Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological impact of COVID-19 in the university community during the first weeks of confinement. A cross-sectional study was conducted. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) was employed to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. The emotional impact of the situation was analyzed using the Impact of Event Scale. An online survey was fulfilled by 2530 members of the University of Valladolid, in Spain. Moderate to extremely severe scores of anxiety, depression, and stress were reported by 21.34%, 34.19% and 28.14% of the respondents, respectively. A total of 50.43% of respondents presented moderate to severe impact of the outbreak. Students from Arts & Humanities and Social Sciences & Law showed higher scores related to anxiety, depression, stress and impact of event with respect to students from Engineering & Architecture. University staff presented lower scores in all measures compared to students, who seem to have suffered an important psychological impact during the first weeks of the COVID-19 lockdown. In order to provide timely crisis-oriented psychological services and to take preventive measures in future pandemic situations, mental health in university students should be carefully monitored.
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Cross-sectional data collected early in the pandemic suggested that college students were disproportionately affected by stress, depression, anxiety, and loneliness due to reduced social interactions, lack of social support, and newly arising stressors associated with the COVID-19 crisis.
“Cross-sectional data collected early in the pandemic period suggested that college students were disproportionately affected by stress, depression, anxiety, and loneliness due to reduced social interactions, lack of social support, and newly arising stressors associated with the COVID-19 crisis [28, 34–37].”
From Psychological correlates of perceived loneliness in college students before and during the COVID-19 stay-at-home period: a longitudinal study (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUndergraduate students in lockdown suffered increasing severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms, manifested in poorer sleep quality, poorer academic performance and increased suicidal thoughts.
“undergraduate students in lockdown, namely that they suffered increasing severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms [48], manifested in poorer sleep quality, poorer academic performance and increased suicidal thoughts in the university populations [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58].”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
The Results (DASS-21; page unavailable) report significantly higher depression and anxiety scores in undergraduates than in Master’s students during lockdown. The study was cross-sectional, so it does not establish that symptom severity increased over time. The sleep, academic-performance, and suicidal-thoughts clause is attached to other citations, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe high anxiety and stress levels found in university students during the COVID-19 lockdown are consistent with other studies in Spain and worldwide.
“Results from our study regarding the high levels of anxiety and stress in university students during the COVID-19 lockdown are in line with other studies carried out at the same time in the university population in Spain (Odriozola-González et al., 2020), as well as in other countries worldwide (Cao et al., 2020; Kaparounaki et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
From Feasibility of a Brief Online Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Intervention to Promote Mental Health Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Odriozola-González et al., 2020
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“, 2020 [83] Cross-sectional University students and workers.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMental health of nursing students amid coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
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- Authors
- Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Valladolid (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Odriozola-González, Paula
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 290
- Pages
- 113108
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7236679
- OpenAlex
- W3024583073
- Cited by
- 1,181
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 201 · 2022: 313 · 2021: 392 · 2020: 117
- FWCI
- 102.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UVaDOC UVaDOC University of Valladolid Documentary Repository (University of Valladolid) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Junta de Castilla y León
- European Social Fund (376062)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, psychological impact, depression, anxiety, stress, university students, university employees, event impacts, mental health, arts and humanities students, engineering students, pandemic crisis
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Faculty, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Spain, Stress, Psychological, Students, Universities, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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