When social isolation is nothing new: A longitudinal study on psychological distress during COVID-19 among university students with and without preexisting mental health concerns.
Open accessAbstract
Health ConcernsThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on college and university campuses internationally (e.g., widespread campus closures, transitions to online learning).Postsecondary students, who were already a developmentally vulnerable population, are now facing additional new challenges, which could lead to increased mental health concerns.However, there is a paucity of research on the psychological impacts of COVID-19, or who may be most at risk, among postsecondary students.To address these gaps in the literature, we recontacted a sample of 773 postsecondary students (74% female, Mage =18.52) who previously completed a survey on student mental health in May 2019, again in May 2020.Students filled out an online survey at both time points, reporting on their recent stressful experiences and mental health.Although we expected that students with preexisting mental health concerns would show increased psychological distress during the pandemic, this hypothesis was not supported.Instead, repeated-measures analyses demonstrated that students with preexisting mental health concerns showed improving or similar mental health during the pandemic (compared with one year prior).In contrast, students without preexisting mental health concerns were more likely to show declining mental health, which coincided with increased social isolation among these students.Our findings underscore that colleges and universities will not only need to continue to support students with preexisting mental health needs but also prioritize early prevention and intervention programming to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on students with increasing psychological distress, potentially stemming from increasing social isolation in response to the pandemic.
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During COVID-19, students with pre-existing mental health concerns tended to remain stagnant or slightly improve, while those without pre-existing conditions were more likely to report new concerns, increasing the overall number requiring mental health services.
“Students who had pre-existing mental health concerns prior to the COVID-19 pandemic tended to remain stagnant or slightly improve in terms of their mental health while those who had no pre-existing conditions were more likely to report new concerns, leading to an overall increase in the number of students requiring mental health services”
From A Scoping Review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Higher Education (2024) · cites this paper as Hamza et al., 2021
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeither Hamm et al. (2020) nor Hamza et al. (2021) found clear evidence of increased risk of suicidal ideation (older adults) or NSSI (students) during the pandemic.
“Neither Hamm et al., 2020 (trial participants with depression aged >60years) nor Hamza et al., 2021 (students) found clear evidence of increased risk of suicidal ideation (older adults) or NSSI (students) during the pandemic.”
From The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: update of living systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Hamza et al., 2021
Six studies present repeat survey data, with measures recorded during, as well as before, the pandemic.
“Six studies present repeat survey data, with measures recorded during, as well as before, the pandemic ( Hamm et al., 2020; Hamza et al., 2021; Raifman et al., 2020; Winkler et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020b; Zhang et al., 2020).”
From The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: update of living systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Hamza et al., 2021
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- Authors
- Hamza, C. A., Ewing, L., Heath, N. L., & Goldstein, A. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- McGill University (CA)
- Venue
- Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-30
- ISSN
- 0708-5591 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-7304
- OpenAlex
- W3084292719
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 26.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-04-12)
- Open access
- Locations
- Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Education › Education during COVID-19 pandemic
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, university students, student mental health, psychological distress, social isolation, stressful experiences
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