Cited by 1,231Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 240 of the 241 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 46 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research.

Open access

Chu, Carol, Buchman-Schmitt, Jennifer M., Stanley, Ian H., Hom, Melanie A., Tucker, Raymond P., Hagan, Christopher R., Rogers, Megan L., Podlogar, Matthew C., Chiurliza, Bruno, Ringer, Fallon B., Michaels, Matthew S., Patros, Connor H. G., Joiner, Thomas E.·2017·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/bul0000123PMC PMC5730496

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Abstract

Over the past decade, the interpersonal theory of suicide has contributed to substantial advances in the scientific and clinical understanding of suicide and related conditions. The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that suicidal desire emerges when individuals experience intractable feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness and near-lethal or lethal suicidal behavior occurs in the presence of suicidal desire and capability for suicide. A growing number of studies have tested these posited pathways in various samples; however, these findings have yet to be evaluated meta-analytically. This paper aimed to (a) conduct a systematic review of the unpublished and published, peer-reviewed literature examining the relationship between interpersonal theory constructs and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, (b) conduct meta-analyses testing the interpersonal theory hypotheses, and (c) evaluate the influence of various moderators on these relationships. Four electronic bibliographic databases were searched through the end of March, 2016: PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Hypothesis-driven meta-analyses using random effects models were conducted using 122 distinct unpublished and published samples. Findings supported the interpersonal theory: the interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with suicidal ideation; and the interaction between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and…

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Crossref · 10.1037/bul0000123

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240 of 240 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Probably not a substantial claim. 66
It may state two separate claims as one. 61
The quote only partly states this claim. 2

The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Implicit measurement of suicide-related constructs (e.g., through reaction time-based tasks) may be an effective strategy to circumvent these concerns”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nock & Banaji, 2007 source
- Supported
  The Abstract says people considering suicide are often unwilling to report their intentions and that implicit-cognition measures may help detect behaviors unlikely to be reported. It also describes the implicit association test used in the study. This supports the hedged claim that implicit measurement may help circumvent disclosure concerns. (LLM, conf=0.93)
  cites Nock et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The INQ was not used in five samples and the ACSS was not used in three samples—these studies used proxies drawn from multiple measures (e.g., Christensen et al., 2013), the Perceived Burdensomeness Scale (Peak et al., 2016), and the Acquired Capability With Rehearsal for Suicide Scale (George et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Results > Sample Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Christensen et al., 2013
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peak et al., 2016 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites George et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 5
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“only two versions of the ACSS have been validated and published (Ribeiro et al., 2014; Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008); however, at least five versions of the ACSS were used to measure capability for suicide (4-, 5-, 7-, 13-, and 20-item versions).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ribeiro et al., 2014 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the propositions of the interpersonal theory of suicide largely stand up to empirical scrutiny, these suicide risk correlates demonstrated only modest-at-best clinical significance”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al., 2017 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We also manually searched the reference lists of relevant manuscripts, including the recent systematic review of the interpersonal theory (Ma et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Search for Studies
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ma et al., 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a random effects model, a study is weighted based on its own population, not sample size, providing a more balanced assignment of weights (Borenstein, Hedges & Rothstein, 2007).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Analytic plan
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein, Hedges & Rothstein, 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the INQ remains the mostly commonly utilized measure of these constructs and has demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including convergent validity (Van Orden et al., 2008).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Van Orden et al., 2008
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The INQ was created and validated as an English-language measure; however, several groups have translated the INQ into other languages, including Spanish (Garza & Pettit, 2010), German (Forkmann & Glaesmer, 2013; Hallensleben et al., 2016), Chinese (Zhang et al., 2013), French (Baertschi et al., 2017; Siefert-Boukaidi, Jover, Staccini, Pringuey, & Benoit, 2013), Portuguese (Campos & Holden, 2015),”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garza & Pettit, 2010 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Forkmann & Glaesmer, 2013
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhang et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, only one study has created a new measure of interpersonal needs; however, this measure only assesses perceived burdensomeness (Perceived Burdensomeness Scale; Peak et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peak et al., 2016 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the Q-value provides evidence that the true (between) effects vary, it does not evaluate the degree of between-study dispersion (Borenstein et al., 2007); thus, we also evaluated the I-squared (I2) index.”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Analytic plan
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein et al., 2007
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In two separate meta-analyses, the odds ratios for most risk and protective factors ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 (i.e., rs ~ 0.26–0.57; Franklin et al., 2017) and few exceeded 3.0 (r ~ 0.64; Large et al., 2011).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Support, Albeit Mixed, for the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Hypotheses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al., 2017 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Large et al., 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“individuals may still be reluctant to disclose this sensitive information due to stigma concerns”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anestis & Green, 2015 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Corrigan & Watson, 2002
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Hom, Stanley, Podlogar, & Joiner, 2017b
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“utilized a conservative data analytic approach (Borenstein et al., 2007)”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations of the Current Review and Meta-Analysis
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein et al., 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the weaker association between thwarted belongingness and suicide risk in military samples may also reflect an underreporting of suicidal symptoms”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Moderator Effects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anestis & Green, 2015 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ribeiro et al., 2015
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the lack of significant moderation effects may have been due to the restricted range of effect sizes and insufficient power given the heterogeneity of study settings”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Moderator Effects
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ma et al., [2016]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“individuals may be more willing to report their feelings of social isolation or perception of being a burden than suicidal ideation”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Podlogar et al., 2015 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“capability for suicide likely has a genetic component”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Smith et al., 2012
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

113 of 113

The paper relies on this without support.
The constructs of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are unidimensional and multifaceted.
“Each of these constructs is conceptualized as unidimensional and multifaceted.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The INQ does not measure hopelessness about perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness.
“which does not measure hopelessness about perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness”
The paper relies on this without support.
Suicide attempt history is often not normally distributed, especially in community samples.
“Suicide attempt history is often not normally distributed, especially in community samples.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are multifaceted, and the INQ captures only one facet of each.
“thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are multifaceted and the INQ only captures one facet of each.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Online protocols provide participants with greater privacy.
“online protocols may provide participants with greater privacy”
The paper relies on this without support.
Suicide risk measures such as the SBQ-R do not distinguish between suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors.
“suicide risk measures (e.g., SBQ-R) do not delineate between suicidal ideation and behaviors”

6 of 6

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Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

Consistentz = 26.26reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 26.26, p < .001”
Consistentz = 10.19reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 10.19, p < .001”
Consistentz = 16.21reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 16.21, p < .001”

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Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Claim of no moderators conflicts with reported moderator result
Major
The Discussion says no significant moderators were found for models testing the main hypotheses. Results nevertheless report a significant sex-composition moderator for the model relating the two-way interaction to suicidal ideation.
An Egger-test confidence interval conflicts with its nonsignificant p-value
Major
The reported 95% confidence interval for this test excludes zero, but its reported two-sided p-value is 0.101. The text uses that p-value to classify the theory-hypothesis model as showing no publication bias.
Study-selection flowchart is assigned two figure numbers
Minor
The study-selection flowchart is identified as Figure 1 in Results but as Figure 2 in Methods.
Impact-factor moderator coefficient and standard error do not yield its z-value
Minor
Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 25, not the stated z-value of 2.03. Rounding at the printed precision cannot account for that gap.
Reported 2.03 · recomputed 25
Cross-sectional study share changes between sections
Minor
The Results report that 92.3% of samples were cross-sectional, while the Discussion gives 93.1% for the same study design.
Discussion overlooks a significant hopelessness interaction
Minor
The Discussion says the proxy-hopelessness approach produced no significant effects, but Results report a significant association with suicidal ideation for that interaction.
Final article count does not follow the reported exclusions
Minor
The selection account identifies 153 remaining references and 17 subsequent exclusions. That leaves 136 references, not the reported 130 articles; no further six exclusions are stated.
Reported 130 · recomputed 136
The review says both that every study used the INQ and that some did not
Minor
The discussion says all included studies used the INQ, but the results identify five samples that did not.
The study-selection account assigns different roles to the same 382 reports
Minor
The methods say 382 reports remained after the initial title-and-abstract screening. The results instead say 382 were screened and 229 were excluded at that stage.
The discussion overlooks reported moderators of main-hypothesis models
Minor
The results identify significant moderators for the two-way ideation model and the three-way attempt model. The discussion nevertheless says no significant moderators were found for models testing the main hypotheses.
A reported moderator z-score does not match its coefficient and standard error
Minor
Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 25, not 2.03. Rounding at the displayed precision cannot explain the difference.
Reported 2.03 · recomputed 25
The printed heterogeneity formula disagrees with the reported result
Minor
Applied as printed, the I2 formula cannot produce the reported 97.3% from Q = 3515.1 and 97 studies. That result requires subtracting the degrees of freedom from Q before dividing by Q.

12 of 12

Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
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BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · cited 1×
“Humans have a fundamental need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) that, when unmet, leads to a range of negative health outcomes (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2014; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; HoltLunstad, Smith, Baker, Harris, & Stephenson, 2015; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010), including increased…”
Background
The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · cited 1×
“…Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001), or Depression subscale of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995).”
Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel‐Plot–Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Beck Depression Inventory–II
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
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A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.12 · Cited by 6,793
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Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Suicide Status Form-IV
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“However, that without adequate training in the administration of the SSF-IV and relevant background information in cultural considerations for suicide (e.g., Chu et al., 2017), important culturally relevant information may not be assessed.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Family as a Pathway to Suicidal Behaviors Through Depression Symptoms and Internalized Homophobia
Boyd, D. T., Sterrett-Hong, E., Scott, E. D., Allen, J. L., Smith, B., & Quinn, C. R. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-01956-8 · Cited by 9
“The interpersonal theory of suicide postulates that disruptions in one’s sense of human connections, specifically the lack of social connections (thwarted belongingness) and perceived bur-densomeness, are associated with suicidal ideation and behavior [17].”
Network structure of adolescent social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties and their differential relationships with suicidality
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Hostility and Suicide Risk Among Veterans: The Mediating Role of Perceived Burdensomeness
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“According to the interpersonal model of suicide behaviour, experience oneself as not belonging––being profoundly alone and isolated––and perceiving oneself to be burdensome to others contributes to the intensity of suicidal ideation and behaviour.(32) Among individuals who may be at elevated risk of social isolation a…”
Background
Perceived skin tone discrimination and suicidal ideation Black Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life
Oh, H. Y., & Nicholson, H. L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.023 · Cited by 7
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Are all pain tolerance tasks the same? Convergent validity of four behavioral pain tolerance tasks, self‐reported capability for suicide, and lifetime self‐injurious behaviors
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Social network subtypes among socially disconnected older adults at risk for suicide: A latent class analysis
Parkhurst, K. A., Daks, J. S., Conwell, Y., Podgorski, C. A., & Orden, K. A. V. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12893 · Cited by 7
Associations of adverse and protective childhood experiences with thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicide risk among sexual minority men
Moody, R. L., Carter, J. A., Talan, A. J., Sizemore, K. M., Russell, S. T., & Rendina, H. J. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002823 · Cited by 7
Psychometric evaluation of the interpersonal needs questionnaire in the Indonesian language
Pandia, V., Fitriana, E., Afriandi, I., Purba, F. D., Danasasmita, F. S., Ichsan, A., & Pradana, K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279272 · Cited by 9
“This condition potentially develops in some situations such as people with chronic illness, unemployed, or having a family conflict [11, 12].”
Childhood trauma and real-world social experiences in psychosis
Steenkamp, L. R., Parrish, E. M., Chalker, S. A., Badal, V. D., Pinkham, A. E., Harvey, P. D., & Depp, C. A. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.039 · Cited by 7
Resting-state neural mechanisms of capability for suicide and their interaction with pain – A CAN-BIND-05 Study
Wang, S., Kennedy, S. H., Salomons, T. V., Ceniti, A. K., McInerney, S. J., Bergmans, Y., Pizzagalli, D. A., Farb, N. A. S., Turecki, G., Schweizer, T. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.147 · Cited by 8
How Job Stress and Psychological Adaptation Predicting Interpersonal Needs Among Female Migrant Manufacturing Workers in China: A Structural Equation Model
Wang, R., Yu, X., Chen, H., Hu, F., Xu, C., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Jin, L., Li, M., & Cai, Y. (2023) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2023.03.001 · Cited by 13
Characteristics and Correlates of Ten-Year Trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Older U.S. Military Veterans
Moye, J. A., Kaiser, A. P., Cook, J. M., Fischer, I. C., Levy, B. R., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2023) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2023.05.011 · Cited by 7
Active for Life after Cancer: Association of Physical Activity with Cancer Patients’ Interpersonal Competence, Quality of Life, and Survival Beliefs
Liu, Y., Jing, L., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Yuan, T., & Yang, J. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13060449 · Cited by 7
“They can be contrasted with good interpersonal competence, which helps people maintain good attitudes while dealing with various complex social relations, better adapt to society, and improve their quality of life [64].”
Background
A Real-Time Evaluation of Within-Person and Between-Person Risk for Suicidal Behaviors
Rogers, M. L. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00174-0 · Cited by 8
“…(Rogers et al., 2021, 2022a, b, c), hopelessness (Beck et al., 1985; Kleiman et al., 2018), perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness (Chu et al., 2017; Van Orden et al., 2010), fearlessness about death 1 3 International Journal of Cognitive Therapy (2024) 17:72–92 (Klonsky & May,…”
Self-citation
Prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation, cannabis, and alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan: findings from a joint-effect modeling
Adeyinka, D. A., Novik, N., Novotná, G., Bartram, M. H., Gabrys, R. L., & Muhajarine, N. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05051-w · Cited by 9
“This phenomenon is complemented by the interpersonal theory of suicide [4, 5], which posits that suicidal desire is a result of two interpersonal forces at work simultaneously—thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness [6].”
Background
A test of invariance of the construct of suicidal ideation across three diverse samples
Mandel, A. A., Kleiman, E. M., Johnson, S. L., Rogers, M. L., Jobes, D. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.055 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
The Link between Deployment-Related Injuries and Suicidal Thinking in the Army National Guard: Examining the Role of Perceived Burdensomeness and Hopelessness
Pardue-Bourgeois, S., Goldberg, S. B., Wyman, M. F., Abbas, M., Flynn, A. W. P., Domínguez, S., & Tucker, R. P. (2024) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2270667 · Cited by 6
“…bur-densomeness (the perception that one’s existence is a burden to family, friends, and society) has been shown to be a consistent correlate of the severity of SI (Chu et al., 2017) and has been shown to relate to recent SI severity in Army National Guard (ARNG) samples (Anestis et al., 2015).”
Self-citation
Open trial of a brief, web‐assisted behavioural intervention to reduce thwarted belongingness and suicidal ideation among adolescents: The Supporting Grieving Teens intervention
Hill, R. M., Oosterhoff, B. J., King, C. A., & Kaplow, J. B. (2022) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12582 · Cited by 6
Ambivalenzmodell der Suizidalität (ABS-Modell): Ein Verstehens- und Orientierungsmodell für die Behandlung suizidaler Personen
Teismann, T., & Forkmann, T. (2024) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000540043 · Cited by 7
Association of Pain Intensity and Sensitivity with Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents with Depressive Disorder
Shen, Q., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Cui, Y., Shang, J., Yuan, X., Geng, F., Sun, L., Liu, Z., Yang, R., et al. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s473074 · Cited by 6
“24 Studies have shown that individuals with suicidal and self-injurious behaviors exhibit higher pain threshold and tolerance.”
Background
The association between childhood maltreatment and pain sensitivity in a high-risk adolescent population
Zarchev, M. G., Kamperman, A. M., de Leeuw, T. G., Dirckx, M., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Mulder, C. L., & van Mil, N. H. G. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104750 · Cited by 7
Integrating Social Determinants With the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in a Study of Bipolar Outpatients
Mulligan, D. J., Taylor, A., & Lamis, D. A. (2025) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.70003 · Cited by 7
The interpersonal theory of suicide risk in male US service members/veterans: the independent effects of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness
Blais, R. K., & Grimm, K. J. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2439748 · Cited by 9
“As noted by Chu et al. (2017), prospective studies of the IPT are limited in military samples, and research could extend this body of work by including longitudinal studies.”
Prevalence and family function associated with suicide-related behaviors in vocational college population of southern China: the mediating role of depression
Wang, H., Zhong, Y., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1523253 · Cited by 7
Gender differences in the network of suicidal ideation, interpersonal needs and depressive symptoms among Chinese college students
Peng, J., & Ren, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95746-9 · Cited by 8
“Interpersonal needs arise from one of the most widely examined and empirically supported suicide theories— the interpersonal theory of suicide—and include two core constructs: perceived burdensomeness (PB) and thwarted belongingness (TB) 12–15 .”
Passive suicide ideation in major depressive disorder: prognostic role and effect of antidepressant treatment
Olgiati, P., Luca, M., Luca, A., Ferri, R., & Serretti, A. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.06.012 · Cited by 7
Childhood Maltreatment, Bullying, and Internet Addiction in Relation to Suicidal Ideation Among Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Mediation and Network Analysis
Lu, J., Li, S., Fan, T., Ni, X., Zhang, L., Chen, H., Chen, X., Tang, H., Ye, Y., Zhou, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/79858 · Cited by 9
“From the perspective of the interpersonal theory of suicide, SI arises from thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and the capacity for self-harm [90].”
Necessity causality in mental health research: Applying necessary condition analysis in clinical psychology and psychiatry
Marchetti, I., Koster, E. H. W., & Dul, J. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102689 · Cited by 10
Exploring the indirect effects of acute dissociation on capability and suicide risk: A multi‐method investigation with augmented reality
Caulfield, N. M., Karnick, A. T., Fergerson, A. K., Bauer, B. W., & Capron, D. W. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12863 · Cited by 6
Alexithymia and depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidal risk in Chinese male prisoners
Chen, P., Sun, X., Zhang, Q., Yang, C.-Y., Ye, X., Wang, Y., & Yang, X. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03975-2 · Cited by 6
“According to the interpersonal theory of suicide, thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness combine to generate desire for suicide (Chu et al., 2017; Van Orden et al., 2010).”
Background
Changes in suicide capability during short-term partial hospital treatment
Stewart, J. G., Meddaoui, B., Kaufman, E. A., Björgvinsson, Þ., & Beard, C. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100492 · Cited by 7
Interpersonal Well-Being and Suicidal Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Study of Adolescents: A Translational Study
Cohen, J. R., & Stutts, M. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01068-7 · Cited by 7
External Minority Stress, Gender Dysphoria, and Capability for Suicide Among Transgender Adults: A Daily Diary Study
Botelho, E., Mak, I., Clark, K. A., Brem, M. J., & Wolford‐Clevenger, C. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231188138 · Cited by 7
“However, the original conceptualization of capability as acquired has received greater empirical attention, with a meta-analysis supporting its association with suicide risk (Chu et al., 2017).”
Background
Fearlessness about death and suicidal ideation: Religious identity matters
Hart, F. G., Stewart, J. G., Hudson, C. C., Fan, K., Björgvinsson, Þ., & Beard, C. (2024) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13069 · Cited by 6
Familism moderates the association between parent-child conflict, interpersonal needs, and suicidal ideation among adolescents
Picou, P., Kemp, E. C., Ferreira, R., Sharp, C., & Hill, R. M. (2024) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045241235723 · Cited by 6
“These ﬁ ndings are consistent with some meta-analytic results from adult research, which found perceived burdensomeness was more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than thwarted belongingness (Chu et al., 2017).”
Indonesian Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Warning Signs and Beliefs about Suicide
Setiyawati, D., Puspakesuma, N., Jatmika, W. N., & Colucci, E. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14040295 · Cited by 15
“…we found in this study are congruent with the interpersonal theory of suicide that posits that thwarted belongingness together with perceived burdensomeness creates the desire to commit suicide, and once someone has the capabilities to act out the suicide, the risk of suicide becomes lethal [30].”
Result
The functional connectivity of the right superior temporal gyrus is associated with psychological risk and resilience factors for suicidality
Cattarinussi, G., Meda, N., Miola, A., & Sambataro, F. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.048 · Cited by 6
Beyond one-size-fits-all suicide prediction: Studying idiographic associations of risk factors for suicide in a psychiatric sample using ecological momentary assessment
Kraiss, J. T., Glaesmer, H., Forkmann, T., Spangenberg, L., Hallensleben, N., Schreiber, D., & Höller, I. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.07.050 · Cited by 7
The Association between Hyperactivity and Suicidal Behavior and Attempts among Children Referred from Emergency Departments
Shahnovsky, O., Apter, A. S., & Barzilay, S. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14100172 · Cited by 7
“IPTS assumptions have been supported in predicting suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents [30,31].”
Background
Maternal suicidality in Pakistan: Developing a critical feminist grounded theory to inform suicide prevention programs
Saeed, G., Mumtaz, S., Tanveer, J., Hamid, E., Jehan, S., Atiq, M., Kanwal, M., Sikander, S., Atif, N., Rahman, A., et al. (2024) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100356 · Cited by 6
Unmet Interpersonal Needs Contribute to Accepting Attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence
Smith, P. N., Basu, N., Wolford‐Clevenger, C., Schuler, K. R., Marie, L., Kuhlman, S. T. W., & Boone, S. D. (2020) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2020.1821855 · Cited by 6
“Further, based on a recent meta-analysis of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide constructs (Chu et al., 2017), perceived burdensomeness has a stronger associated with suicidal ideation than thwarted belongingness.”
Method
Better off with you: Exploring congruity between caregivers’ and Veterans’ experience of efforts to cope with suicide
Crasta, D. J., Spears, A. P., Sullivan, S. R., Britton, P. C., & Goodman, M. S. (2021) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2021.1959222 · Cited by 6
“Consistent with the previous literature (Chu et al., 2017), greater perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were significantly associated with greater suicidal ideation.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Theories of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: What Exists and What Is Needed to Advance Youth Suicide Research
Hausmann‐Stabile, C., Glenn, C. R., & Kandlur, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82465-5_2 · Cited by 11
Exploring interpersonal theory of suicide typologies in patients with cancer: A latent profile analysis
Fadoir, N. A., Marie, L., Basu, N., Schuler, K. R., Granato, S., & Smith, P. N. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.2021567 · Cited by 9
“Systematic and meta-analytic reviews of the IPTS find that perceived burdensomeness is an even stronger predictor of suicidal ideation than thwarted belongingness (Chu et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2016).”
Background
Attachment Style and Risk of Suicide Attempt Among New Soldiers in the U.S. Army
Wang, J., Naifeh, J. A., Mash, H. B. H., Morganstein, J. C., Fullerton, C. S., Cozza, S. J., Stein, M. B., & Ursano, R. J. (2022) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2022.2062661 · Cited by 6
“DISCUSSION As contemporary theoretical and empirical work emphasizes the role of interpersonal difficulties in suicide risk (Chu et al., 2017; Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010), this study examined associations of interpersonal attachment style with pre-enlistment suicidal behaviors among U.S.…”
Background
Identifying and Managing Suicidality in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Pain: Evidence-Based Treatment Strategies
Rice, T., & Sher, L. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s371832 · Cited by 7
“It has accrued substantial evidence.(73) Adolescents with chronic pain may perceive being a burden due to their pain, and that their pain may separate them from belonging to a group of healthy individuals.”
Background
A systems science approach to identifying data gaps in national data sources on adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in the United States
Giabbanelli, P. J., Rice, K., Nataraj, N., Brown, M. M., & Harper, C. R. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15320-8 · Cited by 6
“Such a map complements established theories of suicide [29, 30] by providing a fine-grained view of a complex system.”
Background
Suicide risk factors among older adults: Implications for counselors as Medicare providers
Mize, M. C., Shannonhouse, L., Minton, C. A. B., Fullen, M. C., Shaikh, A. N., & Westcott, J. B. (2024) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12512 · Cited by 7
The Contribution of Mentalization-Based Theory and Practice for Understanding and Treating Self-Injurious Behavior in Young People
Balzen, K. M., & Sharp, C. (2024) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2024.2311555 · Cited by 7
“In their meta-analytic review, Chu et al. (2017) discuss suggested interventions that can be used to treat suicidality by decreasing the severity of the IPTS constructs.”
BackgroundInfluential
Intergenerational mental health effects of traumatic victimization in Nepal: A 3-D theory study
Emery, C. R. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117020 · Cited by 6
Experimentally-enhanced perceptions of meaning confer resilience to the interpersonal adversity implicated in suicide risk
Collins, K. R. L., Legendre, M. N., Stritzke, W. G. K., & Page, A. C. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.07.004 · Cited by 6
Beyond the Search for Suigiston: How Evolution Offers Oxygen for Suicidology
Soper, C. A. (2019) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25466-7_3 · Cited by 7
Traumatizing Oneself—Deep Wrist Injuries Self‐Inflicted with Suicidal Intention are Associated with More Severe PTSD Symptomatology than Similar Injuries from Accidents
Westermair, A. L., Matzkeit, N., Waldmann, A., Stang, F. H., Mailänder, P., Schweiger, U., & Kisch, T. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12630 · Cited by 6
“Other shared vulnerability factors are social disconnectedness and deficits in problem‐ solving and emotion regulation (Brewin et al., 2000; Bryan, 2016; Chu et al., 2017).”
Background
Workplace bullying in healthcare facilities: Role of caste and reservation
Barua, M. P., & Verma, A. (2020) · Indian Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.20529/ijme.2020.107 · Cited by 6
An Examination of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide’s Tenets among Women with Bulimic-Spectrum Pathology
Lieberman, A. J., Joiner, T. E., Duffy, M. E., Wonderlich, S. A., Crosby, R. D., Mitchell, J. E., Crow, S. J., Peterson, C. B., Grange, D. L., & Bardone‐Cone, A. M. (2021) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2021.1917244 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Identifying Individuals at Risk of Suicide and Self-Harm in Jail
Cain, C. M., & Ellison, J. M. (2022) · Corrections · doi:10.1080/23774657.2022.2031350 · Cited by 6
“A recent meta-analysis of 114 studies comprised of diverse samples (e.g., older adults, psychiatric patients, students, sexual minorities, military personnel, and prisoners) found general support for ITS, though the effect sizes were small to moderate (Chu et al., 2017).”
Background
Fearlessness About Death is Related to Diminished Late Positive Potential Responses When Viewing Threatening and Mutilation Images in Suicidal Ideators
Bauer, B. W., Albanese, B. J., Macatee, R. J., Tucker, R. P., Bernat, E. M., Schmidt, N. B., & Capron, D. W. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10094-4 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidal Ideation: The Moderating Effect of Posttraumatic Cognitions
Whiteman, S. E., Witte, T. K., Cero, I., Kramer, L. B., & Weathers, F. W. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22598 · Cited by 9
Thwarted belongingness predicts greater neural reactivity to a novel social exclusion image set: Evidence from the late positive potential
Albanese, B. J., Capron, D. W., Macatee, R. J., Bauer, B. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12775 · Cited by 6
Musculação para um aluno com síndrome de down e o aumento da resistência muscular localizada
da Silva, C. A., Tonello, M. G. M., Gorla, J. I., & Calegari, D. R. (2007) · Lecturas: Educación física y deportes · Cited by 6
Editorial overview: Analytic and methodological innovations for suicide‐focused research
Bauer, B. W., Law, K. C., Rogers, M. L., Capron, D. W., & Bryan, C. J. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12664 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Loneliness partially mediates the relation between substance use and suicidality in Veterans
Schafer, K. M., Wilson, E., Campione, M. T., Dougherty, S. P., Melia, R., & Joiner, T. E. (2024) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2024.2307669 · Cited by 5
“For example, the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide is among the most-studied and most-accurate theories (Chu et al., 2017; Schafer et al., 2021, 2022) and proposes that thwarted belongingness (a construct akin to loneliness) is sufficient for the development and maintenance of suicidal ideation.”
Self-citation
Suicide attempts and correlates among in-school adolescents in Benin City, Nigeria
Jegede, T. O., Jegede, T. O., Omoaregba, J. O., & Arigbede, O. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00196-5 · Cited by 7
Suicidal Ideation in Older Adults: Exploring the Role of Depression, Hopelessness, Perceived Burdensomeness, and Thwarted Belongingness
Segal, D. L., Marty, M. A., Coolidge, F. L., & Armstrong, M. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251340310 · Cited by 8
The relationship between parenting behavior, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt across two population-based samples of adolescents
Stephenson, M. E., Salvatore, J. E., Lannoy, S., & Edwards, A. C. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.05.030 · Cited by 7
Impact of childhood trauma on suicidal ideation: Sequential mediating effects of interpersonal sensitivity and interpersonal needs
Lee, H., Cho, M., & Park, C. H. K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.05.021 · Cited by 5
Acute suicidal ideation in context: highlighting sentiment-based markers through the diary entries of a clinically depressed sample
Lekkas, D., Collins, A. C., Heinz, M. V., Griffin, T. Z., Pillai, A., Nepal, S. K., Mackin, D. M., Campbell, A. T., & Jacobson, N. C. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07108-4 · Cited by 4
Modeling the dynamics of perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and suicidal ideation in continuous time.
Blacutt, M. E., Jacobucci, R., & Ammerman, B. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0001048 · Cited by 5
Impact of Perceived Responses to Suicide-Related Disclosure on Future Suicide Ideation and Attempts among Adolescents
Sullivan, S. R., Rombola, C., Ortin‐Peralta, A., Carmichael, C. L., Ford, J. S., Waseem, M., & Miranda, R. (2025) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01389-9 · Cited by 5
“Much of the work to date on the relationship between TB, PB, and SI has been cross-sectional in design; and has relied on predominantly non-Hispanic White, college-aged samples; with very few studies available on adolescents or including ethnoracially minoritized populations (Chu et al., 2017).”
Testing the Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of suicidal behavior in a young Danish population
Christiansen, E., Konieczna, A., Larsen, C. P., Jakobsen, S. G., & O´Connor, R. C. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08049-2 · Cited by 5
Examining the relationship between suicide ideation frequency and intergenerational acculturative conflict between Mexican descent college students and their caregivers using the interpersonal theory of suicide
Meza, J. I., Piña‐Watson, B., López, D., Bonilla, G. G. S., Sanchez, M. R., Manzo, G., & Garcia, A. (2024) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13067 · Cited by 5
“Chu et al. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis using 122 distinct unpublished and published samples, concluding that the IPTS is a well-documented theory supported by various studies.”
Determining the MMPI‐3 SUI scale's cross‐sectional and prospective utility in suicide risk assessment
Morris, C. S., Keen, M. A., White, C., Ingram, P. B., Mitchell, S. M., & Victor, S. E. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23664 · Cited by 5
Negative life events and suicidality among adolescents in Western China: the mediating effect of depressive symptoms and the moderating effect of self-esteem
Yang, R., Tang, C., Zhang, Q., Peng, W., Zhang, M., Liu, Q., Li, Y., & Liu, Q. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02679-1 · Cited by 5
Motivations for suicide attempts and risk factors among youths in Western Iran: A cross‐sectional study
Darabı, F., Ziapour, A., & Ahmadinia, H. (2024) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.2297 · Cited by 5
“According to Joyner's interpersonal theory, 73 people with low education levels are exposed to hopelessness and thwarted belongingness due to insufficient job opportunities, economic problems, and unfavorable social conditions.”
Background
Association between frailty and suicidal ideation in older adults: A cross-sectional study
Jia, Y., Shi, H., Hu, F., Ge, M., Shen, L.-T., Du, W., Liu, P., & Chen, H. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.024 · Cited by 5
Suicide in Italy: Epidemiological Trends, Contributing Factors, and the Forensic Pathologist’s Role in Prevention and Investigation
Gualtieri, S., Lombardo, S., Sacco, M. A., Verrina, M. C., Tarallo, A. P., Carbone, A., da Costa, A. R., & Aquila, I. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14041186 · Cited by 6
“In the United States, in 2017, the male suicide rate was 3.67 times higher than the female suicide rate [22,23].”
Influential
Interpersonal Constructs in the Mediation of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Suicidal Ideation Among Outpatients With Major Depressive Disorder
Ko, J., & Park, C. H. K. (2025) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2025.40.e173 · Cited by 5
“15 Based on the results of a study performed on military personnel, it appears that even a small degree of perceived burdensomeness may exhibit a more pronounced association with suicidality 31 due to its lower frequency of endorsement compared with thwarted belongingness.”
Comfort Expressing Emotions and Suicide Ideation: Evidence of Indirect Effects Via Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness
Kassing, F., Dodd, C. G., Palmer, L. E., et al. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1841053 · Cited by 5
“Empirical support for the IPTS has been found in the literature across a diverse range of samples (for reviews, see Chu et al., 2017; Hill & Pettit, 2014; Stewart, Eaddy, Horton, Hughes, & Kennard, 2017).”
Background
Application of an accident approach to the study of acute suicidal episodes through repeated in-depth interviews
Nilsson, A. M., Skärsäter, I., Ehnvall, A., Beskow, J., & Wærn, M. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.2021566 · Cited by 5
“The threatening environment could involve situations leading to thwarted belongingness, a salient component of the interpersonal theory of suicide (Chu et al., 2017).”
Background
Understanding Suicide over the Life Course Using Data Science Tools within a Triangulation Framework
Johns, L., Zhong, C., & Mezuk, B. R. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20230003 · Cited by 5
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, negative social interactions, and fluctuations in unmet interpersonal needs: A daily diary study
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Villafaña, J. N. R., Silva, C., & Cárdenas, S. J. (2023) · Revista Internacional de Investigación en Adicciones · doi:10.28931/riiad.2023.1.03 · Cited by 5
“The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS; Joiner, 2005) is a prominent theory with empirical support worldwide (Chu et al., 2017).”
The development and validation of the Hopelessness Inventory-5 in a community-based sample
WANG, Y.-H. J., Batterham, P. J., Cruwys, T., & Calear, A. L. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100623 · Cited by 8
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“Conceptually the FAD scale is based on one of the most researched theories about suicide (Chu et al., 2017): The interpersonal theory of suicide explains the suicidal progression in two steps.”
BackgroundMethod
Understanding the impact of involuntary discoveries of nonsuicidal self-injury: a thematic analysis
Pugh, R. L., McLachlan, K., & Lewis, S. P. (2023) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2023.2297883 · Cited by 8
“Indeed, according to Joiner’s interpersonal theory of suicide, the interaction of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belonging-ness can give rise to suicidal desires (Chu et al., 2017; Joiner, Van Orden, Witte, & Rudd, 2009).”
Reframing the gender equity discussion in anaesthesiology: adopting best practices to promote physician retention and belonging
Silver, J. K., Feld, L. D., & Onwunyi, V. R. C. (2024) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.16288 · Cited by 5
“The interpersonal theory of suicide has been studied widely and posits that thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are drivers of ideation, attempts and fatalities [14].”
Background
The Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale 15 Item Self-Report Version (IGRS-15s): Exploring the Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties in a Sample of American Post 9/11 Active-Duty and Veteran Military Personnel
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“The individual sees themselves as defective enough to be a burden to others [15].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Internal Battles: Examining How Anger/Hostility Moderate the Association Between Negative Urgency and Suicidal Desire Variables in Military and Civilian Samples
Martin, R. L., Bauer, B. W., Smith, N. S., Daruwala, S. E., Green, B. A., Anestis, M. D., & Capron, D. W. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12616 · Cited by 5
The role of the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism in acquired capability for suicide
Wannemueller, A., Forkmann, T., Glaesmer, H., Juckel, G., Paashaus, L., Rath, D., Schönfelder, A., Moser, D., Kumsta, R., & Teismann, T. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12660 · Cited by 5

Authors: Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., Rogers, M. L., Podlogar, M. C., Chiurliza, B., Ringer, F. B., Michaels, M. S., Patros, C. H. G., & Joiner, T. E.
Affiliations: Florida State University (US)
Louisiana State University (US)
Temple University (US)
ORCID: Chu, Carol
Stanley, Ian H.
Hom, Melanie A.
Tucker, Raymond P.
Hagan, Christopher R.
Rogers, Megan L.
Podlogar, Matthew C.
Ringer, Fallon B.
Michaels, Matthew S.
Joiner, Thomas E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 143
Issue: 12
Pages: 1313-1345
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/bul0000123
PMC: PMC5730496
OpenAlex: W2766751125
Cited by: 1,231
References: 241
Citations by year: 2026: 159 · 2025: 230 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 11.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am, 329 d)
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (acceptedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH093311-04)
Military Suicide Research Consortium (W81XWH-10-2-0181, W81XWH-16-2-0003)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords: interpersonal theory of suicide, suicidal ideation, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, previous suicide attempts, suicide risk, suicidal behavior
MeSH terms: Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Suicide, Internationality, Suicidal Ideation

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The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research.

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