Cited by 1,231Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 240 of the 241 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 46 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research.

Open access

Chu, Carol, Buchman-Schmitt, Jennifer M., Stanley, Ian H., Hom, Melanie A., Tucker, Raymond P., Hagan, Christopher R., Rogers, Megan L., Podlogar, Matthew C., Chiurliza, Bruno, Ringer, Fallon B., Michaels, Matthew S., Patros, Connor H. G., Joiner, Thomas E.·2017·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/bul0000123PMC PMC5730496

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Abstract

Over the past decade, the interpersonal theory of suicide has contributed to substantial advances in the scientific and clinical understanding of suicide and related conditions. The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that suicidal desire emerges when individuals experience intractable feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness and near-lethal or lethal suicidal behavior occurs in the presence of suicidal desire and capability for suicide. A growing number of studies have tested these posited pathways in various samples; however, these findings have yet to be evaluated meta-analytically. This paper aimed to (a) conduct a systematic review of the unpublished and published, peer-reviewed literature examining the relationship between interpersonal theory constructs and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, (b) conduct meta-analyses testing the interpersonal theory hypotheses, and (c) evaluate the influence of various moderators on these relationships. Four electronic bibliographic databases were searched through the end of March, 2016: PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Hypothesis-driven meta-analyses using random effects models were conducted using 122 distinct unpublished and published samples. Findings supported the interpersonal theory: the interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with suicidal ideation; and the interaction between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and…

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Crossref · 10.1037/bul0000123

Cites

240 of 240 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Show all 145 claims

Probably not a substantial claim. 66
It may state two separate claims as one. 61
The quote only partly states this claim. 2

The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Implicit measurement of suicide-related constructs (e.g., through reaction time-based tasks) may be an effective strategy to circumvent these concerns”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nock & Banaji, 2007 source
- Supported
  The Abstract says people considering suicide are often unwilling to report their intentions and that implicit-cognition measures may help detect behaviors unlikely to be reported. It also describes the implicit association test used in the study. This supports the hedged claim that implicit measurement may help circumvent disclosure concerns. (LLM, conf=0.93)
  cites Nock et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The INQ was not used in five samples and the ACSS was not used in three samples—these studies used proxies drawn from multiple measures (e.g., Christensen et al., 2013), the Perceived Burdensomeness Scale (Peak et al., 2016), and the Acquired Capability With Rehearsal for Suicide Scale (George et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Results > Sample Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Christensen et al., 2013
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peak et al., 2016 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites George et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 5
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“only two versions of the ACSS have been validated and published (Ribeiro et al., 2014; Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008); however, at least five versions of the ACSS were used to measure capability for suicide (4-, 5-, 7-, 13-, and 20-item versions).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ribeiro et al., 2014 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Van Orden, Witte, Gordon, Bender, & Joiner, 2008
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the propositions of the interpersonal theory of suicide largely stand up to empirical scrutiny, these suicide risk correlates demonstrated only modest-at-best clinical significance”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al., 2017 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We also manually searched the reference lists of relevant manuscripts, including the recent systematic review of the interpersonal theory (Ma et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Search for Studies
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ma et al., 2016
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a random effects model, a study is weighted based on its own population, not sample size, providing a more balanced assignment of weights (Borenstein, Hedges & Rothstein, 2007).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Analytic plan
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein, Hedges & Rothstein, 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the INQ remains the mostly commonly utilized measure of these constructs and has demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including convergent validity (Van Orden et al., 2008).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Van Orden et al., 2008
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The INQ was created and validated as an English-language measure; however, several groups have translated the INQ into other languages, including Spanish (Garza & Pettit, 2010), German (Forkmann & Glaesmer, 2013; Hallensleben et al., 2016), Chinese (Zhang et al., 2013), French (Baertschi et al., 2017; Siefert-Boukaidi, Jover, Staccini, Pringuey, & Benoit, 2013), Portuguese (Campos & Holden, 2015),”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garza & Pettit, 2010 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Forkmann & Glaesmer, 2013
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zhang et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, only one study has created a new measure of interpersonal needs; however, this measure only assesses perceived burdensomeness (Perceived Burdensomeness Scale; Peak et al., 2016).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Predictors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Peak et al., 2016 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the Q-value provides evidence that the true (between) effects vary, it does not evaluate the degree of between-study dispersion (Borenstein et al., 2007); thus, we also evaluated the I-squared (I2) index.”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Method > Analytic plan
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein et al., 2007
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In two separate meta-analyses, the odds ratios for most risk and protective factors ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 (i.e., rs ~ 0.26–0.57; Franklin et al., 2017) and few exceeded 3.0 (r ~ 0.64; Large et al., 2011).”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Support, Albeit Mixed, for the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Hypotheses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al., 2017 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Large et al., 2011 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“individuals may still be reluctant to disclose this sensitive information due to stigma concerns”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anestis & Green, 2015 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Corrigan & Watson, 2002
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Hom, Stanley, Podlogar, & Joiner, 2017b
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“utilized a conservative data analytic approach (Borenstein et al., 2007)”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations of the Current Review and Meta-Analysis
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Borenstein et al., 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the weaker association between thwarted belongingness and suicide risk in military samples may also reflect an underreporting of suicidal symptoms”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Moderator Effects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anestis & Green, 2015 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ribeiro et al., 2015
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the lack of significant moderation effects may have been due to the restricted range of effect sizes and insufficient power given the heterogeneity of study settings”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Moderator Effects
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Ma et al., [2016]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“individuals may be more willing to report their feelings of social isolation or perception of being a burden than suicidal ideation”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Podlogar et al., 2015 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“capability for suicide likely has a genetic component”
§ The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Decade of Cross-National Research > Discussion > Limitations and Directions for Future Research from the Lens of the Interpersonal Theory
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Smith et al., 2012
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

113 of 113

The paper relies on this without support.
The constructs of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are unidimensional and multifaceted.
“Each of these constructs is conceptualized as unidimensional and multifaceted.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The INQ does not measure hopelessness about perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness.
“which does not measure hopelessness about perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness”
The paper relies on this without support.
Suicide attempt history is often not normally distributed, especially in community samples.
“Suicide attempt history is often not normally distributed, especially in community samples.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are multifaceted, and the INQ captures only one facet of each.
“thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are multifaceted and the INQ only captures one facet of each.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Online protocols provide participants with greater privacy.
“online protocols may provide participants with greater privacy”
The paper relies on this without support.
Suicide risk measures such as the SBQ-R do not distinguish between suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors.
“suicide risk measures (e.g., SBQ-R) do not delineate between suicidal ideation and behaviors”

6 of 6

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Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

Consistentz = 26.26reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 26.26, p < .001”
Consistentz = 10.19reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 10.19, p < .001”
Consistentz = 16.21reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 16.21, p < .001”

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Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Claim of no moderators conflicts with reported moderator result
Major
The Discussion says no significant moderators were found for models testing the main hypotheses. Results nevertheless report a significant sex-composition moderator for the model relating the two-way interaction to suicidal ideation.
An Egger-test confidence interval conflicts with its nonsignificant p-value
Major
The reported 95% confidence interval for this test excludes zero, but its reported two-sided p-value is 0.101. The text uses that p-value to classify the theory-hypothesis model as showing no publication bias.
Study-selection flowchart is assigned two figure numbers
Minor
The study-selection flowchart is identified as Figure 1 in Results but as Figure 2 in Methods.
Impact-factor moderator coefficient and standard error do not yield its z-value
Minor
Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 25, not the stated z-value of 2.03. Rounding at the printed precision cannot account for that gap.
Reported 2.03 · recomputed 25
Cross-sectional study share changes between sections
Minor
The Results report that 92.3% of samples were cross-sectional, while the Discussion gives 93.1% for the same study design.
Discussion overlooks a significant hopelessness interaction
Minor
The Discussion says the proxy-hopelessness approach produced no significant effects, but Results report a significant association with suicidal ideation for that interaction.
Final article count does not follow the reported exclusions
Minor
The selection account identifies 153 remaining references and 17 subsequent exclusions. That leaves 136 references, not the reported 130 articles; no further six exclusions are stated.
Reported 130 · recomputed 136
The review says both that every study used the INQ and that some did not
Minor
The discussion says all included studies used the INQ, but the results identify five samples that did not.
The study-selection account assigns different roles to the same 382 reports
Minor
The methods say 382 reports remained after the initial title-and-abstract screening. The results instead say 382 were screened and 229 were excluded at that stage.
The discussion overlooks reported moderators of main-hypothesis models
Minor
The results identify significant moderators for the two-way ideation model and the three-way attempt model. The discussion nevertheless says no significant moderators were found for models testing the main hypotheses.
A reported moderator z-score does not match its coefficient and standard error
Minor
Dividing the reported coefficient by its standard error gives 25, not 2.03. Rounding at the displayed precision cannot explain the difference.
Reported 2.03 · recomputed 25
The printed heterogeneity formula disagrees with the reported result
Minor
Applied as printed, the I2 formula cannot produce the reported 97.3% from Q = 3515.1 and 97 studies. That result requires subtracting the degrees of freedom from Q before dividing by Q.

12 of 12

Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · cited 1×
“Humans have a fundamental need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) that, when unmet, leads to a range of negative health outcomes (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2014; Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010; HoltLunstad, Smith, Baker, Harris, & Stephenson, 2015; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010), including increased…”
Background
The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · cited 1×
“…Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001), or Depression subscale of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995).”
Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel‐Plot–Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Beck Depression Inventory–II
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · Cited by 7,272
A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.12 · Cited by 6,793
Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 · Cited by 6,043

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Items 301–400 of 1,221

Suicide Risk in Persons with HIV/AIDS in South Korea: a Partial Test of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Shim, E., Lee, S. H., Kim, N. J., Kim, E. S., Bang, J. H., Sohn, B. K., Park, H. Y., Son, K., Hwang, H., Lee, K.-M., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-018-9749-5 · Cited by 14
Perceived burdensomeness, bullying, and suicidal ideation in suicidal military personnel
Crowell‐Williamson, G. A., Fruhbauerova, M., DeCou, C. R., & Comtois, K. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22836 · Cited by 17
Psychotherapy and youth suicide prevention: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of specialist clinicians' experiences
Janackovski, A., Deane, F. P., & Hains, A. R. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2536 · Cited by 18
Preadolescent Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: An Intensive Longitudinal Study of Risk Factors
Thompson, R. J., Whalen, D. J., Gilbert, K., Tillman, R., Hennefield, L., Donohue, M. R., Hoyniak, C. P., Barch, D. M., & Luby, J. L. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.03.018 · Cited by 14
“Meta-analytic evidence indicates that both constructs are signi ﬁ cantly associated with adult suicidal ideation, 16 and individual studies demonstrate similar associations in adolescents 29 ; however, their relevance in preadolescents is unexplored.”
Cross-sectional Study of Factors Associated With Suicide Ideation in Ontario Adolescents
Rakoff, J., Chavarria, J., Hamilton, H. A., & Elton‐Marshall, T. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437221111364 · Cited by 16
“The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide(4) attempts to explain suicide etiology and has garnered empirical support.(5) The theory hypothesizes that perceived burdensomeness (i.”
Background
Toward an integrative model of transdiagnostic risk factors and suicide: A network comparison of psychiatric outpatients
Karnick, A. T., Fergerson, A. K., Caulfield, N. M., Buerke, M. L., Albanese, B. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Capron, D. W. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.050 · Cited by 14
Daily‐level assessment of the contexts under which seeking social support relates to risk of suicidal thinking
Mournet, A. M., Kellerman, J. K., Yeager, A. L., Rosen, R. L., Kim, J. S., & Kleiman, E. M. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12911 · Cited by 14
“The relevance of perceived burdensomeness in the current results is consistent with prior research that has shown perceived burdensomeness to be a more robust predictor of suicidal ideation compared with thwarted belongingness (Chu et al., 2017; Hallensleben et al., 2019).”
Result
Studying the effects of sense of belonging to virtual communities in psychological well-being and adjustment to academic setting
Seijo, D., Vázquez, M. J., Pérez, M. N., & Rivera, F. F. (2023) · Educación XX1 · doi:10.5944/educxx1.31818 · Cited by 16
A systematic review of the relationship between death anxiety, capability for suicide, and suicidality
Sims, M. A., Menzies, R. E., & Menzies, R. G. (2023) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2023.2179686 · Cited by 15
“In another systematic and meta-analytic review, the capability for suicide was found to be significantly related (albeit weakly) to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts (Chu et al., 2017).”
Background
Self-hate, dissociation, and suicidal behavior in bulimia nervosa
Lieberman, A. J., Robison, M., Wonderlich, S. A., Crosby, R. D., Mitchell, J. E., Crow, S. J., Peterson, C. B., Grange, D. L., Bardone‐Cone, A. M., Kolden, G. G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.015 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Potential Mechanisms Underlying Suicidality in Autistic People with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Testing Hypotheses from the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Moseley, R. L., Gregory, N. J., Smith, P. L., Allison, C. L., Cassidy, S., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0042 · Cited by 22
“To date, the dominant paradigm in suicidology is the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS), 23–25 which holds that suicide ideation and suicide attempts are distinct phenomena dependent on speciﬁc proximal risk factors.”
Individual, organizational, and policy strategies to enhance the retention and a sense of belonging for health care professionals in rehabilitation medicine
Silver, J. K., Fleming, T. K., Ellinas, E. H., et al. (2024) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.13152 · Cited by 14
“18 The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that thwarted belongingness and the perception that one is a burden to others contributes to ideation, attempts, and mortality.”
Social disconnection correlates of a “Wish to Die” among a large community-dwelling cohort of older adults
Ward, M. D., Briggs, R., & Kenny, R. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1436218 · Cited by 18
“These findings provide support for the interpersonal theory of suicide, first proposed by Joiner (21, 22) and further developed by Van Orden et al. (6), which states that the WTD is a response to thwarted belongingness (unmet need for social connectedness) and perceived burdensomeness (on others).”
Result
Effectiveness of attachment-based family therapy for suicidal adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Schulte-Frankenfeld, P. M., Breedvelt, J., Brouwer, M. E., van der Spek, N., Bosmans, G., & Bockting, C. (2024) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.13717 · Cited by 18
“Increasing attention has recently been paid to the role that early childhood interper sonal and relational factors might play in the development and trajectory of mental health problems and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (Chu et al., 2017; Franzoi et al., 2024; Van Orden et al., 2010).”
Two pathways to suicidal intention in Ecuadorian adolescents: The role of parental and peer attachment, depression and impulsivity
Moyano, N., Vélez, K., Arias, A., & Sánchez-Fuentes, M. D. M. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00757-6 · Cited by 17
Mental health distress in homebound older adults: Importance of the aging network
Fullen, M. C., Shannonhouse, L., Mize, M. C., & Miskis, C. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1758920 · Cited by 15
“Chu et al. (2017) described ten studies in which the IPTS and related variables were applied to older adult samples.”
BackgroundInfluential
Suicidal Ideation in a Veterans Affairs Residential Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment Setting: The Roles of Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness
Martin, C. E., Pukay‐Martin, N. D., Blain, R. C., Dutton, C. E., & Chard, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22540 · Cited by 16
It’s interpersonal: Internalized weight bias and suicidality are associated indirectly via perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness.
Brochu, P., Veillette, L. A. S., Serrano, J., & Seidl, M. L. (2020) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000264 · Cited by 13
Suicide among LGBTQIA+ youth: A review of the treatment literature
Russon, J., Washington, R., Machado, A., Smithee, L. C., & Dellinger, J. (2021) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2021.101578 · Cited by 21
Growing together: interpersonal predictors of posttraumatic growth trajectory among suicide-loss survivors
Levi‐Belz, Y. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1958791 · Cited by 14
“The ITS posits that these two interpersonal dimensions comprise the fundamental causal interactive risk vs. resilience factors for distress (Chu et al., 2017; Van Orden et al., 2010).”
Background
Predictors of suicidal ideation in social anxiety disorder – evidence for the validity of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Chung, M., Forstner, A. J., Mücke, M., Geiser, F., Schumacher, J., & Conrad, R. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.017 · Cited by 14
An Integrated Conceptual Model to Understand Suicidality among Queer Youth to Inform Suicide Prevention
Williams, D. Y., Hall, W. J., Dawes, H. C., Rizo, C. F., & Goldbach, J. T. (2022) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc12060170 · Cited by 15
Refinement of the Role of Hopelessness in the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: An Exploration in an Inpatient Adolescent Sample
Elledge, D. K., Zullo, L., Kennard, B. D., Diederich, A., Emslie, G. J., & Stewart, S. M. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1661896 · Cited by 16
Repeated Police Mental Health Act Detentions in England and Wales: Trauma and Recurrent Suicidality
Warrington, C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16234786 · Cited by 14
Suicidal Ideation Profiles in Patients with Fibromyalgia Using Transdiagnostic Psychological and Fibromyalgia-Associated Variables
Ordóñez-Carrasco, J. L., Sánchez‐Castelló, M., Calandre, E. P., Cuadrado, I., & Tejada, A. J. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010209 · Cited by 15
“This result is in line with the growing empirical evidence that perceived burdensomeness is more related to suicidal ideation than thwarted belongingness [70,71].”
Result
Mental images of suicide: Theoretical framework and preliminary findings in depressed youth attending outpatient care
de Rozario, M. R., van Velzen, L. S., Davies, P., Rice, S., Davey, C. G., Robinson, J., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Allott, K., McKechnie, B., Felmingham, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100114 · Cited by 15
The temporal dynamics of the wish to live and the wish to die among suicidal individuals
Bryan, C. J. (2020) · Alternatives to Suicide · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814297-4.00004-2 · Cited by 13
Suicide and self-harm in older adults
Connors, M. H., Draper, B., Wand, A. P. F., Leo, D. D., & Reppermund, S. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00454-w · Cited by 17
“Risk factors relating to both constructs also increase in old age, which could account for the corresponding increases in suicide rates 155 .”
The applicability of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicide among community‐dwelling older persons
Shim, Y., Choe, K., Kim, K., Kim, J., & Ha, J. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12757 · Cited by 17
Patients with first versus multiple episodes of self-harm: how do their profiles differ?
Golay, P., Ostertag, L., Costanza, A., der Vaeren, B. V., Dorogi, Y., Saillant, S., & Michaud, L. (2021) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-021-00351-5 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, low social support is related to loneliness, which can increase interpersonal difficulties—both with relatives and with health care providers—in a vicious circle, and perceived burdensomeness—a risk factor for suicidal behavior [35, 36]—prevents repeaters from reporting their feelings and seeking help fro…”
Background
Developing a competency framework for managers to address suicide risk in the workplace
O’Brien, S., Galavan, E., & O’Shea, D. E. (2021) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21437 · Cited by 18
“A meta-analysis confirmed the interaction between perceived burdensomeness and thwarted connectedness simultaneously in developing suicidal desire, as well as the three-way interaction including capability (Chu et al., 2017).”
Background
Examining the Relationship between Academic Expectations and Suicidal Ideation among College Students in India Using the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Ortiz, S. N., Aggarwal, P., Jain, A. T., Singh, N. P., George, T. S., Smith, A. R., & Raval, V. V. (2022) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2022.2110026 · Cited by 18
“These findings align with Chu and colleagues ’ (Chu et al., 2017) meta-analysis of IPTS research over the past decade.”
Result
Witnessing cyberbullying and suicidal ideation among middle school students
Doumas, D. M., & Midgett, A. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22823 · Cited by 16
Clinically Significant Scores for Thwarted Belonging and Perceived Burden from the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ-15)
Silva, C., Smith, P. N., Rogers, M. L., Joiner, T. E., Foote, B., & Orden, K. A. V. (2023) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000898 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation characteristics in depressed adolescents with suicide attempts: a resting-state fMRI study
Hu, C., Jiang, W., Huang, J., Lin, J., Huang, J., Wang, M., Xie, J. M., & Yuan, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1228260 · Cited by 12
The role of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness in passive suicide ideation among Latinx and Black youth
Vélez-Grau, C., Mcternan, M., Mufson, L., & Lindsey, M. A. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour · doi:10.1111/sltb.13003 · Cited by 18
A Prospective Examination of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents
King, C. A., Brent, D. A., Grupp‐Phelan, J., Page, K., Czyz, E. K., McGuire, T. C., Mahabee‐Gittens, E. M., Block, L., & Casper, T. C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2024.2330068 · Cited by 13
“…suggests that perceived burdensomeness (PB) may be more important than thwarted belongingness (TB) to our understanding of suicide risk (e.g., Chu et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2016), although findings have been mixed (e.g., Czyz et al., 2015) and few prospective studies have examined these…”
Influential
Suicide ideation and male-female differences in major depressive disorder
Olgiati, P., Pecorino, B., & Serretti, A. (2024) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2024.2335950 · Cited by 14
“…means of a clinical scale for depression and not using specific scales; other suicidal variables (e.g., thwarted belongingness; burdensomeness etc) (chu et al., 2017) were not investigated. another caveat involved the assessment of mixed features: in fact, the asRM scale used in this study did not…”
Method
School leadership fostering mental health in the times of crisis: synthesis of school principals’ views and PISA 2022
Ertem, H. Y. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02195-6 · Cited by 14
Suicide Risk Evaluations and Suicide in the Veterans Health Administration
Saulnier, K. G., Bagge, C. L., Ganoczy, D. A., Bahraini, N. H., Jagusch, J., Hosanagar, A., Ilgen, M. A., & Pfeiffer, P. N. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.61559 · Cited by 14
Quality of life, depression, and psychosocial mechanisms of suicide risk in prostate cancer
Tripp, D. A., Mihajlovic, V., Fretz, K. M., Fervaha, G., Izard, J., Corby, R., & Siemens, D. R. (2019) · Canadian Urological Association Journal · doi:10.5489/cuaj.6310 · Cited by 16
Hopelessness, Interpersonal, and Emotion Dysregulation Perspectives on Suicidal Ideation: Tests in a Clinical Sample
Schafer, K. M., Kennedy, G. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1859031 · Cited by 14
“A recent meta-analysis (Chu et al., 2017) indicated that IPTS constructs, including interactions, were significant but moderate predictors of suicidal ideation.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness, mediates the impact of PTSD symptom clusters on suicidal ideation modeled longitudinally
Kolnogorova, K., Allan, N. P., Moradi, S., & Stecker, T. A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.079 · Cited by 12
Depression symptoms as a mediator between social support, non-suicidal self-injury, and suicidal ideation among Arab adolescents in Israel
Madjar, N., Daka, D., Zalsman, G., & Shoval, G. (2021) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034321998741 · Cited by 24
“Thoughts about suicide in the last two weeks were evaluated using three items of Paykel Suicide Scale (Meneese et al., 1992; Paykel et al., 1974) (e.g., “In the last two weeks, have you felt life not worth living”).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Suicide ideation among Southern U.S. Sexual minority college students
Wolford‐Clevenger, C., Frantell, K. A., Brem, M. J., Garner, A. R., Florimbio, A. R., Grigorian, H. L., Shorey, R. C., & Stuart, G. L. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1531088 · Cited by 15
“…building evidence that perceived burdensomeness may be a more salient correlate of suicide ideation than thwarted belongingness (Baams et al., 2015; Cero, Zuromski, Witte, Ribeiro, & Joiner, 2015; Chu et al., 2017; Hill & Pettit, 2012; Kim & Yang, 2015; Silva et al., 2015; Woodward et al., 2014).”
Background
Suicide and Types of Agriculture: A Time‐Series Analysis in Japan
Kanamori, M., & Kondo, N. (2019) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12559 · Cited by 17
“…theory of suicide by Joiner, repeated exposure to physically painful and/or fear-inducing might appear in habituation and a sense of fearlessness to the death and produce capability for suicide, possibly causing suicidal behavior (Chu et al., 2017; Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethod
Self-Contempt as a Predictor of Suicidality
Rüsch, N., Oexle, N., Thornicroft, G., Keller, J., Waller, C., Germann, I., Regelmann, C. A., Noll‐Hussong, M., & Zahn, R. (2019) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001079 · Cited by 13
“Conceptually and consistent with the interpersonal theory of suicide, negative emotions about oneself lead to perceived burdensomeness and a reduced sense of belongingness, which in turn increase hopelessness and suicidality (Chu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResult
Lower intimate relationship satisfaction among partnered female service members/veterans is associated with the presence of suicidal ideation.
Blais, R. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22939 · Cited by 10
“Unfortunately, poor interpersonal functioning is considered a key risk factor for suicide (e.g., see review, Chu et al., 2017; Joiner, 2005; Till, Tran, & Niederkrotenthaler, 2017).”
Background
Arrest History and Psychopathology Among Veterans at Risk for Suicide
Edwards, E. R., Gromatsky, M. A., Sissoko, D. R. G., Hazlett, E., Sullivan, S. R., Geraci, J. C., & Goodman, M. (2020) · Psychological services · doi:10.1037/ser0000454 · Cited by 9
Childhood Trauma Associations With the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide and Social Cognitive Biases in Psychotic Disorders
Chalker, S. A., Parrish, E. M., Cano, M., Kelsven, S., Moore, R. C., Granholm, E. L., Pinkham, A. E., Harvey, P. D., & Depp, C. A. (2021) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001462 · Cited by 13
“The IPTS is a commonly cited psychological theory that posits that perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, acquired capability for suicide, and hopelessness converge to foster a lethal SA (Chu et al., 2017; Van Orden et al., 2010).”
Background
Association between Loneliness and Suicidal Thoughts and Attempts in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Analysis of a Nationally Representative US Sample
Jin, Y., Kieslich, K., Hall, A., & Pitman, A. (2025) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2025.2489159 · Cited by 14
“There is evidence to support these pathways in young adult samples, but not all were representative (Chu et al., 2017; Joiner et al., 2009).”
Exploring risk and protective factors which distinguish suicidal and self-harm behaviours from suicidal and self-harm ideation in young people: A systematic review
Etherson, M. E., Lee, S., Loney, K. J., Steward, I. P., Ward, J., McClelland, H., Kandola, A. A., Mendes, J. A. D. A., Hollis, C. P., Townsend, E., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0326381 · Cited by 15
Examining psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire among college students in India
Aggarwal, P., Ortiz, S. N., Jain, A. T., Velkoff, E. A., George, T. S., Smith, A. R., & Raval, V. V. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12809 · Cited by 13
Is Violence, Violence no Matter Where it Strikes? Adjudicated Boys, Thwarted Belongingness, Perceived Burdensomeness, and Acquired Capability for Suicide
Wyk, J. A. V. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211055080 · Cited by 12
“Capability for suicide combines reduced fear of death and physical pain tolerance, often collectively referred to as acquired capability (Chu et al., 2017).”
Background
Antidepressant emergent mood switch in major depressive disorder: onset, clinical correlates and impact on suicidality
Olgiati, P., & Serretti, A. (2023) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000479 · Cited by 12
“, 2018), thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness (Chu et al., 2017).”
Relations of body dissatisfaction with self-injurious thoughts and behaviours in clinical and non-clinical samples: a meta-analysis of studies published between 1995 and 2022
Ren, Y., Cui, S., Cui, T., Tang, C., Song, J., Jackson, T., & He, J. (2024) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2024.2310140 · Cited by 16
“Empirically, a cross-national meta-analysis of IPTS studies (Chu et al., 2017) found that thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness had small-to-medium-sized associations with suicidal ideation and attempts.”
A longitudinal network analysis of suicide risk factors among service members and veterans sampled for suicidal ideation or attempt
Smith, A. R., Forrest, L. N., Kinkel‐Ram, S. S., Grunewald, W., Tubman, S. D., Esche, A., & Levinson, C. A. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724000734 · Cited by 12
“Perceived burdensomeness has emerged as a robust predictor of suicidal ideation, and our results support past meta-analytic findings (Chu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResult
Innovation Culture and Millennial Characteristics: Determinants of Millennial Turnover Intention in the Banking Sector
Quashigah, S., & Amuzu, J. (2024) · Management Research Quarterly · doi:10.63029/8x367t04 · Cited by 12
A randomized clinical trial investigating perceived burdensomeness as a mediator of brief intervention effects on posttraumatic stress symptoms
Short, N. A., Boffa, J. W., Raudales, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.041 · Cited by 12
Change in suicidal ideation and associated factors among young adults in Hong Kong from 2018 to 2019: a latent transition analysis
Fong, T. C. T., Cheng, Q., & YIP, P. S. F. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02203-9 · Cited by 12
“According to the ideation-to-action framework [11], such a transition to the High-risk class could contribute to subsequent progression toward suicidal behaviors [13] when combined with an individual’s capability for suicide [10].”
Background
Establishing the psychometric properties and construct validity of the Painful and Provocative Events Scale-Revised
Forrest, L. N., Velkoff, E. A., Johnson, C. J., Luebbe, A. M., & Smith, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.074 · Cited by 11
The Predictive Role of Positive Mental Health for Attitudes Towards Suicide and Suicide Prevention: Is the Well-Being of Students of the Helping Professions a Worthwhile Goal for Suicide Prevention?
Stecz, P., Slezáčková, A., Millová, K., & Nowakowska‐Domagała, K. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00163-1 · Cited by 12
Peer mentorship to reduce suicide attempts among high-risk adults (PREVAIL): Rationale and design of a randomized controlled effectiveness-implementation trial
Lapidos, A., Abraham, K. M., Jagusch, J., Garlick, J., Walters, H., Kim, H. M., Vega, E., Damschroder, L. J., Forman, J. H., Ahmedani, B. K., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2019.105850 · Cited by 14
“While studies have not consistently replicated the theorized interactions between domains, the independent effects of the ITS domains have been found to be associated with suicide outcomes, thereby supporting the use of these constructs as intervention targets [15].”
Result
Routinized categorization of suicide risk into actionable strata: Establishing the validity of an existing suicide risk assessment framework in an outpatient sample
Gallyer, A. J., Chu, C., Klein, K. M., Quintana, J., Carlton, C. N., Dougherty, S. P., & Joiner, T. E. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22994 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Frustrated interpersonal needs as a motivational moderator in the integrated motivational-volitional model
Ordóñez-Carrasco, J. L., Cuadrado, I., & Tejada, A. J. R. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1783031 · Cited by 12
“meta-analysis (Chu et al., 2017) generally found sup-”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Suicide‐related interpersonal needs of young Iranian people: A preliminary validation of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness constructs
Amini‐Tehrani, M., Sadeghi, R., Nasiri, M., Jalali, T., & Zamanian, H. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2507 · Cited by 12
Chinese versions of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire: Psychometric properties, measurement invariance across gender and cultures
Lai, C. C. W., & Boag, S. (2021) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.436 · Cited by 14
Suicidality in childhood abuse survivors – the contribution of identification with the aggressor
Lahav, Y. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.138 · Cited by 12
Mapping the complexity of suicide by combining participatory modeling and network science
Giabbanelli, P. J., Galgoczy, M. C., Nguyen, D. M., et al. (2021) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM) · doi:10.1145/3487351.3488271 · Cited by 12
“Ideation-to-action theories of suicide [4, 5] and the social ecological model [6] have enabled important advances to suicidal behaviors (e.”
Background
Toward objective characterizations of suicide risk: A narrative review of laboratory-based cognitive and behavioral tasks
Lamontagne, S. J., Zabala, P. K., Zarate, C. A., & Ballard, E. D. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105361 · Cited by 12
Pet Attachment and the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
Douglas, V. J., Kwan, M. Y., & Gordon, K. H. (2021) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000822 · Cited by 11
Non‐response to questions about suicide ideation and attempts among veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study
Stanley, I. H., Marx, B. P., Nichter, B., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12860 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Exploring the Construct of Perceived Burdensomeness Among Suicidal Adolescents: An Intervention Development Study
Zullo, L., Mbroh, H., Moorehead, A., Lee, S. J. C., Kennard, B. D., & Stewart, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02310-4 · Cited by 11
“There are nearly two decades worth of empirical support for the IPTS and its separate constructs (Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010; Chu et al., 2017) and this study builds on this line of research to extend this model into the realm of theory-based intervention development.”
Background
Efficacy of BrighterSide, a Self-Guided App for Suicidal Ideation: Randomized Controlled Trial
Josifovski, N., Torok, M. H., Batterham, P. J., Wong, Q. J. J., Beames, J. R., Theobald, A., Holland, S., Huckvale, K., Riley, J., Cockayne, N. L., et al. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/55528 · Cited by 11
“In a similar vein, it could be argued that, given the identified relationship between thwarted belonging-ness and suicidal ideation [22,23], placing the onus on the participant to choose their method of interaction without the possibility of social connection (ie, no contact with another person)…”
Background
Lessons learned from efforts to prevent behavioral health problems and promote mental wellbeing in the US military
Willing, M. M. P., Nevers, J. I., Nofziger, D., Rogers, T., & Riggs, D. S. (2024) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2024.200330 · Cited by 14
Interpersonal relationships and suicidal ideation among Chinese youths: A network analysis
Ge, Y., & Zhang, M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.062 · Cited by 14
Suicide and suicidality in Australian Defence Force veterans: A systematic scoping review
Oltvolgyi, C. G., Meurk, C., & Heffernan, E. (2024) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674241246443 · Cited by 12
“These factors have been the basis for many studies in the US military setting (for example, Chu et al., 2017; Hom et al., 2019).”
Background
The narrative crisis model of suicide: A review of empirical evidence for an innovative dynamic model of suicide and a comparison with other theoretical frameworks
Bloch‐Elkouby, S., Rogers, M. L., Goncearenco, I., Yanez, N., Nemeroff, C. B., Chennapragada, L., Cohen, L. J., & GALYNKER, I. I. (2024) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2024.100131 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Assessment of the relationship between living alone and suicidal behaviors based on prospective studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Luo, Z., Wang, J., Chen, X., Cheng, D., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1444820 · Cited by 14
Phenome-wide diagnostic comparison among suicide deaths and living individuals with chronic pain diagnoses
DiBlasi, E., Kaufman, E. A., Webster, S., Hagn, E. E., Shabalin, A. A., Chen, D., Han, S., Jawish, R., Monson, E. T., Staley, M., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03794-1 · Cited by 12
“This is important, as perceived burdensomeness is a major risk factor for suicide in and of itself [34] and interpersonal relationships and social responses to pain affect how an individual perceives their pain and even their responsiveness to treatment [5].”
Identifying subgroups within a sample of adults with a suicide attempt history using the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide
Wong, Q. J. J., Torok, M. H., van Spijker, B. A. J., Werner‐Seidler, A., Calear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., Han, J., & Christensen, H. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113406 · Cited by 11
The significance of the Interpersonal‐Psychological Theory of Suicide in an oncological context—A scoping review
Schomberg, J., Teismann, T., Bussmann, S., Vaganian, L., Gerlach, A. L., & Cwik, J. C. (2020) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.13330 · Cited by 12
Suicide capacity within the ideation-to-action framework: a scoping review protocol
Bayliss, L. T., Lamont‐Mills, A., du Plessis, C., & Morgan, T. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043649 · Cited by 11
Adaptación al español de las escalas de derrota y atrapamiento en jóvenes adultos: propiedades psicométricas
Ordóñez-Carrasco, J. L., Cuadrado, I., & Tejada, A. J. R. (2021) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082021000100017 · Cited by 15
Internal entrapment and fearlessness about death as precipitants of suicidal thoughts and planning in the context of post‐traumatic stress disorder
Oakey‐Frost, N., Harris, J. A., May, A. M., Bryan, A. O., Tucker, R. P., & Bryan, C. J. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12815 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
The impact of the global COVID ‐19 pandemic on risk factors for suicide in healthcare workers: A narrative review
Zohn, J. H., & Hovis, S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16651 · Cited by 11
Perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and hopelessness as predictors of future suicidal ideation in Spanish university students
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“Some authors have found that the literature on the IPTS mainly uses cross-sectional methodologies (93%-95% of the studies) (Chu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Lack of Emotional Awareness is Associated with Thwarted Belongingness and Acquired Capability for Suicide in a Military Psychiatric Inpatient Sample
Baer, M. M., LaCroix, J. M., Browne, J. C., Hassen, H. O., Perera, K. U., Weaver, J. J., Soumoff, A. A., & Ghahramanlou‐Holloway, M. (2018) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12530 · Cited by 14
Suicidal behaviors among American Indian/Alaska Native firefighters: Evidence for the role of painful and provocative events
Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Gallyer, A. J., Gray, J. S., & Joiner, T. E. (2019) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461519847812 · Cited by 13
“…suicide among AI/AN firefighters, specifically, the interpersonal theory of suicide may be illuminative (Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010; see Chu et al., 2017, for review) The interpersonal theory of suicide proposes that individuals will not engage in lethal or nearlethal behavior unless…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
From depressive symptoms to suicide risk: Roles of sense of belongingness and acquired capability for suicide in patients with mental disorders
Wang, S., Li, C., Jia, X., Lyu, J., Wang, Y., & Sun, H. (2020) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.334 · Cited by 12
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McIntyre, J. C., Elahi, A., Latham, C., Mullholland, H., Haines‐Delmont, A., Saini, P., & Taylor, P. J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.103 · Cited by 10
No pain, no gain? Associations of athletic participation with capability for suicide among college students
Dodd, D. R., Harris, K., Allen, K., Velkoff, E. A., & Smith, A. R. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12794 · Cited by 11
Understanding Patterns of Adolescent Suicide Ideation: Implications for Risk Assessment
Miranda, R., Ortin‐Peralta, A., Rosario‐Williams, B., Kelly, T. F., Macrynikola, N., & Sullivan, S. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82465-5_9 · Cited by 13
Clinical correlates and prognostic implications of severe suicidal ideation in major depressive disorder
Olgiati, P., Fanelli, G., & Serretti, A. (2023) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000461 · Cited by 13
“, 2018), thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness (Chu et al., 2017).”
Latent Profiles of Suicide Risk in University Students: a Multidimensional Model Integrating sleep, mood, interpersonal, and Behavioral Factors
Baldini, V., Varallo, G., Pisanò, G., Gnazzo, M., Ronchi, D. D., Tubbs, A. S., Brand, S., Plazzi, G., & Fiorillo, A. (2026) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-026-10256-9 · Cited by 11
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“Selection of the environmental and behavioral variables was based on the aforementioned empirical results [18, 19] and on theories of suicidal behavior that highlight individual differences in personality, stress exposure (particularly early life adversity), social cohesion, and cognitive style [4, 6, 20].”
Background
Interpersonal facilitators of complicated grief and depression in the aftermath of suicide loss: The mediated roles of suicide‐related shame and guilt
Levi‐Belz, Y. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12973 · Cited by 13
Self-burdensomeness, other-burdensomeness, and suicidal ideation
Teismann, T., Brailovskaia, J., Robison, M., & Joiner, T. E. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104388 · Cited by 10
Self-citation

Authors: Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., Rogers, M. L., Podlogar, M. C., Chiurliza, B., Ringer, F. B., Michaels, M. S., Patros, C. H. G., & Joiner, T. E.
Affiliations: Florida State University (US)
Louisiana State University (US)
Temple University (US)
ORCID: Chu, Carol
Stanley, Ian H.
Hom, Melanie A.
Tucker, Raymond P.
Hagan, Christopher R.
Rogers, Megan L.
Podlogar, Matthew C.
Ringer, Fallon B.
Michaels, Matthew S.
Joiner, Thomas E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 143
Issue: 12
Pages: 1313-1345
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/bul0000123
PMC: PMC5730496
OpenAlex: W2766751125
Cited by: 1,231
References: 241
Citations by year: 2026: 159 · 2025: 230 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 11.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am, 329 d)
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (acceptedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH093311-04)
Military Suicide Research Consortium (W81XWH-10-2-0181, W81XWH-16-2-0003)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords: interpersonal theory of suicide, suicidal ideation, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, previous suicide attempts, suicide risk, suicidal behavior
MeSH terms: Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Suicide, Internationality, Suicidal Ideation

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The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research.

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