notably, post hoc two-tailed tests of differences between dependent correlations indicated that suicidal ideation (z = 26.26, p < 0.001), suicide risk (z = 10.19, p < 0.001), and suicide attempt history (z = 16.21, p < 0.001) all exhibited significantly stronger relationships with perceived burdensomeness than with thwarted belongingness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    46.2% of samples used web-based methodologies.

    “Approximately half were conducted using web-based methodologies (46.2%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The mean percentage of males in the samples was 44.6%.

    “On average, the percentage of males in the sample was less than half (mean = 44.6%) and the percentage of White/Caucasian participants was over half (mean = 63.4%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    44.0% of studies were conducted in undergraduate students.

    “Many studies were conducted in undergraduate students (44.0%) and community-dwelling adults (33.6%); 22.4% of studies examined clinical populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Only four studies (2.8%) examined youth under 18 years of age.

    “Only four studies examined youth under the age of 18 years (2.8%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The INQ was not used in five samples and the ACSS was not used in three samples; these studies used proxies, the Perceived Burdensomeness Scale, and the Acquired Capability With Rehearsal for Suicide Scale.

    “The INQ was not used in five samples and the ACSS was not used in three samples—these studies used proxies drawn from multiple measures (e.g., Christensen et al., 2013), the Perceived Burdensomeness Scale (Peak et al., 2016), and the Acquired Capability With Rehearsal for Suicide Scale (George et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Christensen et al., 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Peak et al., 2016 source
    • cites George et al., 2016 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The senior author was a coauthor on 26 of the published articles, representing 21.3% of samples.

    “Finally, given that this manuscript’s senior author was a coauthor on 26 of the published articles (i.e., 21.3% of samples), we examined whether his authorship moderated our meta-analytic results (described in detail above) as another metric of potential bias.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    33.6% of studies were conducted in community-dwelling adults.

    “Many studies were conducted in undergraduate students (44.0%) and community-dwelling adults (33.6%); 22.4% of studies examined clinical populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    92.3% of the 143 samples were cross-sectional.

    “Of the 143 samples, the majority was cross-sectional (92.3%), published between 2011 and 2015 (91.6%), and conducted in the U.S. and Canada (83.9%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The mean percentage of White/Caucasian participants was 63.4%.

    “On average, the percentage of males in the sample was less than half (mean = 44.6%) and the percentage of White/Caucasian participants was over half (mean = 63.4%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 54 models tested, 9 were conducted with fewer than 6 samples, and 8 were conducted with 6 to 8 samples.

    “Of the 54 models tested, 9 were conducted with fewer than 6 samples, and 8 were conducted with 6 to 8 samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Sample sizes ranged from 30 to 6,133, with 59.4% ranging from 100 to 399.

    “Notably, sample sizes ranged from 30 to 6,133, with the majority ranging from 100–399 (59.4%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Seven samples completed a non-English-language version of the INQ and/or ACSS; languages included Chinese, German, Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish.

    “Seven samples completed a non-English-language version of the INQ and/or the ACSS; languages included Chinese, German, Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The study selection yielded 143 samples from 130 articles with a total N of 59,698.

    “This yielded a total of 143 samples (from 130 articles) with a total N of 59,698 (see Tables 3 to 12 for the n [sample size] and k [number of samples] in each model).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 143 samples in this meta-analysis, published effect sizes were obtained from 10.5% of the samples (n = 15) and unpublished effect sizes were obtained from 89.5% of the samples (n = 128).

    “of the 143 samples in this meta-analysis, published effect sizes were obtained from 10.5% of the samples (n = 15) and unpublished effect sizes were obtained from 89.5% of the samples (n = 128).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For the bivariate relationship between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, I2 values remained significant (I2 > 96.7%), indicating that the moderators did not account for a substantial portion of variance.

    “However, the I2 values remained significant (I2 > 96.7%), indicating that these moderators did not account for a substantial portion of variance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Greater perceived burdensomeness was significantly related to more severe suicidal ideation (r = 0.48), greater suicide risk (r = 0.42), and continuous suicide attempt history (r = 0.25).

    “greater perceived burdensomeness and more severe suicidal ideation (r = 0.48), greater suicide risk (r = 0.42), and (continuous) suicide attempt history (r = 0.25)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Trim and fill statistics and funnel plots could not be generated for two models (Table 8).

    “Trim and fill statistics and funnel plots could not be generated for two models (i.e., Table 8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Funnel plot asymmetry was found in 44.4% of the models that tested the main hypotheses of the interpersonal theory (8 of 18 models), with a moderate number of missing studies (mean = 3.25, SD = 2.43, range = 1 to 8, mode = 2).

    “Funnel plot asymmetry was found in 44.4% of the models that tested the main hypotheses of the interpersonal theory (8 of 18 models), with a moderate number of missing studies (mean = 3.25, SD = 2.43, range = 1 to 8, mode = 2; Tables 6 and 7).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The interaction between the three theory constructs was significantly associated with a greater number of suicide attempts (measured continuously, and when continuous and dichotomous attempts were collapsed) and suicide risk, beyond main and two-way interaction effects; effect sizes were small (rs = 0.06-0.11).

    “the interaction between the three theory constructs was significantly associated with a greater number of suicide attempts (measured continuously, and when continuous and dichotomous attempts were collapsed) and suicide risk, beyond main and two-way interaction effects; however, effect sizes were, again, small (rs = 0.06–0.11)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Impact factors were discernable for 120 of the included studies; the mean impact factor was 2.26 (SD = 1.13; range = 0.56-7.43).

    “Impact factors were discernable for 120 of the included studies; the mean impact factor was 2.26 (SD = 1.13; range = 0.56–7.43).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In all three models where publication status was a significant moderator, published effect sizes were larger than unpublished effect sizes and meta-analyses based on unpublished effect sizes yielded non-significant results.

    “In all three models, published effect sizes were larger than the unpublished effect sizes and meta-analyses based on the unpublished effect sizes yielded non-significant results”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Greater capability for suicide was significantly related to suicide attempts and ideation, albeit weakly (rs = 0.09-0.10), and capability was not a significant correlate of suicide risk alone.

    “Greater capability for suicide was significantly related to suicide attempts and ideation, albeit the effects were weak2 (rs = 0.09–0.10) and capability was not a significant correlate of suicide risk alone.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the main interpersonal theory models, I2 values remained significant, suggesting that the moderators did not account for a substantial amount of variance in suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

    “Of note, in the main interpersonal theory models, the I2 values remained significant, suggesting that these moderators did not account for a substantial amount of variance in suicidal thoughts and behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Univariate analyses revealed significant weak-to-moderate positive relationships between greater thwarted belongingness and more severe suicidal ideation (r = 0.37), greater suicide risk (r = 0.33), and continuous suicide attempt history (r = 0.11).

    “Univariate analyses revealed significant weak-to-moderate positive relationships between (1) greater thwarted belongingness and more severe suicidal ideation (r = 0.37), greater suicide risk (r = 0.33), and (continuous) suicide attempt history (r = 0.11)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For the null dichotomous association between perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, the Q-test was not significant (0.03) and the I2 value (< 0.001) indicated variability may be due to chance rather than heterogeneity.

    “the Q-test was not significant (0.03) and the I2 value (< 0.001) indicated that variability may be due to chance rather than heterogeneity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For all these moderators, I2 values remained significant, suggesting that the moderators did not account for a large portion of variance.

    “Notably, for all these moderators, I2 values remained significant, suggesting that these moderators did not account for a large portion of variance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    No publication bias was indicated for the models testing the specific predictions of the interpersonal theory, including the interaction of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness on suicidal ideation, the three-way interaction on continuous suicide attempts, and the three-way interaction on both continuous and dichotomous suicide attempts.

    “No publication bias was indicated for the models testing the specific predictions of the interpersonal theory, including: (1) the effect of the interaction of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness on suicidal ideation, the full model (ET = 3.36 [95% CI = 1.36,5.36], p = 0.101) and the interaction (ET = 0.22 [95% CI = −1.19,1.62], p = 0.757); (2) the effect of the three-way”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For the meta-analysis testing the association between the three-way interaction and continuous attempt history (interaction only model), the funnel plot was moderately asymmetrical, with trim and fill analysis indicating that 6 effect sizes below the mean were missing.

    “for the meta-analysis testing the association between the interaction of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness and capability for suicide and continuous attempt history (interaction only model; Table 7), the funnel plot was moderately asymmetrical, with trim and fill analysis indicating that 6 effect sizes below the mean were missing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Publication status emerged as a significant moderator in three tested meta-analytic models: the relationship between capability for suicide and continuous attempt history; the effect of the interaction between capability for suicide and perceived burdensomeness on continuous and dichotomous suicide attempt history; and the effect of the three-way interaction on continuous and dichotomous suicide尝试

    “Publication status emerged as a significant moderator in three of the tested meta-analytic models—(1) the relationship between capability for suicide and (continuous) attempt history (b = 0.14, SE = 0.07; z = 2.07, r = 0.97, p = 0.038; I2 = 93.3%); (2) the effect of the interaction between capability for suicide and perceived burdensomeness on continuous and dichotomous suicide attempt history (b”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Only two versions of the ACSS have been validated and published, but at least five versions (4-, 5-, 7-, 13-, and 20-item) were used to measure capability for suicide.

    “only two versions of the ACSS have been validated and published (Ribeiro et al., 2014; Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008); however, at least five versions of the ACSS were used to measure capability for suicide (4-, 5-, 7-, 13-, and 20-item versions).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ribeiro et al., 2014 source
    • cites Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Whether the senior author was involved in a project generally did not moderate findings; this variable was a significant moderator in only three (<9%) of 34 tested models.

    “whether the senior author of this paper was involved in a project generally did not moderate findings; this variable only emerged as a significant moderator in three (< 9%) of 34 tested models.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Most models showed no effect of publication bias adjustments on the general conclusions, supporting the robustness of the findings.

    “most of our models evidenced no effect of publication bias adjustments on general conclusions, supporting our findings’ robustness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Across included studies, thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness had a weaker relationship with suicide ideation and risk in military samples, samples with a greater percentage of males, and studies that did not use web-based methodologies.

    “Across included studies, thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness exhibited a weaker relationship with suicide ideation and risk in studies in military samples and samples with a greater percentage of males, as well as in studies that did not use web-based methodologies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the propositions of the interpersonal theory of suicide largely stand up to empirical scrutiny, but the suicide risk correlates had only modest-at-best clinical significance.

    “While this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the propositions of the interpersonal theory of suicide largely stand up to empirical scrutiny, these suicide risk correlates demonstrated only modest-at-best clinical significance”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Franklin et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Publication bias likely occurred in models testing the relationship between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, the interaction of capability and perceived burdensomeness on continuous attempt history, the interaction of capability and thwarted belongingness on suicide risk, and the three-way interaction of theory constructs on suicidal ideation.

    “results suggested that publication bias likely occurred in those testing the (1) relationship between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, (2) interaction effect of capability for suicide and perceived burdensomeness on (continuous) attempt history; (3) interaction effect between capability for suicide and thwarted belongingness on suicide risk; and (4) three-way interaction effect”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For each model in which senior author involvement was a significant moderator, the I2 value remained significant, suggesting that the moderation effect did not account for a substantial amount of variance and that any significant effect may have been due to Type I error.

    “the I2 value remained significant for each of the models in which the moderator was significant, suggesting that the moderation effect did not account for a significant amount of variance in our outcome variable, and any significant effect observed may have been due to Type I error.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The theory was designed to explain the occurrence of lethal or near-lethal suicidal behaviors, but the extant literature has overwhelmingly neglected to test this hypothesis.

    “The theory was designed to explain the occurrence of lethal or near-lethal suicidal behaviors, but the extant literature has overwhelmingly neglected to test this hypothesis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Significant moderators emerged in some tested models, but overall I2 values remained significant, suggesting that these factors do not account for a substantial amount of variance in suicidal outcomes.

    “Significant moderators emerged in some of the tested models; however, overall, I2 values remained significant, suggesting that these factors do not account for a substantial amount of variance in suicidal outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The literature has primarily focused on the experience of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness broadly, rather than their perceived intractability.

    “the literature has primarily focused on the experience of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness broadly, rather than their perceived intractability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The review found few prospective studies (6.9%), with most studies (93.1%) using a cross-sectional design.

    “Our review revealed few prospective studies (6.9%), with most studies (93.1%) employing a cross-sectional study design.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In some comparisons, effects consistent with the interpersonal theory were larger than those from alternative pathways, although the differences were small.

    “theory-consistent effects outpaced those of alternative pathways in some instances, though the differences were small.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The two-way interaction between perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness was a stronger predictor of continuous suicide attempts (r = 0.20) and of dichotomous and continuous attempts combined (r = 0.09) than the three-way interaction (rs = 0.11, 0.06).

    “the two-way interaction between perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness was an even stronger predictor of continuous suicide attempts (r = 0.20) and of both dichotomous and continuous attempts when collapsed (r = 0.09).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In two of the three cases where senior author involvement was a significant moderator, effects were stronger in studies including this author; in the last case, the meta-analytic effect was weaker with the author's inclusion.

    “In two of the three cases, effects were stronger in studies including this author, and in the last case, the meta-analytic effect was weaker with the author’s inclusion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Five versions of the INQ (10-, 12-, 15-, 18-, and 25-item) were used to measure thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness.

    “five versions of the INQ (10-, 12-, 15-, 18-, and 25-item versions) were utilized to measure thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The review revealed several gaps in the literature that require further empirical investigation.

    “our review revealed several gaps in the literature that require further empirical investigation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The search entered keywords into four electronic databases: PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science.

    “First, keywords were entered into four electronic databases: PubMed, Medline (Proquest), PsycINFO, and Web of Science.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Studies that assessed interpersonal theory constructs using single-item proxies were excluded.

    “We excluded studies that assessed the interpersonal theory constructs using single-item proxies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Studies using translated versions of the INQ or ACSS, or newly developed measures with evidence of construct validity such as at least a moderate correlation with the INQ (r > 0.40), were included.

    “Studies that used translated versions of the INQ/ACSS and/or newly developed measures assessing the interpersonal theory constructs with evidence for the construct validity of these measures (e.g., at least a moderate correlation with the INQ, r > 0.40) were all included.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Each article was independently coded by two different authors.

    “Each article was independently coded by two different authors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    For each of the remaining 153 references, two authors independently read the full-text manuscript to assess inclusion criteria.

    “For each of the remaining 153 references, two authors independently read each full-text manuscript to assess whether it met criteria for inclusion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Three authors independently screened titles and abstracts of all identified studies for relevance.

    “Three authors (CC, IAH, MAH) independently conducted an initial screening of the titles and abstracts for all identified studies to determine their relevance to this study”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Disagreements about study inclusion were resolved through discussion and consultation with a separate author.

    “Disagreements were resolved through discussion and consultation with a separate author (RPT).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The authors attempted to contact 75 authors of 123 studies to obtain missing effect sizes between interpersonal theory constructs and suicide-related constructs.

    “we attempted to contact 75 authors of 123 studies (many were authors of multiple studies) that did not report effect sizes between the interpersonal theory and suicide-related constructs”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The authors contacted 24 individuals with documented suicide research experience to identify missed studies.

    “Finally, 24 individuals with documented suicide research experience and who have previously published data regarding theoretical models of suicidal behavior were contacted to determine if any studies were missed by our searches.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Agreement between the three raters regarding study inclusion was good, with kappa = 0.77.

    “Agreement between the three raters regarding study inclusion was good (κ = 0.77).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The authors manually searched reference lists of relevant manuscripts, including a recent systematic review.

    “We also manually searched the reference lists of relevant manuscripts, including the recent systematic review of the interpersonal theory (Ma et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ma et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Inter-rater reliability for entering study descriptive statistics and effect sizes was good to excellent, with kappa ranging from 0.83 to 0.99.

    “Inter-rater reliability for the entering of study descriptive statistics and effect sizes across these articles was good to excellent (κ = 0.83–0.99).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The ACSS has been primarily administered in English.

    “however, the ACSS has been primarily administered in English.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a random effects model, a study is weighted based on its own population, not sample size, providing more balanced weights.

    “In a random effects model, a study is weighted based on its own population, not sample size, providing a more balanced assignment of weights (Borenstein, Hedges & Rothstein, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Borenstein, Hedges & Rothstein, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    A significant Q-value rejects the null that studies are homogeneous and indicates substantial heterogeneity.

    “We examined the significance of the chi-square Q statistic to determine whether there was substantial heterogeneity of effect sizes; a significant Q-value rejects the null that studies are homogeneous and indicates the presence of substantial heterogeneity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    Caution is warranted when interpreting findings based on relatively few samples.

    “Thus, caution is warranted when interpreting findings based on relatively few samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    For all included samples, effect sizes were either reported in the manuscript or obtained by requesting raw data from authors and calculating them directly.

    “In all included samples, Pearson’s correlations (r) and/or regression R-squared (R2) values were reported in the manuscript or we requested the raw data from the authors and calculated the necessary effect sizes directly.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Measures of suicide risk assess both suicidal ideation and behavior and do not distinguish between these outcomes.

    “Suicide risk (c.f. suicide proneness) was evaluated using measures that assess both suicidal ideation and behavior and do not distinguish between these outcomes, a limitation that we discuss in the Discussion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The interpersonal theory predicts that the interaction between perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness predicts ideation more than attempts, whereas the three-way interaction with capability predicts attempts more than ideation.

    “These latter two pathways reverse the interpersonal theory’s two main predictions, in that the interaction between perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness is expected by the theory to predict ideation more so than attempts, whereas the interaction between perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and capability is posited to predict attempts more so than ideation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The INQ is the most commonly used measure of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness and has shown strong psychometric properties, including convergent validity.

    “Nonetheless, the INQ remains the mostly commonly utilized measure of these constructs and has demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including convergent validity (Van Orden et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Van Orden et al., 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    When multiple reports came from the same dataset and the full dataset was unavailable, the authors used effect sizes from the study with the largest sample size to reduce redundancy.

    “If the full dataset was unavailable, we used the effect sizes from the study with the largest sample size to diminish redundancy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Several groups have translated the INQ into other languages, including Spanish, German, Chinese, French, Portuguese, Slovene, and Korean.

    “The INQ was created and validated as an English-language measure; however, several groups have translated the INQ into other languages, including Spanish (Garza & Pettit, 2010), German (Forkmann & Glaesmer, 2013; Hallensleben et al., 2016), Chinese (Zhang et al., 2013), French (Baertschi et al., 2017; Siefert-Boukaidi, Jover, Staccini, Pringuey, & Benoit, 2013), Portuguese (Campos & Holden, 2015),”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Garza & Pettit, 2010 source
    • cites Forkmann & Glaesmer, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Zhang et al., 2013 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    The INQ does not directly assess hopelessness about thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness.

    “Although the interpersonal theory includes a prediction about the perceived intractability of feelings of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, the INQ does not directly assess hopelessness about these feelings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Both published and unpublished data were included in the review.

    “Further, both published and unpublished data were included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Not all samples included all interpersonal theory variables and/or multiple suicide-related variables, so sample sizes varied across meta-analytic models.

    “Not all samples included all the interpersonal theory variables and/or multiple suicide-related variables (i.e., ideation, risk, attempts); thus, sample sizes varied for each meta-analytic model.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Only one study has created a new measure of interpersonal needs, and that measure assesses only perceived burdensomeness.

    “To our knowledge, only one study has created a new measure of interpersonal needs; however, this measure only assesses perceived burdensomeness (Perceived Burdensomeness Scale; Peak et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peak et al., 2016 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The interpersonal theory does not predict a main effect of capability on suicide risk; capability is only relevant to lethal behavior in the context of suicidal desire variables.

    “Rather, according to the theory, capability is only relevant to (lethal) behavior in the context of suicidal desire variables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    The interpersonal theory is silent regarding the alternative pathways H5, H6, H8, and H9.

    “An important point is that the theory is silent regarding these alternative pathways (H5, H6, H8, H9), though it is reasonable to expect that the pathways specifically predicted by the theory may be more supported than the alternative pathways, at least somewhat.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Capability for suicide was assessed primarily using the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale (ACSS).

    “Capability for suicide was assessed primarily using the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale (ACSS).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The Q-value does not evaluate the degree of between-study dispersion.

    “Although the Q-value provides evidence that the true (between) effects vary, it does not evaluate the degree of between-study dispersion (Borenstein et al., 2007); thus, we also evaluated the I-squared (I2) index.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Borenstein et al., 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lack of correlation between the three-way interaction and dichotomous suicide attempt history may reflect diminished outcome variance and reduced power to detect significant effects.

    “That the three-way interaction did not correlate with dichotomous suicide attempt history may reflect diminished outcome variance and power to detect significant effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Although moderate effect sizes were generally observed for the full models, the interaction effect sizes exclusive of lower-order variables were relatively weak, ranging from small to moderate.

    “although moderate effect sizes were generally observed for the full models, the interaction effect sizes (exclusive of lower-order variables) were relatively weak, ranging from small to moderate.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These findings are largely consistent with the theory, revealing expected significant associations between interpersonal theory constructs and suicide-related outcomes.

    “Together, these findings are largely consistent with the theory, revealing expected significant associations between interpersonal theory constructs and suicide-related outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The dearth of studies examining mortality is understandable because suicide is a low base-rate event and amassing datasets of the psychological states of suicide decedents represents a considerable challenge.

    “This dearth of studies is understandable—suicide is a low base-rate event and amassing datasets of the psychological states of suicide decedents represents a considerable challenge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    On average, studies were published in journals for which articles published in the past two years were cited an average of 2.26 times, demonstrating a degree of impact on subsequent research.

    “These findings signal that, on average, studies were published in journals for which articles published in the past two years were cited an average of 2.26 times, demonstrating a degree of impact on subsequent research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These results do not necessarily imply that the theory is incorrect or incapable of predicting suicide deaths.

    “these results do not necessarily imply that the theory is incorrect or incapable of predicting suicide deaths.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In two separate meta-analyses, the odds ratios for most risk and protective factors ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 (rs ~ 0.26-0.57; Franklin et al., 2017) and few exceeded 3.0 (r ~ 0.64; Large et al., 2011).

    “In two separate meta-analyses, the odds ratios for most risk and protective factors ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 (i.e., rs ~ 0.26–0.57; Franklin et al., 2017) and few exceeded 3.0 (r ~ 0.64; Large et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Franklin et al., 2017 source
    • cites Large et al., 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Publication bias is possible because not all contacted authors responded with relevant data and no unpublished data were obtained from other sources.

    “we were unable to reach all authors (i.e., 66 of 73 contacted authors responded with relevant data) and we did not obtain unpublished data from other sources. As such, publication bias is possible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The authors could not reach the authors of 8.13% of studies requiring additional data, which may have influenced the accuracy of the findings.

    “we were unable to reach the authors of 8.13% of the studies requiring additional data, which may have influenced the accuracy of our findings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is unclear which version of the INQ offers the greatest utility, particularly among high-risk samples.

    “it is unclear which version of the INQ offers the greatest utility, particularly among high-risk samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Reducing thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and capability for suicide may lower the likelihood of death by suicide, but using these constructs as the sole clinical predictors is not currently supported by empirical data.

    “The reduction of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and capability for suicide may reduce likelihood for death by suicide, but the use of these constructs as the sole clinical predictors of suicide is not currently supported by empirical data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Individuals may still be reluctant to disclose sensitive information because of stigma concerns.

    “individuals may still be reluctant to disclose this sensitive information due to stigma concerns”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Anestis & Green, 2015 source
    • cites Corrigan & Watson, 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Hom, Stanley, Podlogar, & Joiner, 2017b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Including theory constructs in predictive algorithms may improve their accuracy, but these constructs cannot yet be solely relied upon.

    “the inclusion of theory constructs in these predictive algorithms may enhance their accuracy, but cannot yet be solely relied upon.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Only English-language studies were included, and the vast majority were conducted in the U.S., producing a strong North American bias that reduces generalizability to other regions and cultures.

    “only studies published in English were included in our review, and perhaps, as a result, the vast majority of included studies were conducted in the U.S. Thus, included studies demonstrated a strong North American bias, reducing generalizability to other regions and cultures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The review used a conservative data analytic approach.

    “utilized a conservative data analytic approach (Borenstein et al., 2007)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Borenstein et al., 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The relative lack of studies establishing these measures' factor structures across populations is concerning and prevents discernment of what may account for observed study findings.

    “the relative dearth of studies establishing these measures’ factor structures across populations is concerning and prevents discernment of what may account for observed study findings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The authors vigorously pursued study authors to obtain data not reported in their manuscripts.

    “we vigorously pursued study authors to obtain data not reported within their manuscripts”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Each bivariate correlation included in the meta-analysis was double-entered before analysis to reduce data entry errors.

    “each bivariate correlation included in our meta-analysis was double-entered prior to analysis to reduce data entry errors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The majority of included effect sizes were unpublished, which mitigates publication bias concerns, but the authors could not determine the extent to which publication bias influenced the accuracy of the results.

    “While the majority of the included effect sizes were unpublished, which mitigates these concerns, we were nonetheless unable to determine the extent to which publication bias influenced the accuracy of our results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Individually, perceived burdensomeness may be a more important contributor to suicidal behavior, but when capability for suicide is considered, thwarted belongingness may play a greater role.

    “These findings suggest that individually, perceived burdensomeness may be a more important contributor to suicidal behavior; however, in the context of capability for suicide, thwarted belongingness may play a greater role.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The weaker association between thwarted belongingness and suicide risk in military samples may also reflect underreporting of suicidal symptoms.

    “the weaker association between thwarted belongingness and suicide risk in military samples may also reflect an underreporting of suicidal symptoms”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Anestis & Green, 2015 source
    • cites Ribeiro et al., 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The review used a rigorous and thorough search strategy to identify relevant peer-reviewed papers.

    “we employed a rigorous and thorough search strategy to identify relevant peer-reviewed papers”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The interpersonal theory may illuminate which individuals are likely to die by suicide, but it is less specific about when such self-harm may occur.

    “Though the interpersonal theory may illuminate which individuals are likely to die by suicide, the theory is less specific regarding when such self-harm may occur.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The review adjusted for the use of different measures of suicide ideation and attempts and incorporated studies using a non-specific suicide measure.

    “this review adjusted for the use of different measures of suicide ideation and attempts and incorporated studies using a non-specific suicide measure (i.e., assessing suicide risk).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    The lack of significant moderation effects may have been due to the restricted range of effect sizes and insufficient power given the heterogeneity of study settings.

    “the lack of significant moderation effects may have been due to the restricted range of effect sizes and insufficient power given the heterogeneity of study settings”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ma et al., [2016]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The relatively small effect sizes yielded by this meta-analysis may be due to imprecise testing of the theory's propositions.

    “the relatively small effect sizes yielded by this meta-analysis may be due to imprecise testing of the theory’s propositions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Because nearly half of the studies examined U.S. college young adults, the results may not represent other populations, particularly individuals at elevated risk for suicide death.

    “our results may not represent other populations of interest, particularly individuals at elevated risk for suicide death.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Individuals may be more willing to report feelings of social isolation or perception of being a burden than suicidal ideation.

    “individuals may be more willing to report their feelings of social isolation or perception of being a burden than suicidal ideation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Podlogar et al., 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Capability for suicide likely has a genetic component.

    “capability for suicide likely has a genetic component”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Smith et al., 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Heterogeneity of the studies included in the meta-analysis may have produced underinflated effects.

    “due to heterogeneity of studies included in the meta-analysis may have produced underinflated effects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
113 of 113

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The constructs of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are unidimensional and multifaceted.

    “Each of these constructs is conceptualized as unidimensional and multifaceted.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The INQ does not measure hopelessness about perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness.

    “which does not measure hopelessness about perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Suicide attempt history is often not normally distributed, especially in community samples.

    “Suicide attempt history is often not normally distributed, especially in community samples.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are multifaceted, and the INQ captures only one facet of each.

    “thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are multifaceted and the INQ only captures one facet of each.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Online protocols provide participants with greater privacy.

    “online protocols may provide participants with greater privacy”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Suicide risk measures such as the SBQ-R do not distinguish between suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors.

    “suicide risk measures (e.g., SBQ-R) do not delineate between suicidal ideation and behaviors”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Feeling a burden, having little or no social support, and depleted resilience increase the likelihood that entrapment will be translated into suicidal ideation/intent.

    “Conversely, feeling a burden [51], having little or no social support [52] and depleted resilience [53] will each increase the likelihood that entrapment will be translated into suicidal ideation/intent”

    From The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [51]

    The Discussion (page not provided) reports that greater perceived burdensomeness is associated with more severe suicidal ideation, supporting the part of the sentence cited to this paper: feeling like a burden. It does not show that burdensomeness specifically increases the likelihood of entrapment becoming suicidal ideation or intent; the reported findings are associations, not a test of that transition. The separate claims about social support and resilience have their own citations and are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide is supported by several empirical studies linking thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness to greater suicide risk, though these studies yielded small-to-moderate effects.

    “This theory is supported by several empirical studies linking thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness to greater suicide risk (for a systematic review and meta-analysis, see Chu et al., 2017). Notably, however, these studies yielded small-to-moderate effects (Chu et al., 2017; Joiner et al., 2009).”

    From Toward objective characterizations of suicide risk: A narrative review of laboratory-based cognitive and behavioral tasks (2023) · cites this paper as Chu et al., 2017

  • Meta-analyses of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicidal Behavior and the Integrative Motivational-Volitional Model show effects that are comparatively small and do not exceed the predictive power found in other meta-analyses.

    “Meta-analyses of two important theoretical models, the Interpersonal Theory of Suicidal Behavior (19) and the Integrative Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior (20, 21), show results that are consistent with the theories. The effects are, however, comparatively small (22, 23) and do not exceed the predictive power found in the other meta-analyses described above.”

    From Suicide risk assessment: clinical implications of the unpredictability of suicidal behavior (2026) · cites this paper as [22]

  • The components of acquired capability for suicide (fearlessness about death and increased physical pain tolerance) are volitional moderators.

    “the IMV model proposes that the components of the acquired capability for suicide (fearlessness about death and increased physical pain tolerance [12,51]) are VMs”

    From The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [51]

  • A recent meta-analysis yielded clear support for the perceived burdensomeness-suicidal thoughts relationship, whereas evidence for thwarted belongingness was less strong.

    “A recent metaanalysis yielded clear support for the perceived burdensomeness -suicidal thoughts relationship whereas the evidence for thwarted belongingness was less strong (Chu et al., 2017).”

    From Exploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: a theory driven network analysis. (2019) · cites this paper as Chu et al., 2017

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentz = 26.26reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “(z = 26.26, p < .001”

  • Consistentz = 10.19reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “(z = 10.19, p < .001”

  • Consistentz = 16.21reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “(z = 16.21, p < .001”

3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Claim of no moderators conflicts with reported moderator result

    Major

    The Discussion says no significant moderators were found for models testing the main hypotheses. Results nevertheless report a significant sex-composition moderator for the model relating the two-way interaction to suicidal ideation.

  • An Egger-test confidence interval conflicts with its nonsignificant p-value

    Major

    The reported 95% confidence interval for this test excludes zero, but its reported two-sided p-value is 0.101. The text uses that p-value to classify the theory-hypothesis model as showing no publication bias.

  • Study-selection flowchart is assigned two figure numbers

    Minor

    The study-selection flowchart is identified as Figure 1 in Results but as Figure 2 in Methods.

  • Impact-factor moderator coefficient and standard error do not yield its z-value

    Minor

    Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 25, not the stated z-value of 2.03. Rounding at the printed precision cannot account for that gap.

    Reported 2.03 · recomputed 25

  • Cross-sectional study share changes between sections

    Minor

    The Results report that 92.3% of samples were cross-sectional, while the Discussion gives 93.1% for the same study design.

  • Discussion overlooks a significant hopelessness interaction

    Minor

    The Discussion says the proxy-hopelessness approach produced no significant effects, but Results report a significant association with suicidal ideation for that interaction.

  • Final article count does not follow the reported exclusions

    Minor

    The selection account identifies 153 remaining references and 17 subsequent exclusions. That leaves 136 references, not the reported 130 articles; no further six exclusions are stated.

    Reported 130 · recomputed 136

  • The review says both that every study used the INQ and that some did not

    Minor

    The discussion says all included studies used the INQ, but the results identify five samples that did not.

  • The study-selection account assigns different roles to the same 382 reports

    Minor

    The methods say 382 reports remained after the initial title-and-abstract screening. The results instead say 382 were screened and 229 were excluded at that stage.

  • The discussion overlooks reported moderators of main-hypothesis models

    Minor

    The results identify significant moderators for the two-way ideation model and the three-way attempt model. The discussion nevertheless says no significant moderators were found for models testing the main hypotheses.

  • A reported moderator z-score does not match its coefficient and standard error

    Minor

    Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 25, not 2.03. Rounding at the displayed precision cannot explain the difference.

    Reported 2.03 · recomputed 25

  • The printed heterogeneity formula disagrees with the reported result

    Minor

    Applied as printed, the I2 formula cannot produce the reported 97.3% from Q = 3515.1 and 97 studies. That result requires subtracting the degrees of freedom from Q before dividing by Q.

12 of 12

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 241 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., Rogers, M. L., Podlogar, M. C., Chiurliza, B., Ringer, F. B., Michaels, M. S., Patros, C. H. G., & Joiner, T. E.
Affiliations
  • Florida State University (US)
  • Louisiana State University (US)
  • Temple University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Bulletin
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2017-12
Volume
143
Issue
12
Pages
1313-1345
ISSN
  • 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1455
DOI
10.1037/bul0000123
PMC
PMC5730496
OpenAlex
W2766751125
Cited by
1,231
References
241
Citations by year
2026: 159 · 2025: 230 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 6
FWCI
11.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Civil War Book Review (acceptedVersion)
  • Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH093311-04)
  • Military Suicide Research Consortium (W81XWH-10-2-0181, W81XWH-16-2-0003)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords
interpersonal theory of suicide, suicidal ideation, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, previous suicide attempts, suicide risk, suicidal behavior
MeSH terms
Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Suicide, Internationality, Suicidal Ideation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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