Cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of adult depression: A network meta-analysis

Ciharova, Marketa; Furukawa, Toshi A.; Efthimiou, Orestis; Karyotaki, Eirini; Miguel, Clara; Noma, Hisashi; Cipriani, Andrea; Riper, Heleen; Cuijpers, Pim

doi:10.1037/ccp0000654

Cited by 124Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsPsychological Treatments and Assessments

Cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of adult depression: A network meta-analysis

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Ciharova, Marketa, Furukawa, Toshi A., Efthimiou, Orestis, Karyotaki, Eirini, Miguel, Clara, Noma, Hisashi, Cipriani, Andrea, Riper, Heleen +1 more·2021·Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1037/ccp0000654

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine if cognitive restructuring (CR), behavioral activation (BA), and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) result in differential effects in the treatment of adult depression. METHOD: We extracted randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from a database updated yearly from PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Network and pairwise meta-analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of CR, BA, and CBT delivered in a face-to-face individual format, compared with waiting list (WL) and care-as-usual (CAU), on adult depression. The primary outcome was a standardized mean difference (SMD) in posttreatment depression severity. Tolerability of treatments and depression severity at follow-up were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 45 studies with 3,382 participants were included. There was no evidence of a difference in effectiveness between CR, BA, and CBT. All three interventions were superior to CAU; SMD 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI 0.08-1.07]; 0.52 [0.34-0.71]; 0.44 [0.28-0.60], respectively and WL 1.20 [0.69-1.70]; 1.15 [0.90-1.40]; 1.07 [0.87-1.26]. No difference in tolerability was found (risk ratio [RR] vs. CAU: 1.01 [0.04-22.81], 0.84 [0.63-1.11], and 0.96 [0.76-1.21], respectively). Metaregression and sensitivity analyses did not produce material differences. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that CR or BA alone and their combination (CBT) may be effective interventions in comparison to WL and CAU in the treatment of adult depression. There was no evidence suggesting differences in effectiveness among the three treatments. More research is needed to derive conclusions about the performance of CR. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

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Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapies of varying complexity in reducing depression in adults: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Angelakis, I., Huggett, C., Gooding, P., Panagioti, M., & Hodkinson, A. (2022) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2022.35 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
HIV-PASS (Pain and Sadness Support): Randomized Controlled Trial of a Behavioral Health Intervention for Interference Due to Pain in People Living With HIV, Chronic Pain, and Depression
Uebelacker, L. A., Pinkston, M. M., Busch, A. M., Baker, J. V., Anderson, B. J., Caviness, C. M., Herman, D. S., Weisberg, R. B., Abrantes, A. M., & Stein, M. D. (2023) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001172 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In particular, BA is an efficacious intervention for depression (41), and we expected to see a positive impact of HIV-PASS on depression symptoms relative to HE.”
Background
Mindfulness and CBT: a conceptual integration bridging ancient wisdom and modern cognitive theories of psychopathology
Beshai, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1489798 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Psychology of Involution: Taxonomy, Sociocultural Predictors, and Psychological Outcomes
Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Chen, G., Lin, Z., Zhou, M., & Mu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00954-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“To help them, efforts should focus on restoring their sense of control through cognitive restructur - ing, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (Ciharova et al., 2021), mindfulness (Strauss et al., 2021), and mentorship (Li et al., 2011).”
Predictors of Long-Term Exercise Engagement in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Role of Physical Activity Enjoyment
Szuhany, K. L., Steinberg, M. H., McLaughlin, N. C. R., Mancebo, M. C., Brown, R. A., Greenberg, B. D., Simon, N. M., & Abrantes, A. M. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.12.010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Family Functioning, Anxiety and Depression in Chinese Higher Vocational School Students: A Network Analysis
Ye, L., Chen, S., Chen, Q., & Luo, X. G. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s490712 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Interventions could be enhanced by incorporating relaxation techniques 74 and cognitive restructuring 75,76 to address these pivotal symptoms, which may, in turn, bolster family unity and decrease levels of anxiety and depression.”
The bidirectional relationship between hikikomori behavioral tendencies and depressive symptoms: A three-wave longitudinal study
Nonaka, S., Takeda, T., & Sakai, M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120292 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Identifying and simulating interventions on central depressive symptoms: A network analysis combining clinical and sub-clinical samples
Xu, H., Wu, Y., Cong, X., Ma, Z., Wang, H., Bian, R., Zhang, T., Ge, W., Li, Y., Liu, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120602 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioural therapy for functional abdominal pain disorders in children and adolescents: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Ma, M., Yang, M., Li, Y., Hou, L., Li, M., Wang, X., Li, Z., Guo, K., Liu, X., Cheng, Y., et al. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104397 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Efficacy of problem-solving therapy in treating late-life depression with potential cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Huang, C., Yuan, F., Yan, F., Wang, T., Cai, D.-B., Zhang, Z., Li, X., & Wang, J. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084130 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Conventional psychotherapies, including cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), 12–14 interpersonal psychotherapy 15 16 or behavioural activation treatments, 17 18 have demonstrated promising outcomes for individuals with depression.”
Background
Processes of change in digital interventions for depression: A meta-analytic review of cognitive and behavioral mediators
Domhardt, M., Mennel, V., Angerer, F., Grund, S., Mayer, A., Büscher, R., Sander, L., Cuijpers, P. J., Terhorst, Y., & Baumeister, H. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104735 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Efficacy and moderators of cognitive therapy versus behavioural activation for adults with depression: study protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data
Driessen, E., Cohen, Z. D., Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., Hollon, S. D., Richards, D. A., Dobson, K. S., Dimidjian, S., Delgadillo, J., Vázquez, F. L., McNamara, K., et al. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.560 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Investigating the Effectiveness of Digital Cognitive Training at Improving Mental Health and Social Engagement in an ‘at Risk’ Population
MacLellan, A., Fairchild, G., & Button, K. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10636-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…be an effective strategy for regulating negative affect (Joorman and Vanderlind, 2014), and is thought to be a key factor underlying CBT treatment (Ciharova et al., 2021 ) and found to be effective at treating symptoms of depression when delivered in isolation (Ciharova et al., 2021; Santos et…”
Behavioral Activation as an Adjunct Treatment to CBT-I
Young, J. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.10.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Facing depression: evaluating the efficacy of the EmpkinS-EKSpression reappraisal training augmented with facial expressions – protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Keinert, M., Schindler‐Gmelch, L., Rupp, L. H., Sadeghi, M., Capito, K., Hager, M., Rahimi, F., Richer, R., Egger, B., Eskofier, B. M., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06361-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Consequently, there is a positive effect on the patient’s mood and on other symptoms of depression [10, 11].”
A randomised controlled trial investigating the clinical and cost-effectiveness of Alpha-Stim AID cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) in patients seeking treatment for moderate severity depression in primary care (Alpha-Stim-D Trial)
Patel, S., Boutry, C., Patel, P., Craven, M. P., Guo, B., Zafar, A., Kai, J., Smart, D., Butler, D., Higton, F., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06192-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“since the daily routine of using a device might in itself have benefits on depression since structuring the day is a technique used in some behaviour therapy treatments for depression [17].”
Method
Mechanisms of change in long-term transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy: the sequential effect of rumination and worry on symptoms and quality of life
Esteller-Collado, G., Prieto-Vila, M., Carpallo-González, M., Antuña‐Camblor, C., Ruiz‐Rodríguez, P., González‐Blanch, C., Moriana, J. A., Vindel, A. C., & Muñoz‐Navarro, R. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2573199 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Psychopathology in Cancer Patients and the Role of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Çınaroğlu, M., Ahlatcıoğlu, E. N., Prins, J. B., & Nan, M. (2023) · Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal · doi:10.51847/itcyotbqlp · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“[24]”
SSRI use is not associated with the intensity of romantic love, obsessive thinking about a loved one, commitment, or sexual frequency in a sample of young adults experiencing romantic love
Bode, A., Kowal, M., Aghedu, F. C., & Kavanagh, P. S. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.103 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Three ways to change your mind: an epistemic framework for cognitive interventions
Moorey, S. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000698 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“A recent network meta-analysis of 45 studies of depression found that CR, behavioural activation (BA) and full CBT were equally effective and superior to waiting list and treatment as usual controls (Ciharova et al., 2021) suggesting equivalence of techniques.”
Method
Negative emotional cues improve free recall of positive and neutral words in unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder
Miron, S., & Kalanthroff, E. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2328288 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For example, cognitive restructuring (CR) plays a central role in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) of MDD (Ciharova et al., 2021; Clark, 2013).”
Background
Brief Behavioral Activation Intervention for Inpatient Depression by Psychiatric Nurses: A Single-Group Study
Kato, S., Tanoue, H., Fukuzoe, J., & Ishida, Y. (2024) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608241290717 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The effect size was also not as large as in previous studies (Ciharova et al., 2021; Cuijpers et al., 2023., Stein et al., 2021).”
Result
Patient experiences of behavioural therapy for bipolar depression: A qualitative study
Yilmaz, S., Hancox, A., Price, M., Regan, J. L., Dunn, B., O’Mahen, H., & Wright, K. A. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12515 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The effectiveness of behavioural treatments for UD has been comprehensively documented in numerous meta-analyses (Ciharova et al., 2021; Cuijpers et al., 2021), and it has been argued that BA is relatively simple to deliver (Richards et al., 2016).”
Intergroup relations affect depressive symptoms of Indigenous people: Longitudinal evidence
Zagefka, H., González, R., Mackenna, B., Castro, D., Carozzi, P. J., & Pairicán, F. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2955 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Patterns of Skills Review in Smartphone Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: Observational Study of Intervention Content Use
Bernstein, E. E., Daniel, K. E., Miyares, P. E., Hoeppner, S. S., Bentley, K. H., Snorrason, Í., Fisher, L. B., Greenberg, J. L., Weingarden, H. M., Harrison, O., et al. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/63497 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Treatment includes psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring and core beliefs, behavioral activation, mindfulness, and relapse prevention [27,30,31].”
A virtual reality-based self-guided training on identification of negative automatic thoughts in healthy adults: a mixed-methods feasibility study
Yang, B., Liao, C., Yang, Y., Shi, B., Zhang, C., & Li, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1479207 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials on the Effect of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for People With Dementia
Saragih, I. D., Susanto, H., Saragih, I. S., Chen, P., Lee, B., & Lopez, R. P. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.70005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effects of group nursing intervention based on emotion regulation training on depression and nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescents
Wang, Q., Lu, C.-L., Cui, H., & An, R. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03750-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…enables participants to recognize and challenge negative automatic thoughts—thereby curtailing the duration of dysphoric states [38]—a conclusion supported by meta-analytic data affirming cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation, and CBT as effective treatments for adult depression [39].”
Effect of adding cognitive behavioral therapy to quetiapine on suicide risk, depressive symptoms, and coping style in adult patients with mood disorders
Wang, K., Cai, S., Duanmu, X., Ma, C.-Y., Yan, R., Cui, Y.-R., Zhou, L., & Xu, L.-L. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.01.005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Behavioral Practice and Homework Completion as Predictors of Outcome in a Transdiagnostic Brief Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression in Youth
González, A., Goger, P., Escobar, M., Rozenman, M. S., Jeffreys, M., Porta, G., Brent, D. A., Lynch, F. L., Dickerson, J. F., & Weersing, V. R. (2026) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2026.01.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The relationship between Stoic attitudes, resilience, and mental health
MacLellan, A., & Lewis, M. (2026) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2026.2631140 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efficacy, moderators and mediators of cognitive behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) versus behavioural activation (BA) in persistently depressed treatment-resistant inpatients: study protocol for the multicentre, randomised controlled changePDD trial
Brakemeier, E., Klein, J. P., Zimmermann, J., Hollandt, M., Reinhard, M. A., Boger, S., Daldrup, L., Eldem, L., Gebhardt, P., Heinrich, S. M., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-107051 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Behavioral activation for depression: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
Cuijpers, P. J., Čihařová, M., Tong, L., Liu, Y., Sprenger, A. A., Miguel, C., Karyotaki, E., & Harrer, M. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102783 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy for emotional disorders in primary care and its mechanisms of change: a randomized step-wedge clinical trial (PsicAP-CV)
Muñoz‐Navarro, R., Pérez‐Jover, V., Esteller-Collado, G., Román, C. J. V.-D. H., Salgueiro, M., Llorca, A., Malonda-Vidal, E., Canet-Cortell, V., Moraga-García, M. J., Coloma‐Carmona, A., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320857 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Transdiagnostic treatments for EDs typically include components that have been shown to be effective for anxiety disorders and depression, such as cognitive restructuring, behavioural activation or exposure [21,22].”
Hypnotically enhancing behavioral activation in the treatment of depression
McCann, B. S., & Collin, A. (2023) · American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00029157.2023.2270005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…the effects of cognitive restructuring (CR), CBT (combining CR and BA), and BA alone on depression severity in adults with depression across 45 studies, all three of these treatments were comparable, but produced better results than wait list controls and care-as-usual (Ciharova et al., 2021).”
Result
A Practical Approach to Functional Abdominal Pain and Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
Desai, B., & Person, H. (2025) · Advances in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2025.03.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The EmpkinS-EKSpression Reappraisal Training Augmented With Kinesthesia in Depression: One-Armed Feasibility Study
Keinert, M., Schindler‐Gmelch, L., Rupp, L. H., Sadeghi, M., Richer, R., Capito, K., Eskofier, B. M., & Berking, M. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/65357 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“As such, they are in line with studies showing positive effects of CR on mood, such as those included in a meta-analysis by Ciharova et al [11].”
Effectiveness of a transdiagnostic protocol for anxiety and depression in primary care: The PsicAP-CV Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial
Esteller-Collado, G., Pérez‐Jover, V., Román, C. J. V.-D. H., Malonda-Vidal, E., Llorca, A., Prieto-Vila, M., Carpallo-González, M., González‐Blanch, C., Ruiz‐Rodríguez, P., Moriana, J. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103045 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Positive Imagery Shifts and Cognitive Restructuring in Enhancing Behaviour Activation for Depression
Chen, C., Liu, M., Huang, Y., Qian, L., Zhou, Z., & Wei, L. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70138 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Treatment-resistant depression with poor response to deep brain stimulation improves with psychotherapy: case series
Fang, S., Kang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-025-00588-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“1 The PHQ-9 scores of 2 patients during the follow-up period after discharge CBT has been extensively researched as a psychother-apeutic approach for depression, including TRD [11].”
Comparing Reach and Treatment Completion in Minimally-Guided Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (iCBT) Versus Standard CBT in Routine Care: a Cross-Sectional Study Using Ontario’s Linked Health-Administrative Data
Gatov, E., Bhattacharyya, O. K., Strudwick, G., Wiljer, D., & Kurdyak, P. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00555-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Improving adherence to an online intervention for low mood by a virtual coach or personalized motivational feedback messages: A three-arm pilot randomized controlled trial
Amarti, K., Čihařová, M., Provoost, S., Schulte, M. H. J., Kleiboer, A. M., el Hassouni, A., Gonçalves, G., & Riper, H. M. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100900 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Moodbuster Lite focuses specifically on behavioural activation (Lewinsohn et al., 1976) to encourage positive behavioural change, because behavioural activation therapy alone is as effective as full cognitive behavioural therapy for treating depression (Ciharova et al., 2021).”
Effects of Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioural Therapy on Long‐Term Quality of Life: A Causal Mediation Analysis Across Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms
Esteller-Collado, G., Carpallo-González, M., Prieto-Vila, M., Jurado-González, F. J., Gálvez‐Lara, M., Ruiz‐Rodríguez, P., González‐Blanch, C., Moriana, J. A., Vindel, A. C., & Muñoz‐Navarro, R. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/1601969 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Treatment elements in transdiagnostic interventions for children and adolescents with emotional problems: A scoping review
Balan, R., Dobrean, A., Poetar, C.-R., Florean, I. S., Balázsi, R., Coșa, I. M., & Månsson, K. N. T. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106692 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Intervention Effect of Metaphorical Cognitive Restructuring on Alleviating Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Study
Yin, X., Zhou, X., Zhang, Z., Li, C., Wei, T., Liu, X., Dong, S., & 柴林丽 (2026) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2026.2679770 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Examining clinical relevance of interpretation inflexibility in social contexts
Deng, W., Zabag, R., Narain, S., Cannon, T. D., & Joormann, J. (2026) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-026-00683-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“For example, cognitive restructuring in cognitive-behavioral therapy aims to identify ruminative thoughts and challenge inflexible beliefs about the self, the others and the world [62].”
Evidence-Based Virtual Reality Use for Mental Health Conditions
Bajaj, J., & Sahu, A. (2021) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8371-5.ch011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A study protocol for a randomized controlled feasibility trial of behavioural therapy for interepisode bipolar symptoms (STABILISE)
Wright, K. A., Warren, F. C., Bucci, S., Dunn, B. D., Jones, S. H., O’Mahen, H., Taylor, R. S., & Medina‐Lara, A. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01678-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Behavioural activation (BA) is used extensively in the treatment of acute unipolar depression [14, 15].”
1
邵良超, & 鞠晓蕾 (2025) · 人文与社会科学学刊 · doi:10.70693/rwsk.v1i1.447 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Getting Better, Together: An Integrated, Online Group Psychotherapy Programme for Mental and Physical Health.
Lang, B., Williams, K., Wiblishauser, M., & Adcock, S. (2025) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12883
Exploring the role of health apps in supporting young people with depression: a mixed methods study
Martinengo, L. (2021) · doi:10.32657/10356/157124
Facilitating Behavioral Activation
Cuijpers, P. J., Karyotaki, E., Harrer, A. M., & Stikkelbroek, Y. A. J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197611012.003.0021
Investigating Determinants of Client Psychotherapy Preference: An Analog Study
Lyons, G. A., Zettle, R. D., & Petts, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2022-0041
Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Clinical Outcomes in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Treated with Prostilbestrol
Sun, J., Zhou, H., & Li, M. (2024) · Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.spl.843
Contextual therapies for the intervention of anxiety and depression in adults
Islas, T. B. (2024) · Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA · doi:10.29057/mjmr.v12i24.12426
“64 In the use of Information and Communications Technologies, there is a systematic review and meta-analysis to measure the effectiveness of programs based on behavioral activation administered through the Internet.”
Background
Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability for Psychological Interventions on Body Dysmorphic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Hao, F., Li, P., Chen, M., Xu, J., Xu, J., Lin, Z., Liang, Z., Wang, C., & Liu, T. C. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10537-2
“ERP often accompanied by cognitive restructuring to challenge dysfunctional beliefs, which are both common components of traditional CBT (Zhao et al., 2024 ).”
Literaturverzeichnis zu Voderholzer (Hrsg.): Therapie psychischer Erkrankungen, 20. Auflage
(2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21224-6.00055-4
Behavioural and Dialectical Behaviour Therapies
Wright, K. A., & Feigenbaum, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63349-2_7
Reducing Academic Procrastination in Students Through Individual Counseling with Cognitive Restructuring Techniques
Lestari, H., Mawarni, A., & Ratsameemonthon, C. (2024) · Jurnal Praktik Baik Pembelajaran Sekolah dan Pesantren · doi:10.56741/pbpsp.v3i02.663
“Cognitive restructuring assumes that maladaptive behavioral and emotional responses are influenced by the client's beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions [12].”
打破完美的枷锁：认知行为疗法对完美主义者社会适应能力的干预效果研究
邵良超, & 鞠晓蕾 (2025) · 人文与社会科学学刊 · doi:10.70693/rwsk.v1i1.556
Enhancing Clinical Depression Treatment Outcomes: A Comprehensive Approach using Measurement-based Care, Research Benchmarks, and Systematic Quality ImprovementsPreprint
Lenhard, F., Amnéus, L. W., Viklund, I., Andersson, E., & Öst, L. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5797396/v1
A Second-Order Adaptive Network Model for Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Gong, X., Kaiser, N., & Jan Treur, A. (2025) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96239-4_5
Optimizing Interventions for Major Depressive Disorder and Provider Burnout: Self-speak Exercise Dosing (SED)
Maloney-Gepfert, L. (2025) · Lynchburg Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.63932/3067-7106.1004
An Overview of Decentralized Cooperative Learning Strategies (Dec-LS) in Enhancing Student Proficiency in Solving Quadratic Equations
Andaya, R. A. M., & Flores, C. (2025) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2025.474
Addressing Depression and Insomnia in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Bernstein, R. A., Dao, A., & Ezawa, I. D. (2025) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92265-7_5
Co-designing, evaluating and implementing online supportive care for endometriosis in Australia: study protocol for the hybrid type 1 effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and implementation randomised controlled trial of the CodeEndo program
Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., Naude, C., Biurra, Y. C., Blake, L., Bowring, J., Araugo, S. C. D., Bassili, A., Bennetts, S. K., Hutchinson, A. M., Ng, C. H. M., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-097872
Reframing physical activity barriers in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a proof-of-concept study
Hill, I. F., Boyter, B. A., Black, A. M., Ditor, D. S., & Locke, S. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2572361
Profiles of Distress in OCD: A Cluster Analysis Exploring Associations with Global and Facet-Specific AnhedoniaPreprint
Zaboski, B. A., Jones, K., Mattera, E. F., Pittenger, C., & Pushkarskaya, H. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.25341370
Identifying Network Bridge Symptoms of Type D Personality among Chinese College Students and Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Via a Randomized Controlled Trial
Liu, S., Yu, Y., Yang, J., Song, Z., Liang, S., Song, L., Mao, Y., & Qi, G. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10692-0
Efficacy of a smartphone-based behavioral activation intervention for reducing depressive symptoms (BEARS) in japanese university students: a pilot study
Aoki, S., Irie, T., Miyasaka, M., & Yokomitsu, K. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.2025.2601926
Additional file 1 of Cognitive behavior therapy for diabetes distress, depression, health anxiety, quality of life and treatment adherence among patients with type-II diabetes mellitus: a randomized control trial
Abbas, Q., Latif, S., Ayaz Habib, H., Shahzad, S., Sarwar, U., Shahzadi, M., Ramzan, Z., & Washdev, W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26565980
Effectiveness of a Group Behavioral Activation Intervention for Subthreshold Depression in Chinese University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Tuerxun, R., Cui, J., & Cui, L. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10248-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jewish Stories for Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Children and Adolescents
Schnall, E., Dietz, I., Schiffman, M., & Shulman, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05137-0_15
Plan de psicoterapia con enfoque cognitivo conductual para disminuir sintomatología depresiva en adultos mayores
Arteaga, C. I. M., & Urra, R. G. (2026) · ULEAM Bahía Magazine (UBM) · doi:10.56124/ubm.v7i12.011
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Choi, Y., Nam, Y.-J., Cho, S., & Kim, T. H. (2026) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2025.0110
“14 Considering that aging is associated with decreased behavior and increased negative self-evaluation, 15 interventions targeting behavior may be useful in older adults.”

Evaluación de efectividad de terapias basadas en restructuración cognitiva para tratar depresión en adultos : un metaanálisis
Valdés, V., & Sebastián, D. (2018)
Comparative Efficacy And Acceptability Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapies For Adults With Depression: A Network Meta-Analysis Of Randomised Controlled TrialsPreprint
Chiang, K., Chen, R., Banda, K. J., & Chou, K. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7470244
Cognitive behavior therapy for adult depressive disorders in routine clinical care: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Öst, L., Enebrink, P., Finnes, A., Ghaderi, A., Havnen, A., Kvale, G., Salomonsson, S., & Wergeland, G. J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Adult Depression, Alone and in Comparison with other Treatments
Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., Andersson, G., Quigley, L., Kleiboer, A., & Dobson, K. S. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305800702 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
The process and delivery of CBT for depression in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
López-López, J. A., Davies, S. R., Caldwell, D. M., Churchill, R., Peters, T. J., Tallon, D., Dawson, S., Wu, Q., Li, J., Taylor, A., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171900120x · Cited by 161 · see citing works

Authors: Ciharova, M., Furukawa, T. A., Efthimiou, O., Karyotaki, E., Miguel, C., Noma, H., Cipriani, A., Riper, H., & Cuijpers, P.
Affiliations: Kyoto University (JP)
University of Bern (CH)
Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (JP)
Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
University of Turku (FI)
ORCID: Ciharova, Marketa
Furukawa, Toshi A.
Efthimiou, Orestis
Karyotaki, Eirini
Miguel, Clara
Noma, Hisashi
Cipriani, Andrea
Riper, Heleen
Cuijpers, Pim
Venue: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2021-06
Volume: 89
Issue: 6
Pages: 563-574
ISSN: 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
1939-2117
DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000654
OpenAlex: W3157974921
Cited by: 124
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3
FWCI: 12.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
pure.amsterdamumc.nl
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Swiss National Science Foundation (180083)
National Institute for Health Research (RP-2017-08-ST2-006, BRC-1215-20005)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation, cognitive behavioral therapy, adult depression, depression severity, treatment tolerability, psychotherapy effectiveness, individual psychotherapy
MeSH terms: Network Meta-Analysis, Adult, Behavior Therapy, Cognition, Depression, Humans, Waiting Lists, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

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Cognitive restructuring, behavioral activation and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of adult depression: A network meta-analysis

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